Ũndũ Mbivilia Yatũvikĩie
Ũndũ Mbivilia Yatũvikĩie
Nĩ kyama kĩnene mũno kwĩthĩwa tũtonya kũkwata Mbivilia ũmũnthĩ. Nĩkĩ? Mbee, yaminie kũandĩkwa myaka 1,900 mĩvĩtu. Kelĩ, yaandĩkiwe syĩndũnĩ syanangĩkaa mĩtũkĩ ta makangaa na ithuma. Katatũ, yaandĩkiwe na ithyomo aingĩ maitũ matasyĩsĩ ũmũnthĩ. Na kana, ve atongoi ma ndĩni na ma silikalĩ maĩ na vinya matatie ũndũ matonya mamĩmine.
KYO nĩ kyaũ kyatumie ĩvuku yĩu yĩendeea kwĩthĩwa vo nginya ũmũnthĩ o na ve maũndũ maingĩvĩte ũu matonya kũyĩmina? Tũneenee maũndũ o elĩ.
Maandĩko Nĩmaumĩĩiw’e Kũndũ kwĩ Kĩvathũkany’o
Aisilaeli nĩmo maĩ ma mbee kũkwata maandĩko ala me Mbivilianĩ. Na nĩmaĩkĩĩthisye kana nĩmasũvĩa vyũ mavuku ma kũkũnzwa ala maĩ na maandĩko asu na mamaumĩĩsya mavukunĩ angĩ kauta. Kwa ngelekany’o, asumbĩ ma Isilaeli meeiwe maumĩĩsye “ũandĩko wa mĩao ĩno ĩvukunĩ, kũatĩĩa ĩvuku yĩla yĩ na athembi Alivai.”—Kũtũngĩlĩlwa Kwa Mĩao 17:18.
Aisilaeli aingĩ nĩmendete kũsoma Maandĩko nũndũ mamonaa ta Ndeto ya Ngai. Kwoou ala maumĩĩasya maandĩko asu meethĩawa me amanyĩsye nesa na meeka ũu me metho mũno. Mũandĩki ũmwe wamũkĩaa Ngai eetawa Esala, na aeleetw’e ta “mũandĩki mũmanyi mĩaonĩ ya Mose, ĩla Yeova, Ngai wa Isilaeli, wanenganĩte.” (Esala 7:6) O na ve andũ meetawa Masoretes ala maumĩĩisye Maandĩko ma Kĩevelania kana ma “Ũtianĩo Mũkũũ,” myakanĩ ya 500 nginya 900 ĩtina wa Klĩsto. Meekie ũu me metho mũno nũndũ o na nĩmatalaa nthoo syonthe ila syĩ maandĩkonĩ asu nĩ kana maikatate kũtia kana kwongela kĩndũ. Meekĩie kĩthito kingĩvĩte ũu nĩ kana maĩkĩĩthye kana ũvoo ũla wĩ Mbivilianĩ wavikĩa andũ ũilye o ũndũ waandĩkĩthiw’e nĩ Ngai. Na eka ũu, kĩthito kyoo nĩkyatumie Mbivilia ĩendeea kwĩthĩwa vo o na kau ve andũ angĩ matatĩte ũndũ matonya mamĩmine.
Kwa ngelekany’o, mwakanĩ wa 168, mbee wa Klĩsto, mũsumbĩ wa Silia weetawa Antiochus IV nĩwatatie ũndũ ũtonya amine mavuku onthe maumĩĩsye Maandĩko ma Kĩevelania ala maĩ matonya kũkwatĩkana kĩsionĩ kya Valesitina. Mũandĩki ũmwe wa isitoli Mũyuti aĩtye: “Nĩmatembũangaa na makavĩvya mavuku onthe ma kũkũnzwa ala maĩ na mĩao.” Nayo ĩvuku yĩngĩ (The Jewish Encyclopedia) yaĩtye: “Maovisa ala manengawe kĩanda kya kwĩka ũu matũmĩaa ũng’endu mwingĩ mũno . . . Mũndũ eethĩwa na ĩvuku o na yĩva ya Maandĩko matheu . . . atw’ĩĩawa kũawa.” Ĩndĩ o na vailye ũu mayaavota kũmina mavuku onthe maumĩĩsye Maandĩko ala maĩ na Ayuti isionĩ sya Valesitina.
Ĩvinda ĩkuvĩ ĩtina wa aandĩki ma Maandĩko ma Kĩkiliki ma Kĩklĩsto, kana “Ũtianĩo Mweũ,” kũmina wĩa woo, kovi sya valũa ila maandĩkie vamwe na mawathani, na ngewa ingĩ, nĩsyongelekile na mĩtũkĩ. Kwa ngelekany’o, Yoana aandĩkie Ĩvuku ya Ũvoo Mũseo yĩla yĩtanĩw’e nake e Eveso kana kĩsionĩ kĩngĩ kyaĩ vakuvĩ. Ĩndĩ andũ amwe mekaa ũkunĩkĩli maĩtye kana matialyo ma ĩvuku yĩmwe yaumĩĩw’e ĩvuku yĩu nĩmeethĩiwe kĩsionĩ kĩmwe kyaĩ kĩlomita maana maingĩ kuma Misili, na yĩonekana yaumĩĩiw’e o na myaka 50 ĩte mĩthelu Yoana amina kũandĩka ĩvuku yake. Ũkunĩkĩli ũsu wĩonany’a kana o na Aklĩsto ala matwĩe isionĩ syĩ vaasa maĩ na kovi sya Maandĩko maveveee ala maĩ meĩla kũandĩkwa.
Kũnyaĩĩkw’a kwa Ndeto ya Ngai isionĩ mbingĩ nĩkwatumie ĩendeea kũsũvĩwa myaka maana maingĩ ĩtina wa Klĩsto. Kwa ngelekany’o, twĩ matukũ 23, Mwei wa 2, 303 ĩtina wa Klĩsto, mũsumbĩ wa Lomi weetawa Diocletian nũwetetwe kwakya kũu aũngye asyaĩĩsye asikalĩ make maitũlanga mĩomo ya makanisa na kũvĩvya kovi sya Maandĩko. Diocletian asũanĩaa kana no amine Ũklĩsto kwa kwananga vyũ kovi sya Mbivilia ila syaĩ kw’o. Mũthenya ũla waatĩĩe nĩwaumisye mwĩao isionĩ syonthe sya ũsumbĩ wa Lomi, Mbivilia syonthe syũmbanw’e na iivĩvw’a mbee wa andũ. Ĩndĩ mayaavota kũmina kovi syonthe ila syaĩ vo na andũ nĩmaendeeie kumĩĩsya Maandĩko mavukunĩ angĩ. O na ve ilungu nene sya kovi ilĩ sya Mbivilia ikwatĩkanaa o na ũmũnthĩ, ila syaumĩĩiw’e na Kĩkiliki ĩvinda ĩkuvĩ ĩtina wa Diocletian kumya mwĩao ũsu. Kĩlungu kĩmwe kĩ Rome, na kĩla kĩngĩ kĩiĩtwe British Library, taoninĩ ya London, ĩla yĩ England.
O na kau vaiĩ matialyo ma mavuku ma mbee vyũ ma Mbivilia maakwatĩkana, ve mavuku maingĩ makwatĩkanaa nginya ũmũnthĩ ala maumĩĩw’e Mbivilia yĩ nima kana makaumĩĩw’a mavuku meana ũna ma Mbivilia. Amwe mamo nĩ ma tene mũno. Yo ũvoo ũla waĩ mavukunĩ ma mbee ma Mbivilia nĩwavĩndũiwe mayumĩĩw’a? Mũsomi wĩtawa W. H. Green aĩtye ũũ aineenea Maandĩko ma Kĩevelania: “No twasye kana vaiĩ ũvoo ũngĩ waaumĩĩw’a nesa ta ũsu.” Nake mũsomi ũngĩ wĩ nguma wa maũndũ makonetye mavuku ma tene ma Mbivilia wĩtawa Sir Frederic Kenyon aandĩkie ũũ aineenea Maandĩko ma Kĩkiliki ma Kĩklĩsto: “Matukũ ala Maandĩko asu maumĩĩiw’e mathengeanĩe mũno na ala maandĩkiwe ya mbee ũkethĩa o na no twasye maandĩkiwe o ĩvindanĩ yĩmwe. Kĩu nĩ kĩtumi kĩtoetye vyũ kũmina nzika sya kana Maandĩko ala twĩ namo nĩmethwa me mavĩndũe. Yu ve ũĩkĩĩthyo ũtoetye vyũ kana ũvoo ũla wĩ mavukunĩ ma Ũtianĩo Mweũ waumĩĩiw’e nesa vyũ na ti mũvĩndũe.” Ongelile kwasya: “No tũwete tũte na nzika vyũ kana ũvoo ũla wĩ Mbivilianĩ ũilye o ũndũ wailye ũiandĩkwa. . . . Vaiĩ ĩvuku yĩngĩ ĩũlũ wa nthĩ tũtonya kwasya ũu ĩũlũ wayo.”
Mbivilia Nĩyaalyũlilwe na Ithyomo Ingĩ
Ũndũ wa kelĩ ũla ũtumĩte Mbivilia yĩthĩwa yĩ ya mwanya mũno nĩ kwĩthĩwa ĩalyũlĩtwe na ithyomo mbingĩ. Ũndũ ũsu nĩwosanĩte vyũ na kĩeleelo kya Ngai kana andũ ma mbaĩ syonthe na ithyomo mamũthaithe “nthĩnĩ wa veva na nthĩnĩ wa w’o.”—Yoana 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.
Ũalyũlo wa mbee vyũ wa Maandĩko ma Kĩevelania kwa kĩthyomo kya Kĩkiliki nĩ ũla wa Septuagint. Maandĩko asu maalyũlilw’e kwondũ wa Ayuti ala maneenaa Kĩkiliki mekalaa nza wa Valesitina na maminie kũalyũlwa ta myaka maana elĩ ũu Yesũ atanambĩĩa kũtavany’a ĩũlũ wa nthĩ. Myaka maana meana ũna, ĩtina wa Mbivilia kũandĩkwa, nĩyaalyũlilwe yĩ nima kwa ithyomo mbingĩ. Ĩndĩ ĩtina, asumbĩ o na athembi, ala maaĩle kũtata ũndũ matonya matetheesye andũ kũkwata Mbivilia, meekie ũndũ wĩ kĩvathũkany’o mũno. Mavangie kwĩkalya ndĩthya syoo kĩvindunĩ kwa kũsiĩĩa mũndũ o na wĩ va ũla ũkũtata kũalyũla Ndeto ya Ngai na ithyomo ila syeesĩkĩe.
Ĩndĩ ve aũme matwie kwĩlikya mũisyonĩ na matũla mĩao ĩla Ĩkanisa na Silikalĩ syeekĩĩte nĩ kana Mbivilia ndikaalyũlwe na ithyomo ila syeesĩkĩe nĩ andũ. Kwa ngelekany’o, mwakanĩ wa 1530, mũndũũme ũmwe waĩ Mũsũngũ weetawa William Tyndale, ũla wasomeete yunivasiti ya Oxford, nĩwaalyũlile mavuku atano ma mbee ma Maandĩko ma Kĩevelania ala meetawa Pentateuch. O na kau nĩwavĩngiwe mũno, nĩwe waĩ wa mbee kũalyũla Mbivilia na kĩsũngũ kuma kĩthyomonĩ kya Kĩevelania. O na ĩngĩ, Tyndale nĩwe waĩ mũalyũli wa Kĩsũngũ wa mbee kũtũmĩa ĩsyĩtwa Yeova. Na ve mũsomi wasomeete maũndũ ma Mbivilia wa Spain weetawa Casiodoro de Reina ũla wamanthawa mũno nĩ atongoi ma Katholeki mayenda kũmũaa yĩla waalyũlaa ĩmwe katĩ wa Mbivilia ila sya mbee vyũ sya kĩthyomo kya Spanish. Nĩwaendie nthĩ ta England, Germany, France, Holland, na Switzerland, aikaamina kũalyũla Mbivilia yake. *
Ũmũnthĩ Mbivilia no ĩendeee kũalyũlwa na ithyomo ingĩ mbingĩ, na kovi milioni mbingĩ nitumbĩthaw’a. Nũndũ Mbivilia nĩyĩthĩĩtwe vo kwa ĩvinda yĩasa na ĩkethĩwa neyo ĩvuku yĩla ĩseo vyũ mũndũ waaĩthĩwa nayo, no twĩtĩkĩlane na ndeto ii Vetelo waandĩkie aveveewe nĩ Ngai: “Nyeki nĩyũmaa na ĩlaa nĩyĩvalũkaa, ĩndĩ ndeto ya Yeova yĩkalaa tene na tene.”—1 Vetelo 1:24, 25.
[Maelesyo ma Kwongeleela]
^ kal. 14 Mbivilia ĩla yaalyũlilwe nĩ Reina, yatumbĩthiw’e mwaka wa 1569, na yeekwa moalyũku nĩ Cipriano de Valera, mwaka wa 1602.
[Ĩsandũkũ/Visa]
NAĨLE KŨTŨMĨA MBIVILIA YĨVA?
Ithyomo mbingĩ syĩthĩawa na Mbivilia kauta ialyũlĩtwe kwa nzĩa syĩ kĩvathũkany’o. Mbivilia imwe syĩthĩawa itũmĩĩte kĩthyomo kyũmũ kyatũmĩawa tene. Nasyo ingĩ syĩthĩawa syĩkĩte o kũelesya maũndũ ĩũlũ ĩũlũ na ala maialyũlĩte methĩawa mũno mũno mayenda kwendeesya ũla ũkũsoma na ti kũĩkĩĩthya kana kĩla maalyũlĩte nĩkyo kya w’o vyũ. Na ve ingĩ nasyo wĩthĩaa no ta ialyũlĩtwe ndeto kwa ndeto.
Mbivilia ya Kĩsũngũ ya New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, ĩla yumĩthĩtw’e nĩ Ngũsĩ sya Yeova, yaalyũlilwe kuma ithyomonĩ sya mbee ila syatũmĩiwe kũandĩka Mbivilia nĩ kamitii ya andũ matawetetwe masyĩtwa moo. Mbivilia ĩsu ya Kĩsũngũ nĩalyũlĩtwe kwa ithyomo ingĩ ta 60. Ĩndĩ o na vailye ũu, aalyũli ala mamĩalyũlaa na ithyomo isu nĩmeekaa ũkunĩkĩli mwingĩ ũkonetye ndeto ila syatũmĩiwe ithyomonĩ sya mbee ila syatũmĩiwe kũandĩka Mbivilia. Kĩeleelo kya aalyũli ma Mbivilia ya New World Translation kyaĩ kũalyũla ndeto kwa ndeto vala ikũeleeka. Ĩndĩ nĩmatatĩte ũndũ matonya matũmĩe ndeto iũtuma ala meũsoma Mbivilia mamĩelewa o ũndũ ala mamĩsomaa na ithyomo sya tene mamĩeleawa.
Asomi amwe nĩmekĩte ũkunĩkĩli ĩũlũ wa Mbivilia ila ialyũlawa matukũ aa, ĩmwe yasyo yĩ New World Translation, na kĩeleelo kyoo kĩthĩawa kĩ kũsisya kana ialyũlĩtwe nesa na vaiĩ maandĩko mathyoeketw’e. Ũmwe woo nĩ vulovesa wĩtawa Jason David BeDuhn, ũla ũsomethasya maũndũ ma ndĩni nthĩnĩ ya yunivasiti yĩtawa Northern Arizona University, ĩla yĩ United States. Mwakanĩ wa 2003, nĩwatumbĩthisye ĩvuku yĩ na mathangũ 200 yaneeneete Mbivilia kenda “katĩ wa Mbivilia ila itũmĩawa mũno nĩ asomi ma Kĩsũngũ ĩũlũ wa nthĩ.” * Eekie ũkunĩkĩli ĩũlũ wa Maandĩko kauta ala andũ methĩawa na mawoni me kĩvathũkany’o ĩũlũ wamo nũndũ kũu nĩkw’o “ũkothaa kwĩthĩa aalyũli mathyoeketye ũvoo ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ.” Ayĩka ũkunĩkĩli wake aambaa kũsisya ũndũ Maandĩko asu maĩtye Mbivilianĩ ya Kĩkiliki na ĩndĩ aisianĩsya na kĩla kĩalyũlĩtwe nthĩnĩ wa Mbivilia isu ingĩ sya Kĩsũngũ nĩ kenda one kana ve aalyũli mathyoeketye ũvoo ũla wĩ vo. Eethĩie ata?
BeDuhn nĩwawetie kana andũ aingĩ vamwe na asomi ma maũndũ makonetye Mbivilia nĩmasũanĩaa kana Mbivilia ya New World Translation (NW) ĩalyũlĩtwe kũndũ kũmwe kĩvathũkany’o na Mbivilia ingĩ nũndũ wa mawoni ma ndĩni ma aalyũli mayo. Ĩndĩ aandĩkie atĩĩ: “Ivathũkany’o mbingĩ ila syonekaa Mbivilianĩ ĩsu syumĩlaa nũndũ wa kwĩthĩwa ĩalyũlĩtwe nesanga kwosana na ndeto ila syatũmĩiwe ithyomonĩ sya mbee.” O na kau kwĩ kũndũ kũmwe BeDuhn ũtetĩkĩlanĩte na kĩla kĩalyũlĩtwe nthĩnĩ wa New World Translation, aĩtye kana Mbivilia ĩsu nĩyo “ĩalyũlĩtwe nesa vyũ katĩ wa ila wasianĩisye.” Amĩtĩte Mbivilia ĩalyũlĩtwe “nesa mũno.”
O nake mũsomi ũngĩ Mũevelania wa Israel, ũla wĩtawa Dr. Benjamin Kedar, nĩwatũmĩie ndeto ta isu aineenea New World Translation. Mwakanĩ wa 1989 aisye: “Ũũ nĩ wĩa ũkwonany’a kĩthito kya andũ me na ngoo ntheu matatĩte ũndũ matonya maalyũle nesa vyũ kĩla kyaĩle. . . . Ndi vandũ nonete o na vamwe nthĩnĩ wa New World Translation vekwonany’a kana ve ũvoo ũthyoeketw’e maandĩkonĩ mayo.”
Ĩkũlye atĩĩ: ‘Yo nĩenda kũsoma Mbivilia nĩ na kĩeleelo kyaũ? Nĩenda o kũsoma Mbivilia ngũelewa mĩtũkĩ ndeũkũlya mũno kana ũalyũlyo wayo nĩ wa w’o? Kana nĩenda kũsoma Mbivilia ĩalyũlĩtwe na ndeto ithengeanĩe vyũ na ila syatũmĩiwe nĩ aandĩki ala maveveewe kũmĩandĩka na ithyomo ila syatũmĩawa ĩvinda yĩu?’ (2 Vetelo 1:20, 21) Makũlyo asu no maũtetheesye kũmanya wĩnyuva kũsoma Mbivilia yĩva.
[Maelesyo ma Kwongeleela]
^ kal. 22 Eekie ũkunĩkĩli ĩũlũ wa New World Translation, The Amplified New Testament, The Living Bible, The New American Bible With Revised New Testament, New American Standard Bible, The Holy Bible—New International Version, The New Revised Standard Version, The Bible in Today’s English Version, na King James Version.
[Visa]
Mbivilia ya “New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures” nĩkwatĩkanaa na ithyomo mbingĩ
[Visa]
Mavuku ma Masorets
[Visa]
Kĩlungu kĩ na ĩandĩko ya Luka 12:7, “. . . Mũikethĩwe na wia; mwĩ ma vata mũno kwĩ tũsũni twingĩ”
[Credit Lines]
Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin