Phunzirani Kuimba Mwaluso
Phunzirani Kuimba Mwaluso
YOLEMBEDWA KU ITALY
WOIMBA waima moongoka, n’kukweza mutu wake ndi chifuwa chake; alibe tsinya lililonse pamphumi pake ndipo wangoti duu. Gulu la anthu likuyamba kuimba zing’wenyeng’wenye ndipo nthawi yomweyo munthu woimbayo akuyamba kuimba nyimbo imene anthu akhala akuyembekezera. Woimbayo akuoneka kuti akuimba mosavutikira ngakhale pang’ono ndipo mawu ake akungomveka ngati akuchokera kwina. Pamapeto pa nyimboyo anthu akuomba m’manja kwambiri.
Izi ndi zimene zimachitika pa mtundu winawake wa zisudzo. Kodi inu mumakonda zisudzo zoterezi? Kodi munapitapo kunyumba zimene kumachitika zisudzo zotere? Kodi mukuganiza kuti anthu amatha bwanji kuimba mwaluso chonchi?
Mawu Nawonso Ndi Chipangizo Choimbira
Mawu ndi mphatso yodabwitsa kwambiri yochokera kwa Mulungu ndipo m’pomveka kuti anthu amati mawu ndi chipangizo choimbira. Ngakhale kuti si anthu onse amene amaimba mwaluso ngati mmene amachitira anthu a zisudzo zimenezi, munthu aliyense amatha kuimba ndipo izi zimangochitika mwachibadwa ngati mmene zimakhalira ndi kudya kapena kugona. Motero kaya muli ndi mawu anthetemya kapena ayi, mungafune kudziwa mmene chipangizo choimbira chimenechi chimagwirira ntchito.
Kwenikweni mawu amachokera mu kholingo. Pali timinofu tiwiri timene timatulutsa mawu. Ndiyeno kodi mawuwo amatuluka bwanji? Munthu aliyense akamapuma, timinofu timeneti timakhala tolera ndipo panthawiyi kholingo imakhala yotseguka. Munthu akamaimba mpweya womwe umatuluka umachititsa kuti mpata wa kholingo uchepe ndipo timinofu tija timanjenjemera n’kumatulutsa mawu. Timinofuti tikakungika kwambiri timanjenjemeranso kwambiri ndipo mawu ake amamveka patali zedi. Mpweya wotuluka ukakhala wochepa timinofu tija timakhalanso tolera ndipo mpata wa kholingo umakhala waukulu. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti timinofuto tizinjenjemera pang’onopang’ono ndipo mawu ake amamveka abesi.
M’pofunika Luso Komanso Thupi Labwino
Ali mnyamata, Enrico Caruso anali ndi mawu anthetemya koma ofooka. Mawuwo anakhala amphamvu pambuyo pophunzira kuimba. Mawu anthetemya ndi mphatso yachibadwa koma luso la kuimba ndi lofunikanso. Woimbayo amafunika kuphunzira kukoka mpweya wokwanira kenako n’kudziwa zoyenera kuchita ndi mpweyawo. Anthu amanena kuti woimba wina wa m’zaka za m’ma 1700, dzina lake Carlo Broschi, yemwe ankatchedwanso Farinelli, ankatha kuimba manoti 150 pambuyo pokoka mpweya kamodzi kokha.
Pazisudzo za nyimbo, oimba ake nawonso amaphunzira kuimba m’njira yoti mawu awo azimveka mwamphamvu kwambiri. Akatswiri ena amati poimba mbali zotsika za nyimbo, mafupa a m’nthiti amathandiza kuti mawu azimveka amphamvu, koma akuti poimba mbali zokwera mafupa a nsagwada ndiponso a nkhope ndi amene amathandiza m’njira imeneyi.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kholingo yokha ndi imene imathandiza poimba. Koma si choncho ayi, chifukwa akuti thupi lonse limathandiza kuti munthu azitha kuimba bwino ndipo kuimba kumafuna kuti munthu agwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake zonse. Pamafunikanso kudzikunga bwinobwino. Motero m’pofunika mphamvu kuti muthe kuimba nyimbo za zisudzo, ndipo mwina n’chifukwa chake akatswiri ambiri a nyimbo zotere amakhala a matupi amphamvu. Maria Callas anali mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri oimba nyimbo za zisudzo m’ma 1900. Koma mawu ake anayamba kusamveka bwino. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anatero chifukwa choti anawonda kwambiri atayamba kusala zakudya pofuna kuti achepe thupi.
Mmene Nyimbozi Zakhala Zikusinthira
Kaimbidwe ka nyimbozi kakhala kakusintha m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tionepo zitsanzo ziwiri zokha. Poyamba zisudzozi ankazichitira m’matchalitchi ndiponso m’nyumba zina zing’onozing’ono. Koma atayamba kuzichitira m’nyumba zikuluzikulu, oimba anayamba kuimba mwamphamvu kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito thupi lawo lonse. Pali chinthu chinanso chimene chinachititsa kuti kaimbidwe ka nyimbozi kasinthe kwambiri. Pazisudzozi anasiya kuimba nyimbo za zing’wenyeng’wenye zochepa chabe zopekedwa ndi anthu monga Mozart, ndipo anayamba kuimba nyimbo za zing’wenyeng’wenye zambiri, zopekedwa ndi anthu monga Verdi ndi Wagner. M’ma 1600 ndi m’ma 1700 komanso cha m’ma 1800 pa zisudzo zimenezi, anthu ankachita chidwi kwambiri ndi oimba nyimboyo kuposa oimba zing’wenyeng’wenye. Koma zinthu zinasintha kwambiri kuyambira m’ma 1800 kufika cha kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900. Panthawiyi mawu a woimbayo sankawaona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri pa nyimbo yonseyo, koma ankangowaona kuti ndi ofunika mofanana ndi zina zonsezo.
Zisudzo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu apeke nyimbo zambirimbiri. Pali akatswiri ambiri amene anapeka nyimbo zokopa zosaiwalika za zisudzo. Ena mwa akatswiri otchuka kwambiri pankhani imeneyi ndi anthu monga Paisiello, Cimarosa, Gluck, Mozart, Donizetti, Rossini, Bellini, Wagner, Verdi, Puccini, Bizet, Meyerbeer, ndi Mascagni.
Kuchita Zinthu Monyanyira
Pali zinthu zinanso zomwe sizinayende bwino m’mbiri ya nyimbo za zisudzo. Mwachitsanzo, kwa zaka 100, ku Italy kunali amuna amene ankawathena adakali ana. * Akuti ankachita zimenezi pofuna kuti azikhalabe ndi mawu aang’ono okwera koma amphamvu kwambiri. Guido Tartoni anati: “Tchalitchi n’chimene chinkachititsa zimenezi chifukwa chinkaletsa akazi . . . kuimba m’matchalitchi.”
Anthu odziwika kwambiri oimba nyimbo zoterezi afika potchuka kwambiri moti anthu ena amawalambira. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi zimene zinachitika pamaliro a Luciano Pavarotti. Maria Callas ankatchedwa La Divina (Kamulungu) ndipo Joan Sutherland ankatchedwa La Stupenda (Wodabwitsa). Komabe chimene chatchukitsa kwambiri nyimbo za zisudzozi n’chakuti zimatenga mtima kwambiri.
Ngati mutamva nyimbo zoterezi zikuimbidwa, dziwani kuti zinatenga nthawi komanso khama losaneneka kuphunzitsa woimbayo kuti aziimba mwaluso choncho. Zimenezi zingakuchititseni kuona nyimbo za zisudzo monga mmene ananenera wolemba wina. Iye anati: “Nyimbo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mawu a munthu asanduke chipangizo ndipo ndakatulo . . . isanduke kanyimbo kokoma.”
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 16 Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza amuna amenewa, werengani Galamukani! ya February 8, 1996, masamba 11 mpaka 14.
[Chithunzi patsamba 12]
MITUNDU YA MAWU OSIYANASIYANA
Sapulano yoyamba: Awa ndi mawu a mkazi ndipo woimbayo amaimba mofulumira komanso mokweza. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ndi munthu wochangamuka ndiponso wochenjera kwambiri.
Sapulano yachiwiri: Awa ndi mawu a mkazi amphamvu komanso otsikirapo kuyerekeza ndi mawu a sapulano yoyamba. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ndi munthu wokhudzidwa mtima kwambiri komanso wachikondi.
Sapulano yachitatu: Awa ndi mawu a mkazi koma otsikirapo ndithu. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ndi munthu wofuna kusangalatsa anthu.
Sapulano yachinayi: Awa ndi mawu a mkazi otsika kwambiri. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ndi munthu wamkazi wokalamba kapena munthu amene akukangana ndi woimba mnzake.
Sapulano yachisanu: Awa ndi mawu a mkazi ndipo ndi akazi ochepa amene angaimbe mawu amenewa. Woimbayo amachita zinthu zimene woimba sapulano yachinayi amachita.
Tenala: Awa ndi mawu a mwamuna ofananako ndi sapulano. Amamvekera patali ndipo amaimbidwa mokokomeza. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ali pachibwenzi. Nthawi zina woimbayo amakhala munthu wotchuka kwambiri m’sewerolo.
Tenala yotsika: Awa ndi mawu a pakati pa tenala ndi besi. Woimbayo amayerekezera kuti ndi mchimwene, bambo kapena mdani wa woimba mnzake.
Besi: Awa ndi mawu otsika kwambiri pa mawu onse a amuna. Mawu a besi alipo a mitundu itatu. Oimba besi yoyamba amachita zinthu zoseketsa ndipo oimba besi yachiwiri amachita zinthu motengeka maganizo kwambiri. Oimba besi yachitatu amachita zinthu mokhudzidwa mtima kwabasi.
[Chithunzi patsamba 10]
Bwalo lochitirapo zisudzo
[Chithunzi patsamba 10]
Nyumba ya zisudzo
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 10]
Stage: Philip Groshong for The Cincinnati Opera; house: Courtesy of Tourism Office of Budapest