Mashimbu Waze Manyonga ja Atu Apihile Chinji

KU NYONGA lie, shimbu lika yuma yaputukile kupiha? Ha mashimbu je nyi ha mashimbu akunyima? Amwe kakwamba ngwo, manyonga ja atu kaputukile kupiha chinji muze Jita Yitangu ya Hashi Heswe yaputukile ha mwaka 1914. Ha mukanda wenyi A Geração de 1914, longeshi wa sango Robert Wohl kasonekene ngwenyi: “Atu waze kakafwile ku jita, muchipwa chikalu kuli ayo kuvulama ngwo hashi hatangu kanongeseleho, nawa ngwo mukupwa hashi haha ha kakweji wa Agosto ya 1914.”

Mukwa-kuhengwola yuma yikulu Norman Cantor kambile ngwenyi: “ku yihela yeswe, yitanga ya atu te yinayi ni kupiha chinji. Nyi akwa-mafwefwe ni maswalale kashihile tununu twa atu ku jita ngwe tushitu, shimbi jika ja mawayilo mujihasa te kukinda atu ahone kulimwesa lamba umwe ni mukwo ngwe chize akumwesa lamba tushitu?. . . Mutapu uze ashihile atu ku Jita Yitangu ya Hashi Heswe [1914-18] wasolwele ngwo atu kakulelesa mwono.”

Ha mukanda wenyi História Universal, mukwa-kuhengwola sango ja shakulu H.G. Wells kambile ngwenyi, hanyima lia atu kutayiza longeso lia kwamba ngwo yuma yalitangile yene, yinyengo yiyisoloka zwalala. Mumu liaka? Atu amwe kapwile ni kunyonga ngwo atu kali ni mwono ulemu kuhiana tushitu. Wells yoze te wakutayiza longeso lia kwamba ngwo yuma yalitangile yene, ha mwaka 1920 kasonekene ngwenyi: “Atu kakwachile chiyulo chinambe ngwo, mutu kali kashitu yoze wakutwama ha mbunga ngwe kawa wakwoza nenyi ku Índia”. . . , kashika yakwata chiyulo ngwo atu waze ali ngwe tuwa anene-anene e ali ni ulite wakwivwisa woma ni kuyula akwo.”

Kwamba pundu, ngwe chize ambile Cantor, Jita Yitangu ya Hashi Heswe yapihishile chinji manyonga ja atu. Iye yamba ngwenyi: “Ayo te keshi kutayiza nawa yuma ya ku shakulu ngwe chize apwile ni kuzala, nyonga lio hakutwala ku yuma ya mafwefwe ni kulisumbakenya.” Mayingeleja waze ehukile malongeso ja Akwa-Kristu ni kutayiza longeso lia kwamba ngwo yuma yalitangile yene ni kukolweza atu hanga apwe maswalale, kapihishile chinji manyonga ja atu. Umwe kapitau wa maswalale avuluka ngwo Frank Crozier yasoneka ngwenyi: “Mayingeleja e akutwala atu anji hanga alishihe, ni yetu che twakulinga.”

Shimbi Jize Atu Ehukile

Ha miaka yize yasulileko hanyima lia Jita Yitangu ya Hashi Heswe, miaka Makumi Aali yize anavuluka ngwo miaka ya kuyuka chinji, shimbi ni yitanga ya atu ya ku mashimbu akunyima kayehukile ni kuyisalakinyisa ni nyonga liakwamba ngwo linga chuma cheswacho unazange. Mukwa-kuhengwola sango ja shakulu Frederick Lewis Allen, kambile ngwo: “Ha miaka kumi, muze te jita hiapalika, kanayivuluka ngwo miaka ya Yitanga Yipi. . . . Amu atu ehukile shimbi yize yapwile ni kuhana ulemu ni ulumbunwiso wa mwono, kuchakapwile chashi kuwana shimbi yize masalakanyisoho.”

Amu atu apwile Analema ku Mbunge, ha mwaka 1930, chino chatwalile atu kupwa yiswale ni kufupa kulinga yimwe. Ku songo lia mwaka wacho, hashi yihalingiwa jita yikwo yize yanongesele kuhiana jita yitangu, Jita Yamuchiali ya Hashi Heswe. Kwakapalikile mashimbu anji hanga atu aputuke kulinga mata alemu akunongesa no. Hachino, atu yecha Kulema ku Mbunge kawashi-washi, alioze yanjila mu lamba liahiana lize te kulishi mu manyonga jo. Muze jita yahwile, mbonge jinji kajinongesele; mbonge jiali ja mu Japão kajinongesele ni uta wa mbomba umuwika. Tununu twa atu kafwile mu chilombo cha maswalale. Kwamba pundu, atu kuhiana 50 a tununu twa malunga, mapwo ni twanuke kafwile mu jita yacho.

Ha mashimbu a Jita Yamuchiali ya Hashi Heswe, shimbu atu ahiluke ni kupwa ni yitanga yipema yikulu, ayo yaputuka kulinga yuma kulita ni manyonga jo. Mukanda Amor, Sexo e Guerra—Mudança de Valores, 1939-45 unambe ngwo: “Chinasoloka ngwe ukanjiso uze alingile hakutwala ku kulisumbakenya, ha mashimbu a jita atu te keshi kuukaula nawa, utuswilo wa kulinga chuma cheswacho mutu anazange kulinga mu jita, te yinanjila hakehe-hakehe ku mazuwo ja atu. . . . Mumu lia jita, atu kawashi-washi yapianguka shimbi ja mu mbunge ni kusolola ngwo mwono haze lia chilombo cha maswalele kuushi ni ulemu nawa wa mashimbu akehe.”

Amu atu apwile mu ponde, chino chaatwalile kuzanga kupwa ni kasendo, chipwe ngwe matwama mashimbu akehe. Umwe mama kambile hakutwala ha mashimbu jacho ngwenyi: “Tushi kuhasa kwamba ngwo te twakulinga utanji. Mumu twapwile mu jita.” Umwe swalale wa ku America yamba ngwenyi: “Kulita ni shimbi ja atu, twapwile yitanji. Alioze twapwile akweze nawa te mutuhasa kufwa susumuku.”

Anji a kuli atu waze kakafwile mu jita, kamwene lamba mumu lia yuma yipi yize yalingiwile mu jita. Ndo musono, amwe a kuli ayo kuchingako waze apwile twanuke ha mashimbu jacho, kakupinda ni manyonga api a ha mashimbu a jita, ni kwivwa ngwe kanapalika nawa mu yuma yacho. Anji katokesele ufulielo ni kwecha kupwa ni nyonga lialita. Chikwo nawa, kakapwile ni kuvumbika manguvulu waze te akusa shimbi hakutwala ku yipi ni yipema. Kashika ayo yaputuka kulelesa yuma yeswe.

Shimbi Jaha Hakutwala Ku Yitanga ya Atu

Kunyima lia Jita Yamuchiali ya Hashi Heswe, katuhwishile mikanda yinahanjika hakutwala ku kulisumbakenya cha atu. Yimwe ya ku mikanda yacho atuhwishile mu Estados Unidos ha mwaka 40, wapwile lusango wa Kinsey yoze wambachile mafwo kuhiana 800. Chino chatwalile atu anji kuhanjika ha mbunga hakutwala ku kulisumbakenya, chuma chize te chapwile chikalu kuhanjika ha mashimbu akunyima. Chipwe ngwe lusango yoze unakatuka ha mukanda wacho hakutwala ku utumwa ni yitanga yikwo yinatale ku kulisumbakenya yize kuyalitele, atu yaputuka kuyimona ngwe kanayihianyisa, alioze lusango yasolola yitanga yipi yize atu apwile nayo hanyima lia jita.

Ha mashimbu amwe, atu kasele tachi hanga asolole ngwo yitanga yo yili yipema. Chakutalilaho, sango hakutwala ku utanji te keshi kujisa mu chisaji hanji ha TV. Alioze, yino yalingiwile ha mashimbu akehe wika. William Bennett yoze wakalakalile mu chipatulo cha kulongesa mu EUA, kambile ngwenyi: “Ha mwaka 1960 ni ndambu, atu a mu America kawashi-washi yaputuka kutwala akwo kwehuka shimbi ni kuneha mbwanja.” Chino chalingiwile nawa mu yifuchi yikwo. Mba mumu liaka manyonga ja atu apihile chinji ha mwaka 1960?

Ha mwaka wacho he halingiwile nawa utuswilo wa mapwo ni kunyonga chaha hakutwala ku kulisumbakenya. Chikwo nawa, kalingile yitumbo yize yakukanjisa mapwo kupwa tufumba. Muze anyingikine ngwo muchipwa chikalu kupwa kafumba muze mutu malisumbakenya, nyonga liakwamba ngwo “utuswilo wakulisumbakenya ni mutu mweswawo” yiyilitanda.

Ha mwaka uzewene, shimbi ya yitanga yipema ya atu yize apwile ni kusolola ha mikanda, yinema ni TV yiyitepuluka. Kulutwe, Zbigniew Brzezinski yoze wapwile mwata wa Conselho de Segurança Nacional mu EUA, kambile hakutwala ku yitanga yize apwile ni kusolola ha TV ngwenyi: “Ayo kakusolola pundu ngwo kakulihulumba hali ene ni kwehuka shimbi, ni kusolola ngwo, nyonga lia kulinga upupilo, chili chuma cha ngwaza ni kukolweza atu alisumbakenye ni atu eka ni eka.”

Ha mwaka 1970, atu yaputuka kuzachisa chinji yinema ya kasete. Ku mazuwo jo, atu kapwile ni kumona yinema ya sonyi yize te keshi kuhasa kutala ha mbunga ni mu yipatulo muze akutalila yinema mumu lia woma wa kwamona kuli atu. Ha matangwa jetu, internet yinapwisa chashi atu hashi heswe kuchiza yinema ya luchisa ngwe yinema ya sonyi.

Yuma yize yakulingiwako, yakukomwesa mu majila alisa. Umwe kasongo wa zuwo lia ususu wa mu EUA, kambile ngwenyi: “Ha miaka kumi kunyima, muze te kwakwiza akweze waze akutwama mu yipendo, yami te nakuhasa kuhanjika no hakutwala ku chipema ni chipi. Alioze musono, akweze waze akwiza kanyingikine chikuma chino chipwe hakehe.”

Kuli Mutuhasa Kuwana Usongwelo?

Twatambile kushimbwila ngwetu, mayingeleja a hashi matwaha usongwelo hakutwala ku yitanga ya atu. Shimbu akaule shimbi jingunu ngwe chize Yesu ni tumbaji twenyi alingile ku sekulu yitangu, ayo kakulinga chihanda cha hano hashi ni yitanga yo yipi. Umwe mukwa-kusoneka kahulile ngwenyi: “Shina kuli jita yize yakatwalile atu kulemba kuli Zambi hanga aakwase?” Hakutwala ku ukwaso wa shimbi ja Zambi, ha mashimbu amwe kunyima, umwe ngana wa ku Mbonge ya Nova York, kambile ngwenyi: “Yingeleja ye wika yili ululikiso wa hashi heswe muze atu waze akunjilamo te mahasa kwakolweza kusa tachi hanga alemese chinji shimbi, kuhiana tachi jize akusa ha kunjila mu kalela.”

Kwamba pundu, kupiha cha manyonga ja atu hano hashi, chakusolola pundu ngwo, kunafupiwa kawashi-washi chimwe kwalumuka. Kwalumuka chika? Yika atamba kwalumuna? Iya mahasa kuchilinga, nawa kuchi?

[Chikuma chilemu]

“Mutapu uze ashihile atu ku Jita Yitangu ya Hashi Heswe [1914-18] wasolwele ngwo atu keshi kulemesa mwono”

[Chizulie]

Chiheho chize chakupihisa yitanga yipema hanji manyonga, chili chashi kuchiwana ni kawashi