Kodi Zamoyo Zimatiphunzitsa Ciani?

“Tafunsila tsono kwa nyamazo, zidzakulangiza, ndi mbalame za m’mlengalenga, zidzakuuza; kapena ulankhule ndi dziko lapansi, lidzakulangiza; ndi nsomba za kunyanja, zidzakufotokozela.”?—YOBU 12:7, 8.

M’ZAKA zaposacedwapa, asayansi komanso mainjiniya alola kuti zomela na zinyama ziwaphunzitse. Pakali pano, akuphunzila na kutsanzila kapangidwe ka zamoyo kuti athe kupanga zinthu zatsopano na kukonzanso makina amene alipo kale kuti azigwila nchito bwino. Mukamaŵelenga zitsanzo zotsatilazi, dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi ndani kwenikweni amene akufunika kulandila ulemu cifukwa copanga zinthu zimenezi?’

Kuphunzila Kucokela ku Zipsepse za Namgumi

Kodi anthu opanga ndege angaphunzile ciani kucokela ku namgumi wa linunda pamsana? Zikuoneka kuti angaphunzile zambili. Namgumi wamkulu wa linunda amalemela pafupifupi matani 30, cimodzi-modzi na lole odzaza katundu, ndipo ali na thupi lolimba ndithu lokhala na zipsepse zikulu-zikulu zangati mapiko. Nyama yotalika mamita 12 imeneyi imayenda mwamsanga kwambili m’madzi. Mwacitsanzo, namgumiyu akafuna kudya, akhoza kusambila mozungulila-zungulila n’kumakwela m’mwamba ali pansi pa nkhanu kapena nsomba zomwe akufuna kuzidya, ndipo nthawi yonseyi amakhala akuuzila mpweya panja n’kumapanga thovu. Thovuli, limene limakhala ngati ukonde ndipo limakuta malo aang’ono ngati mita imodzi na theka, limakankhila nsomba kapena nkhanuzo pamwamba pa madzi. Kenaka namgumiyo amameza msanga-msanga zakudya zakezi, zimene zimakhala zitayalidwa bwino-bwino.

Zimene zinacititsa cidwi ocita kafukufuku zinali momwe nyama ya thupi lolimba ngati limeneli limatembenukila itadzipinda kwambili. Anatulukila kuti kapangidwe ka zipsepse za namgumiyo n’kamene kamamucititsa zimenezi. Mphepete mwa zipsepsezo si mosalala ngati mwa mapiko a ndege, koma ni mwa mano-mano, mokhala na mzele wa timabampu-timabampu.

Namgumi akamayenda mofulumila m’madzi, timabamputi timamuthandiza kukwela m’mwamba ndipo timacepetsa mphamvu ya madzi yomukokela m’mbuyo. Kodi zimenezi zimatheka bwanji? Magazini ya Natural History inafotokoza kuti timabamputi timacititsa madzi kuyenda mofulumila pamwamba pa cipsepseco, mozungulila-zungulila komanso mwadongosolo, ngakhale namgumiyo azikwela m’mwamba atapendekeka, thupi lake litacita kutsala pang’ono kuimilila. Cipsepseco cikanakhala na m’mphepete mosalala, namgumiyo sakanatha kutembenuka atadzipinda conco uku akukwela m’mwamba. Zikanakhala zosatheka cifukwa madziwo bwenzi akumangozungulila malo amodzi kumbuyo kwa cipsepseco ndipo sibwenzi akumamukankhila namgumiyo m’mwamba.

Kodi zimene atulukilazi angazigwilitse nchito yanji? Mapiko a ndege opangidwa motsanzila zimenezi angafunike zitsulo zocepa zothandizila kuti mphepo iziyenda bwino mozungulila mapikowo. Mapiko otelowo angakhale otetezeka bwino ndiponso osavuta kusamalila. Katswili wina wodziŵa bwino sayansi yopanga zinthu potsanzila zinthu zamoyo, dzina lake John Long, akukhulupilila kuti posacedwapa “tikhoza kudzaona kuti ndege zonse zili na mapiko a timabampu ngati ta zipsepse za namgumi wa linunda.”

Kutengela Mapiko a Mbalame

Timadziŵa kale kuti mapiko a ndege amawapanga motengela mapiko a mbalame. Komano posacedwapa, mainjiniya ayamba kupeza njila zatsopano zotengela mapiko a mbalame. Magazini ya New Scientist inati “ocita kafukufuku pa yunivesite ya Florida, apanga ndege yatsopano yotha kuuluka popanda woiyendetsa, imene imatha kuuluka pamalo amodzi, kutsika mozondoka, na kukwela msanga-msanga ngati mmene zimacitila mbalame [zinazake za kunyanja zokhala ngati akakowa].”

Mbalamezi zimauluka mocititsa kaso conci mwa kupinda mapiko awo pa cigongono na paphewa. Magaziniyi inati, potengela kapangidwe ka mapiko otha kupindika kameneka, “ndege yotalika masentimita 61 imeneyi ili na injini yaing’ono imene imakankha zitsulo zingapo zimene zimayenda ngati mapiko.” Mapiko opangidwa mwalusowa amacititsa ndege yaing’onoyo kuuluka pamalo amodzimodzi na kutsika pakati pa nyumba zitali-zitali. Asilikali a ku United States akufunitsitsa kupanga ndege yotha kuuluka malo osiyana-siyana yoteloyo kuti aziigwilitsa nchito pofufuzila zida zamankhwala za adani m’mizinda ikulu-ikulu.

Kutengela Mapazi a Nalimata

Palinso zinthu zambili zimene anthu angaphunzile ku nyama zapamtunda. Mwacitsanzo, buluzi wamng’ono wochedwa nalimata amatha kukwela makoma na kumatila kudenga cafufumimba. Kodi cinsinsi ca luso la nalimata lotha kumatilila zinthu osagwa, lagona pati?

Luso la nalimata lotha kumata ngakhale pa zinthu zosalala kwambili ngati galasi, limabwela cifukwa coti ali na tinthu ting’ono-ting’ono tangati tsitsi kumapazi kwake. Mapazi akewo satulutsa zinthu zilizonse zomata ngati ulimbo. M’malo mwake, mphamvu yomatilayi imabwela yokha mapazi ake akangogundana na cinthu cina. Zinthu ziŵili zikagundana zimatulutsa mphamvu inayake yapadela imene imacititsa kuti zimatilane. Nthawi zambili, mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi imakhala yamphamvu kuposa mphamvu yapadelayi. N’cifukwa cake simungathe kukwela khoma mwakungogunditsa manja anu pakhomapo. Komabe, tinthu ting’onoting’ono tangati tsitsi timene timakhala ku phazi kwa nalimata timacititsa kuti mphamvu imene imakhalapo mapaziwo akagundana na khoma ikhale yaikulu. Mphamvuyi, imene imakhala yaikulu cifukwa ca kuculuka kwa tinthu tangati tsitsi tokhala kuphazi kwa nalimatayo, imakhala yaikulu kuposa kulemela kwa nalimatayo moti amatha kumata khomalo osagwa.

Kodi zimene atulukilazi angazigwilitse nchito yanji? Zinthu zimene angapange zofanana ndi mapazi a nalimata angazigwilitse nchito m’malo mwa zipi yamtundu winawake yomata, yomwenso anaipanga potengela zamoyo. Magazini ya The Economist inalemba mawu amene ananena munthu wina wocita kafukufuku, amene anati zinthu zopangidwa na “tepi yomata ngati nalimata” zingakhale zothandiza kwambili “ku cipatala, akakhala kuti sangathe kumata na zinthu zina zocita kupanga ku fakitale.”

Ndani Ayenela Kupatsidwa Ulemu?

Panopa bungwe lina lomwe limapanga zombo zopita ku mwezi lochedwa National Aeronautics and Space Administration likupanga makina okhala na miyendo yambili amene amayenda ngati cinkhanila. Ndipo ku Finland mainjiniya apanga kale thalakitala ya miyendo sikisi imene imatha kukwela zinthu ngati mmene tizilombo tingacitile. Ocita kafukufuku ena apanga nsalu yokhala na tinthu tangati mamba, imene imatengela mmene zibalobalo za mtengo wa paini zimatsegukila na kutsekekela. Kampani ina yopanga magalimoto ikupanga galimoto imene imatengela thupi losalala la nsomba inayake yokhala ngati bokosi. Ndipo ocita kafukufuku ena akuyesa kumvetsa kapangidwe ka ziganamba za mtundu winawake wa nkhono zomwe zimatha kuteteza nkhonozo ku mabampu. Akuyesa kumvetsa zimenezi n’colinga copanga zida zopepuka koma zolimba zimene munthu amavala kuti ateteze thupi lake.

Pali luso lambili-mbili limene anthu anatengela ku zamoyo moti ocita kafukufuku analemba kale zitsanzo zokwana masauzande ambili za zamoyo zimene iwo angatengele. Magazini ya The Economist inati asayansi akhoza kukaŵelenga za zitsanzo zimenezi kuti apeze “njila zotengela ku zamoyo zowathandiza kupanga zinthu zovuta.” Zitsanzo zimenezi akuzicha “eni luso.” Nthawi zambili, mwini luso amakhala munthu kapena kampani imene inalembetsa mwalamulo luso latsopano kapena makina atsopano. Pofotokoza zitsanzo zomwe tingatengeleko luso zimenezi, magazini ya The Economist inati: “Pochula zitsanzo zimenezi kuti ndizo ‘eni luso,’ ocita kafukufukuwo akungogogomezela mfundo yoti nthawi zambili luso limayambila ku zinthu zamoyo.”

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukila bwanji luso lonseli? Ocita kafukufuku ambili anganene kuti zamoyo n’zopangidwa mwaluso cifukwa coti zakhala zikusinthika kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambili. Koma ocita kafukufuku ena savomeleza zimenezi. Katswili wina wa sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zamoyo dzina lake Michael Behe analemba mu nyuzipepala ya The New York Times m’caka ca 2005 kuti: “Kuculuka kwa luso lochititsa kaso lopangila zinthu kumene timakuona [m’zamoyo] kumatifikitsa pa mfundo imodzi yosatsutsika: ngati cinthu cikuoneka, kuyenda, na kulila ngati bakha, ndiye kuti cinthuco ni bakha, ngati palibe umboni wina wotsutsa zimenezo.” Kodi iye anamaliza bwanji? Anati: “Ngati mfundo yakuti zinthu zinapangidwa mwaluso n’njowonekelatu, palibe cifukwa ciliconse coitsutsila.”

Ndithudi injiniya amene wapanga mapiko a ndege otetezeka ndiponso ouluka bwino kwambili angafunikile kulandila ulemu cifukwa ca luso lake. Cimodzi-modzinso munthu amene angapange bandeji yotha kugwila nchito zosiyana-siyana, kapena nsalu yofewa bwino kwambili, kapena galimoto yoyenda bwino kwambili, angafunike kulandila ulemu cifukwa ca zinthu zimene wapangazo. Ndipotu, munthu wopanga zinthu amene wabela luso la munthu wina koma osapeleka ulemu kwa mwini lusoyo amaonedwa kuti ni wakuba.

Ocita kafukufuku ophunzila kwambili amatha kupanga zinthu zovuta kwambili potengela zamoyo, ngakhale kuti zinthu zomwe amapangazo zimakhala zotsikilapo poyelekezela ni zamoyozo. Conco kodi m’pomveka kwa inu kuti ocita kafukufukuwa azinena kuti zinthu zamoyozo, zomwe iwo anabelako luso, zinangosinthika mwangozi? Ngati cinthu cocita kukopela cimafuna munthu wanzelu woti acipange, kuli bwanji cinthu coyambililaco? Ndipotu, kodi ndani amayenela kulandila ulemu woculuka, mphunzitsi waluso kapena mwana wasukulu amene amatengela luso la mphunzitsiyo?

Mfundo Yoonekelatu

Ataona umboni wowonetsa kuti zamoyo zinapangidwa mwaluso, anthu ambili oganiza amagwilizana na zimene ananena wamasalmo, yemwe analemba kuti: “Nchito zanu ziculukadi, Yehova! Munazicita zonse mwanzelu; dziko lapansi lidzala naco cuma canu.” (Salmo 104:24) Wolemba Baibo wina, Paulo, nayenso anafika pa mfundo yomweyo. Analemba kuti: “Pakuti cilengedwele dziko lapansi zaoneka bwino zosaoneka za [Mulungu] ndizo mphamvu yake yosatha ndi umulungu wake; popeza zazindikilika ndi zinthu zolengedwa.”—Aroma 1:19, 20.

Komabe, anthu ambili oona mtima amene amalemekeza Baibo, komanso okhulupilila Mulungu, anganene kuti Mulungu mwina anagwilitsa nchito cisanduliko kuti alenge zinthu zamoyo zodabwitsa kwambili. Koma kodi Baibo imaphunzitsa ciani pankhani imeneyi?

[Mau okopa]

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukila bwanji luso lonseli?

[Mau okopa]

Kodi mwini luso limene lili m’zinthu zamoyo ndani?

[Bokosi]

Ngati cinthu cocita kukopela cimafuna munthu wa nzelu woti acipange, kuli bwanji cinthu coyambililaco?

Ndege yotha kuuluka paliponse imeneyi imatengela mapiko a mbalame ina yakunyanja

Mapazi a buluzi wochedwa nalimata, sada, sasiya tizidindo, amamata paliponse kupatulapo pa zinthu zopangidwa mwapadela, ndipo amamata na kumatuka mosavuta. Ocita kafukufuku akuyesela kuwatengela

Kusalala na kulimba kwa nsomba yokhala ngati bokosiyi kunacititsa anthu kupanga galimoto yofanana nayo

[Eni ake]

Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/​University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Bokosi]

ZAMOYO ZOYENDA MWANZELU

Zamoyo zambili ni “zanzelu” cifukwa zimatha kudziŵa njila yoti zilowele zikamayenda pa dziko lapansi. (Miyambo 30:24, 25) Taganizilani zitsanzo ziŵili.

◼ Nyelele Zimayenda Mwadongosolo Kodi nyelele zikapita kofuna zakudya zimadziŵa bwanji njila yoti zidzele pobwelela ku mauna awo? Ocita kafukufuku ku United Kingdom anatulukila kuti kuwonjezela pa kusiya fungo lawo, nyelele zina zimagwilitsa nchito masamu kuti zithe kupanga njila zosavuta kutsatila pobwelela. Mwacitsanzo, magazini ya New Scientist inati mtundu wina wa nyelele “umapanga njila zimene potuluka ku unawo zimakumana na njila zina pa makona a madigiri 50 mpaka 60.” N’cifukwa ciani zimenezi zili zocititsa cidwi? Nyelele ikamabwelela ku unako n’kufika pa kona, iyo mwacibadwa imatenga njila imene ikukhota pang’ono, osati imene ikukhota kwambili, ndipo njila imeneyi ni imene imakafikadi ku unako. Nkhaniyo inati: “Masamu amene nyelele zimatsatila popanga njila zamakona zotulukila ku una, amacititsa kuti nyelele zambili zizitha kuyenda bwino-bwino m’tinjila tawo, maka-maka nyelelezo zikamalowela mbali ziŵili zosiyana, ndipo zimacititsa kuti nyelele iliyonse isamawononge mphamvu zake cifukwa cosocela.”

◼ Mmene Mbalame Zimalondolela Njila Zawo Mbalame zambili zimalondola njila zawo osasocela ngakhale pang’ono pa maulendo atali-atali mu nyengo zonse. Zimatha bwanji kucita zimenezi? Ocita kafukufuku atulukila kuti mbalame zimatha kumva mphamvu ya dziko imene imasonyeza kuti kumpoto ni kuti. Komabe, magazini yochedwa Science inati, “mphamvu ya dziko yosonyeza kuti kumpoto ni kuti imasintha-sintha pa malo osiyana-siyana ndipo si nthawi zonse pamene imalozadi kumpoto kwenikweni.” Kodi n’ciani cimathandiza mbalame kuti zisasocele zikakhala pa ulendo? Akuti mbalame mwina zimacuna matupi awo madzulo alionse dzuwa likamalowa kuti zidziŵe kumpoto kwenikweni. Popeza malo amene dzuwa limalowela amasintha malinga na dela na nyengo, ocita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti mbalamezi zimatha kuzindikila kusintha kumeneku cifukwa “mwacibadwa, zili na nzelu zotha kudziŵa nyengo imene zili,” inatelo magazini ya Science.

Kodi ndani anaphunzitsa nyelele masamu? Ndani anapatsa mbalame nzelu zotha kudziŵa kuti kumpoto ni kuti, ndiponso kuti zili nyengo yanji, na ubongo wotha kuzindikila zinthu zimenezi bwino-bwino? Kodi ni cisinthiko comwe cinangocitika mwangozi? Kapena ni Mlengi wanzelu?

[Eni ake]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004