The history of Jehovah’s Witnesses in modern-day Russia is an account of oppression and persecution. For much of the 20^th century, Russian authorities abused and mistreated the Witnesses, although they were known to be peaceful, law-abiding citizens. The aim of the government of the Soviet Union was to coerce them into accepting Soviet ideology. They were forbidden to possess Bibles or religious literature. They were under constant surveillance and had to hold their religious meetings in secret. If discovered, they were subjected to beatings and long prison sentences. The government exiled thousands to Siberia.

That began to change in 1991 when the Russian government granted legal recognition to Jehovah’s Witnesses and allowed freedom of worship without interference from the authorities. However, that period of peace did not last long.

In 2009, opposition and restrictions began to escalate when the Russian Supreme Court upheld the decision of a lower court to label a congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses as “extremist.” After years of legal battles, in April 2017 the Russian Supreme Court ruled to liquidate the Witnesses’ legal entities for alleged extremist activity. Immediately the Russian authorities took steps to confiscate their property, close down their places of worship, and declare their religious literature to be “extremist material.”

Not stopping with their attack against the Witnesses’ legal entities, Russian authorities have chosen to target Jehovah’s Witnesses individually. Overreaching, they associate private worship of individual Witnesses with the banned organization. Police raids of the Witnesses’ homes bring abusive treatment and harsh interrogation. Both male and female Witnesses of all ages have been arrested, convicted, and sentenced to prison or house arrest.

Since the April 2017 ban, hundreds of Witnesses have been sentenced to pretrial detention or imprisonment under the charge of extremism. As of October 18, 2024, a total of 131 Witnesses are imprisoned.

Outcries Against Russia’s Harsh Treatment of Jehovah’s Witnesses

Russian authorities continue to convict Witnesses of extremist activity despite an international outcry for Russia to stop its relentless persecution. Informed observers and courts outside of Russia have censured the Russian government for its unyielding oppression of Jehovah’s Witnesses.

Examples of Recent Harsh Judgments

• On January 25, 2024, Sona Olopova, a 37-year-old married woman, was sentenced to two years of forced labor in a correctional facility in the Samara Region. Law enforcement officers had conducted a search of her home in May 2023. Subsequently, a criminal case was initiated, and she was charged with extremist activity. In reality, her only “crime” was her peaceful worship of God along with fellow believers. Sona herself commented: “The prosecution did not take into account that it is impossible to be one of Jehovah’s Witnesses and at the same time to be an extremist.”

• On February 6, 2024, an appeal court upheld the conviction of Dmitriy Barmakin. He was taken into custody from the courtroom to serve the remainder of his eight-year sentence. In July 2018, armed law enforcement officials broke into an apartment where Dmitriy and his wife, Yelena, had been staying to care for Yelena’s 90-year-old grandmother. Dmitriy and Yelena were both taken back to their home city, Vladivostok, where Dmitriy was arrested. Subsequently, a criminal case against him was initiated under the charge of “organizing the activities of an extremist organization.” He is currently confined to a detention center in the Khabarovsk Territory and will be released in November 2029. Yelena is also on trial for her faith.

• On February 29, 2024, Aleksandr Chagan, a 53-year-old married man, was convicted by the Tsentralniy District Court of Tolyatti in the Samara Region. He was sentenced to eight years in prison, one of the longest prison terms given to Witness men in Russia. At the conclusion of his trial, he was taken into custody from the courtroom. He is currently being held in Detention Center No. 4 in the Samara Region and is to be released in January 2032.

• On March 5, 2024, a court in the Irkutsk Region in eastern Siberia found nine Witness men guilty of extremism. The nine men, the oldest of whom is 72, were sentenced to various prison terms of up to seven years. Their convictions were the culmination of criminal cases that began in October 2021 following home searches by law enforcement officials. At the time of sentencing, one of the men, Yaroslav Kalin, had already spent more than two years in pretrial detention. He described his imprisonment as a bitter experience in the “worst cells and conditions we could have.”

• In April 2024, Rinat Kiramov, who is serving a seven-year sentence, was transferred by prison authorities to a medical correctional facility under the guise of suspected tuberculosis. A criminal case had been brought against 36-year-old Rinat in November 2021 under the charge of extremist activity. After spending a year and a half in detention, he was sentenced to seven years in prison. When Rinat was transferred to the medical facility, a group of prisoners subjected him to physical abuse, even torture with a stun gun. Further, he was denied sleep and food for a period of four days. After a medical exam revealed that he did not have tuberculosis, Rinat was transferred back to the penal colony on May 17, 2024. He is due to be released from prison in December 2027.

• On June 20, 2024, three Witness men living in Khabarovsk were sentenced to the longest terms of imprisonment issued to Witnesses by any Russian court since the liquidation of the legal entities of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Nikolay Polevodov was sentenced to eight years and six months, Vitaliy Zhuk to eight years and four months, and Stanislav Kim to eight years and two months. The men were found guilty of organizing the activities of an extremist organization. In reality, however, they had merely peacefully gathered together with family and fellow believers to read and study the Bible. In October 2024, their sentences were reduced by one year and changed to suspended sentences. The three men were subsequently released.

Continued Efforts to End Unjust Imprisonments

Jehovah’s Witnesses worldwide are greatly distressed by Russia’s harsh treatment of their fellow believers. Millions of Witnesses all over the world have sent letters to Russian government officials, appealing to them in behalf of imprisoned Witnesses. Attorneys for imprisoned Witnesses have filed appeals at every level of Russian courts and scores of applications to the European Court of Human Rights. Jehovah’s Witnesses have also submitted complaints to the UN Human Rights Committee and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and have provided reports to international organizations that monitor human rights abuses. Jehovah’s Witnesses will continue to pursue all avenues to raise awareness of the plight of their fellow believers in Russia in order to end this grave religious persecution.

Time Line

1. October 18, 2024

   Total of 131 Witnesses imprisoned.

2. October 24, 2023

   UN Human Rights Committee (CCPR) released two Views involving the Elista and Abinsk Local Religious Organizations. In both cases, the CCPR concluded that Russia violated the Witnesses’ rights under Articles 18.1 (“right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion”) and 22.1 (“right to freedom of association”) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The decisions confirm that there is nothing in their religious literature that incites hatred or violence.

3. June 7, 2022

   ECHR releases landmark judgment, Taganrog LRO and Others v. Russia, condemning Russia for their mistreatment of Jehovah’s Witnesses.

4. January 12, 2022

   The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation adds the JW Library application to the Federal List of Extremist Materials. This is the first and only app to be banned in Russia as extremist.

5. September 27, 2021

   Saint Petersburg City Court rejects the appeal against the decision of March 31, 2021, which declared the JW Library app extremist and banned its use throughout the Russian Federation and Crimea. The court’s original decision goes into effect immediately.

6. April 26, 2019

   UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention finds that the rights of Dimtriy Mikhailov have been violated and denounces Russia’s persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses.

7. April 20, 2017

   The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation rules to liquidate the national office of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 395 Local Religious Organizations.