Dziko Lapansi—Kodi “Maziko” Ake Anakhalako Mwamwayi?

KUTI lisatenthe kwambiri, dziko liyenera kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira dzuŵa. M’magulu ena a mapulaneti ozungulira zinthu zina, pali mapulaneti ena amene apezedwamo amene amazungulira nyenyezi zonga dzuŵa ndipo amati ali ‘m’chigawo chotheka kukhalamo,’ kutanthauza kuti, angathe kusunga madzi. Koma mapulaneti otereŵa amene amati n’ngotheka kukhalamo angakhalebe osayenera kukhalamo anthu. Ayeneranso kuzungulira paliŵiro labwino ndiponso ayenera kukhala aakulu bwino.

Ngati dziko lapansi likanacheperapo ndiponso kupepukirapo pang’ono, mphamvu yake yokoka ikanacheperapo ndipo mbali yaikulu ya mpweya wake wofunika kwambiri ikanaulukira kutali m’mwamba. Tingamvetse zimenezi poona mwezi ndiponso mapulaneti aŵiri otchedwa Mercury ndi Mars. Chifukwa chakuti n’ngaang’onopo ndiponso n’ngopepukirapo powayerekeza ndi dziko lapansi, mapulaneti ameneŵa ali ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri kapena alibiretu. Nanga kodi zinthu zikanakhala bwanji dziko likanakhala lalikulupo ndiponso lolemererapo?

Ndiye kuti mphamvu yake yokoka ikanakhala yaikulupo, ndipo bwenzi mpweya wopepuka, monga wa hydrogen ndi helium, ukuchedwa kutuluka mu mpweya wozungulira dziko lapansi. “Chosafunika kuiŵala n’chakuti kulinganizika kwake kosachedwa kusokonezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wozungulira dziko lapansi kukanasokonezeka,” likutero buku lasayansi lotchedwa Environment of Life.

Kapena tatiyeni tione mpweya wa oxygen umene umatheketsa zinthu kuyaka. Ngati utachuluka pang’ono chabe ndi 1 peresenti, tchire lingamagwire moto pafupipafupi. Komanso, ngati mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa carbon dioxide ukanangochuluka, tingavutike chifukwa dziko lapansi lingatenthe kwadzaoneni.

Mpita wa Dziko Lapansi

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri ndicho mpangidwe wa mpita wa dziko lapansi. Ngati mpitawo ukanakhala wobwatalala kwambiri ngati dzira, bwenzi tikuvutika ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira koopsa. M’malo mwake dziko lapansi lili ndi mpita wozungulira mofanana pang’ono ndi chingelengele. Inde, zinthu zingasinthe ngati pulaneti lalikulu monga la Jupiter litadutsa pafupi. M’zaka zaposachedwa asayansi atulukira umboni wakuti nyenyezi zina zili ndi mapulaneti aakulu monga Jupiter amene amazizungulira pafupi kwambiri. Mapulaneti ambiri otereŵa ali ndi mipita yozungulira mosiyana kwambiri ndi chingelengele. Mapulaneti aliwonse ofanana ndi dziko lapansi okhala m’magulu otere angakhale pangozi.

Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Geoffrey Marcy anayerekezera mapulaneti akunja kwa  gulu lathu ameneŵa ndi mapulaneti anayi aja otchedwa Mercury, Venus, Dziko Lapansi, ndi Mars amene amapanga gulu lathu lam’kati mwa gulu la mapulaneti ozungulira dzuŵa. Pofunsidwa, Marcy analongosola kuti: “Tangoyang’anani [dongosolo] lake labwinoli. Lili ngati mwala wamtengo wapatali. Lili ndi mipita yozungulira ngati chingelengele. Yonse ili pamlingo umodzi. Yonse imazungulira kuloŵera mbali imodzi. . . . N’zozizwitsadi.” Kodi tingati zimenezi zinakhalako mwamwayi?

Gulu lathu la mapulaneti ozungulira dzuŵa lili ndi chinthu chinanso chodabwitsa. Mapulaneti akuluakulu aja, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, ndi Neptune amazungulira dzuŵa ali kutali ndithu ndi ife. M’malo motidetsa nkhaŵa, mapulaneti ameneŵa amachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo awayerekeza ndi ‘makina osesera a kuthambo’ chifukwa chakuti mphamvu yawo yokoka imayamwa zimiyala zikuluzikulu, zimene zingathe kuwononga moyo padziko lapansi ngati zitagwerapo. Inde dziko lili ndi “maziko” abwino kwambiri. (Yobu 38:4) N’lalikulu bwino ndiponso lili pamalo oyenera m’gulu lathu la mapulaneti ozungulira dzuŵa. Komatu si zokhazi ayi. Dziko lapansi lili ndi zinthu zina zapadera zofunika pamoyo wa anthu.

Oxygen ndi Photosynthesis

Magawo 63 mwa 100 alionse a kulemera kwa zinthu zamoyo zapadziko lapansi ndi maatomu a oxygen. Kuphatikizanso apo oxygen yopezeka m’mwamba imateteza mbewu ndiponso nyama zapadziko lapansi kuti zisawonongeke ndi cheza cha ultraviolet. Koma oxygen imafulumira kusakanikirana ndi maelementi ena n’kupanga zinthu zina, monga mmene imachitira ndi iron popanga dzimbiri. Ndiye kodi elementi yosachedwa kusakanikirana ndi anzakeyi imasungidwa bwanji m’mlengalenga pa maperesenti 21 ndendende?

Yankho lake ndilo photosynthesis—njira yodabwitsa yomwe zomera zimapangira chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito kuŵala kwa dzuŵa. Oxygen imapangidwa mwa njira imeneyi, ndipo tsiku lililonse oxygen yoposa matani biliyoni imodzi imatulutsidwa kuloŵa m’mlengalenga. The New Encyclopa̗dia Britannica inalongosola kuti: “Pakanapanda photosynthesis, bwenzi kubwezeretsa chakudya chofunika kukulephereka komanso m’kupita kwa nthaŵi Dziko likanakhala lopanda oxygen.”

Mabuku asayansi amatha masamba angapo polongosola njira yatsatanetsatane imeneyi yotchedwa photosynthesis. Mbali zake zina sizikudziŵikabe bwino. Ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko amalephera kulongosola mmene zinthuzo zinali kusinthira kuchokera ku zinthu zosacholowana. Ndithudi,  mbali yake iliyonse imaoneka kukhala yocholowana kwambiri. “Palibe mfundo iliyonse yomwe anthu ambiri amaivomereza yofotokoza chiyambi cha photosynthesis,” imavomereza motero The New Encyclopa̗dia Britannica. Mkulu wina wochirikiza chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko anayankhula mongofuna kuti zithe ponena kuti photosynthesis “inatulukiridwa” ndi “maselo angapo akalambula bwalo.”

Ngakhale kuti mawu amenewo sachirikizidwa ndi sayansi, akuvumbula chinthu chinanso chimene chili chodabwitsa: Kuti photosynthesis itheke pamafunika kuti selo ikhale ndi chotchinga kunja kwake kuti ntchito imeneyi ichitikiremo popanda vuto, ndipo kuti ntchitoyi ipitirire pamafunika kuti maselo achulukane. Kodi zonsezi zinangochitika mwamwayi m’kati mwa “maselo angapo akalambula bwalo”?

Selo Lodzichulukitsa Lokha Lisanduka Munthu

Kodi pali kuthekera kwakukulu motani kwakuti maatomu angaphatikizane n’kupanga selo losacholowana kwambiri lotha kudzichulukitsa? M’buku lake lotchedwa A Guided Tour of the Living Cell (Kuperekezedwa Paulendo Woyendera Selo Yamoyo), wasayansi wotchedwa Christian de Duve amene anapatapo mphoto ya Nobel anavomereza kuti: “Ngati titati selo ya bakiteriya ingathe kukhalako mwamwayi ngati maatomu amene amaipanga atasanganikirana mwamwayi ndiye kuti tingadikire mpaka muyaya ndipo zimenezi sizingachitikebe.”

Pokhala tafika pano, tiyeni tsopano tichoke pankhani ya selo imodzi ya bakiteriya n’kuyamba kukamba nkhani ya maselo mabiliyoni ambiri a m’minyewa ya mauthenga imene amapanga ubongo wa munthu amenenso ali ndi ntchito yakeyake. Asayansi amati ubongo wa munthu ndiwo chinthu chocholowana kwambiri m’chilengedwe chodziŵika. N’ngwapaderadi. Mwachitsanzo, ubongo uli ndi mbali zina zazikulu zimene zimatchedwa kuti mbali zogwirizanitsa. Mbali zimenezi zimapenda ndi kumasulira nkhani zomwe zimatumizidwa ndi mbali ya ubongo yomwe imalandira mauthenga. Imodzi mwa mbali zogwirizanitsa zimenezi imene ili kuseri kwa chipumi chanu imakukhozetsani kulingalira za zodabwitsa za chilengedwe. Kodi n’zotheka kufotokoza kuti zinthu zongochitika mwamwayi ndizo zinapanga mbali za ubongo zogwirizanitsa zimenezi? “Nyama ina iliyonse ilibe mbali zazikulu zofanana ndi zimenezi,” akuvomereza motero mkulu wina wochirikiza chisinthiko Dr. Sherwin Nuland m’buku lake lotchedwa The Wisdom of the Body (Nzeru za Thupi).

Asayansi atsimikizira kuti ubongo wa munthu umapenda chidziŵitso mofulumira kwambiri kuposa kompyuta yamphamvu pa makompyuta onse. Kumbukirani kuti sayansi yamakono ya makompyuta yabwera chifukwa cha khama la anthu kwazaka zambiri. Nanga ubongo woposawo? M’buku lawo lotchedwa The Anthropic Cosmological Principle asayansi aŵiri, John Barrow ndi Frank Tipler, anavomereza mfundo yakuti: “Asayansi ambiri ochirikiza chisinthiko agwirizana pamfundo yakuti kusinthika kwa zamoyo zaluntha, zokhala ndi nzeru zogwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso mofanana ndi Munthu, n’kosatheka konse kwakuti n’zokayikitsa ngati kungakhale kutachitika pa pulaneti ina iliyonse m’chilengedwe chonse chooneka.” Kukhalapo kwathu “kunachitika mwamwayi kwambiri,” akutero asayansiwo.

Kodi Zinangochitika Mwamwayi?

Kodi inuyo tsopano mukuganiza bwanji? Kodi n’zotheka kuti thamboli pamodzi ndi zodabwitsa zake zambiri zinangokhalako mwamwayi? Kodi simukuvomereza kuti nyimbo iliyonse yokoma iyenera kukhala ndi wina woipeka ndi kutinso zida zake zoimbira ziyenera kuchunidwa bwino kuti imveke bwino? Bwanji nanga za thambo lathu lodabwitsali? “Tikukhala m’thambo limene lili lolinganizika kwambiri,” anatero katswiri wa masamu ndiponso wa sayansi ya zakuthambo David Block. Nanga maganizo ake n’ngotani? “Thambo lathuli ndi mudzi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti linapangidwa ndi dzanja la Mulungu.”

Ngati inunso maganizo anu ali omwewo, ndiye kuti mosakayika mukuvomereza mmene Baibulo limalongosolera Mlengi, Yehova kuti: “Iye analenga dziko lapansi ndi mphamvu yake, wakhazika dziko lapansi ndi nzeru yake, ndi luso anayala thambo.”—Yeremiya 51:15.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

PULANETI YAPADERA

“Mikhalidwe yapadera imene ili padziko lapansi yobwera chifukwa cha kukula kwake koyenera, maelementi ake, komanso mpita wake wozungulira ngati dzira ndiponso mtunda wabwino kuchokera ku dzuŵa lomwe ndi nyenyezi yakale, kunatheketsa kuti padziko pakhale madzi. M’povuta kwambiri ngakhale kuyerekeza n’komwe kuti moyo ukanayamba popanda madzi.”—Integrated Principles of Zoology, Kope Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi cha NASA

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 10]

KODI MOYO UNAKHALAKO MWAMWAYI?

Mu 1988 buku loyesa kulongosola mmene moyo ukanakhalirako mwamwayi analipenda m’magazini yotchedwa Search, yofalitsidwa ndi bungwe la Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science. Patsamba limodzi lokha la m’bukuli, wolemba za sayansi wina wotchedwa L. A. Bennett anapezapo “ndemanga 16 zopeka zedi, zimenenso zimadalirana kuti umboni wake ukhale wamphamvu.” Kodi Bennett anaona mfundo yotani ataŵerenga buku lonselo? Iye analemba kuti: “N’kwapafupi kwambiri kuvomereza kuti kuli Mlengi wachikondi chachikulu amene analenga moyo kamodzin’kamodzi ndiponso n’kumautsogolera kuti ukwaniritse cholinga chake . . . kusiyana ndi kukhulupirira mfundo zambirimbiri za ‘mwayi wongochitika’ zofunika pochirikiza maganizo a amene anazipeka.”

[Zithunzi]

“Photosynthesis” n’njofunika kuti pakhale chakudya komanso kuti “oxygen” ipitirire

Kodi zinthu zoyenerera zofunika pa moyo zomwe dziko lili nazo zinakhalako bwanji?

Asayansi amati ubongo wa munthu ndi chinthu chocholowana kwambiri m’chilengedwe. Kodi zikanatheka bwanji kuti ukhaleko mwamwayi?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi: Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

Monte Costa, Sea Life Park Hawaii

[Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Mapulanetiwa atawachepetsa

Dzuŵa

Mercury

Venus

Dziko Lapansi

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Dzuŵa: National Optical Astronomy Observatories; Mercury, Jupiter, ndi Saturn: Mwachilolezo cha NASA/JPL/Caltech/USGS; Venus ndi Uranus: Mwachilolezo cha NASA/JPL/Caltech; Dziko: Chithunzi cha NASA; Mars: NASA/JPL; Neptune: JPL; Pluto: A. Stern (SwRI), M. Buie (Lowell Obs.), NASA, ESA