Onaini elihumbato lovanhu la enda tali xutuka neendelelo?

MBELA oto ti elihumbato lopaenghedi ola hovela okuxutuka meendelelo? Mbela ola hovela pepupi loye, ile pamwe opefimbo lovapambele, ile lookaume koye ovo va kula kwoove? Vamwe otava ti kutya Oita yOtete yOunyuni oyo ya li ya luwa mo 1914, oye tu twalifa mefimbo lelihumbato la xutuka inashi monika nale. Omushiivinawa wondjokonona wedina Robert Wohl, okwa shanga membo laye The Generation of 1914, a ti: “Ovo va pita moita oyo kave na fiku va dimbwe kutya ounyuni umwe owa xula naukwao owa hovela muAuguste 1914.”

Omunandjokonona umwe wedina Norman Cantor, okwa ti: “Kape na apa elihumbato lovanhu inali xutuka. Ngeenge ovanapolitika novakomesho ova kala tava ungaunga novanhu ovo ve li mepashukilo lavo va fa tava ungaunga noinamwenyo tai ka dipawa, mbela omafinamhango opalongelokalunga noopaenghedi otaa ka kelela ngoo ovanhu vaha ungaungafane ngaashi tava ungaunga noinamwenyo tai ka dipawa, nokuli nomokukalamwenyo kwakeshe efiku? . . . Omadipao a nghinanghenda, oo a dipaa eemhunga dovanhu mOita yOtete yOunyuni yomo [1914-1918] okwa ningifa ovanhu va kale inava fimaneka omwenyo.”

Omunandjokonona umwe wOmwiingilisha wedina H. G. Wells, okwa popya mo-The Outline of History ta ti kutya konima eshi ehongo loevolusi la tambulwa ko “ola etifa unene exutuko lopaenghedi.” Omolwashike mbela? Vamwe ova li hava diladila kutya omunhu oku li ashike oludi loshinamwenyo le likalekelwa. Wells, oo a itavela moevolusi, okwa shanga mo 1920, a ti: “Ova li va fika pexulifodiladilo kutya omulumenhu oshinamwenyo shopokati kovanhu, ngaashi eembwa dokuya koukongo dokoIndia . . . , onghee hano, oshi li nawa kovalumenhu va kale tave va hepeke ovanhu noku va pangela, molwaashi ove na eenghono ve va dule.”

Oshoshili kutya ngaashi Cantor a popya, oita yotete younyuni oya kuma neenghono onghedi yovanhu yokulihumbata. Okwa yelifa a ti: “Epupi lopefimbo lonale ola li la puka filufilu moinima aishe ngaashi mopolotika, momidjalo nosho yo meenghedi dalo di na sha noinima yopamilele. Eengeleka oda hekula omahongo opaKriste mokuxumifa komesho ehongo loevolusi nokuxwaxwameka oita, osho sha etifa unene exutuko lopaenghedi. Omukulunhu wetangakwaita laBritina, Frank Crozier, okwa shanga a ti: “Eengeleka dopaKriste odo unene oyeetifi yetileshi lohonde olo tu na, nohatu shi ningi twa manguluka omolwado.”

Omifikamhango dopaenghedi inadi fimana vali

Momido odo da ka shikula Oita yOtete yOunyuni, odo da li di na omaudjuu, omifikamhango donale nodopaenghedi oda li da ekelwashi noda li da pingenwa po nelihumbato keshe olo la tambulwa ko. Omunandjokonona wedina, Frederick Lewis Allen, okwa ti: “Omido omulongo odo da shikula oita, oda li da talika ko kutya omido dokuhe na eenghedi. . . . Omulandu wonale woinima owa xula po, oo wa li tau xwepopaleke nokuyandja eityo konghalamwenyo nomifikamhango odo tadi dulu ngeno oku di pingena po kada li vali tadi dulu okumonika.”

Omaupyakadi opamaxupilo mahapu, oo a li ko mo 1930 nasha, okwa halukifa vahapu nova li va ninga oihakanwa yoluhepo. Lwanima konima yomido odo, mounyuni omwa ka holoka vali Oita Itivali yOunyuni, oyo inai monika nande onale. Diva konima yaasho, oiwana oya ninga oilwifo tai tilifa notai hanauna, osho osha li sha kufa ovanhu moluhepo, ashike oshe va etela okumona oixuna oko itava dulu okulididimikilwa nandenande. Konima yoita oyo, oilando omafele oya li ya hanaunwa po, mwa kwatelwa oilando ivali yomoJapan, keshe shimwe osha hanaunwa po noboma imwe ihanauni. Ovanhu omamiliyona ova fya efyo linyanyalifa meekamba deenghwate. Omakuyunguto oo aeshe kumwe okwa kanififa eemwenyo hanga eemiliyona 50 dovalumenhu, dovakainhu nodounona.

Pefimbo leenghalo odo didjuu pOita Itivali yOunyuni, ponhele yokukala pamufika, oo wa li wa tambulwa ko, ovanhu ova li va tota po omilandu davo vene dopaenghedi. Embo Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, ola ti: “Osha fa shi li ngaha kutya elipangelo li na sha nomilele kala li mo vali moita, nonghedi oyo oye livakela nomwaavo vaha li moita. . . . Eenghatu nouladi wopefimbo loita owa nyona po meendelelo elipangelo lopaenghedi, nonghalamwenyo yaavo vaha li moita oya li tai monika ihe na ongushu noixupi ya fa yaavo ve li komesho moita.

Oumbada wokutila efyo owa ningifa ovanhu va kale ve na ondjala yokukala momakwatafano, oo tae va udifa nawa, kashi na nee mbudi kutya oopakafimbo. Omukulukadi umwe, Omubritina a hombolwa noha longo unene meumbo, okwa li ta kendabala okuyukipalifa emanguluko lokuya momilele olo la li po pefimbo loita, eshi a ti: “Katwa li lela tu na elihumbato lii, ndele osheshi ashike pa li oita.” Omukwaita umwe Omuamerika okwa dimina ta ti: “Pataleko lavahapu, katwa li tu na eenghedi, ashike otwa li tu vanyasha, notwa li tu shii kutya ohatu dulu okufya efiku keshe.

Vahapu ovo va xupa moita oyo ova mona oixuna omolwoinima itilifi oyo va mona. Vahapu, mwa kwatelwa naavo va li ounona pefimbo opo, fiyo onena ohava hangwa komaliudo okukala va fa ve wete oinima ii oyo va mona tai ningwa natango. Vahapu ova kanifa eitavelo nosho yo elihumbato lavo lopaenghedi. Ovanhu ova hovela okutala ko keshe shimwe shi na okuningwa she likolelela keenghalo, ndele hakufimaneka eenghonopangelo donhumba odo tadi tula po omufika waasho shi li mondjila naasho sha puka.

Omifika dipe delihumbato

Konima yOita Itivali yOunyuni, opa li pa nyanyangidwa ouyelele u na sha nomakonakono elihumbato lovanhu lopamilele. Limwe lomomakonakono oo ola ningwa moUnited States mo 1940, hali ifanwa Kinsey Report, li na omapandja e dulife 800. Oshidjemo, ovanhu vahapu ova hovela okukala hava popi va manguluka shi na sha noinima yopamilele, oyo ya li ihai kundafanwa naanaa. Nonande omuvalu oo wa li wa yandjwa molaporta oyo u na sha naavo va kufa ombinga moushenge nomeenghedi dimwe vali da nyika omilele, lwanima owa ka talika ko wa wedelwa, omakonakono okwa ka ulika nghee elihumbato lopaenghedi la xutuka neendelelo konima yoita.

Oule wefimbo lonhumba, opa li pa ningwa eenghendabala, opo pa kalekwe eenghedi. Pashihopaenenwa, oinima oyo ya nyika elihumbato lii kaya li ya tambulwa ko koradio, meemuvi nosho yo koTV. Ashike inashi kala ngaho efimbo lile. William Bennett, oo a li nale hamushanga wehongo moU.S, okwa yelifa a ti: “Pomido do 1960 nasha, America okwa li a hovela okuwila monghalo yokuhe na oukumwe.” Naasho osha li tashi hopaenenwa koilongo imwe vali. Omolwashike momido do 1960 nasha, elihumbato la enda tali xutuka neendelelo?

Pomido odo opo pa li ongudu oyo hai ifanwa women’s liberation movement nosho yo oyo hai ifanwa sexual revolution, pamwe nelihumbato lado lipe lopaenghedi. Opa li yo pa ndulukwa eepela di na eenghono dokukelela oludalo. Pefimbo opo eshi ovanhu va li tava dulu okuhafela omilele nopehe na oumbada womateelelo, “emanguluko lokuya moihole,” ile “omakwatafano opamilele okuhakala omudiinini kukaume koye kopaihole” okwa li a hapupala.

Pefimbo opo tuu opo, oishangomwa, eemuvi, neeTV oda li da shunifa pedu omifikamhango di na sha nelihumbato lopaenghedi. Lwanima, oo a li nale omukulunhu woU.S National Security Council wedina Zbigniew Brzezinski, okwa popya shi na sha neenghedi odo hadi ulikwa ko-TV, a ti: “Ota di xumifa komesho filufilu okuliholamwene, elongifo leenghono nomadengo a kale a tambulwa ko nosho yo okuladipika ovanhu vaye momilele novanhu va yoolokafana.”

Mo 1970, oVCR oya li nale i shiivike apeshe. Ovanhu ova li tava dulu okutala momaumbo avo oinima tai ulike okuhe na eenghedi nosho yo omilele oyo vali inava pitikwa okutala meenhele domaulikilo eemuvi. Natango, ovanhu moilongo ihapu mounyuni ovo ve na eekombiyuta ova li tava dulu okutala omafano oipala a tondifa kointaneta.

Meenghedi dihapu, oidjemo ohai kala i tilifa. Omukulunhu wodolongo moU.S, okwa ti: “Omido omulongo da ka pita, ngeenge ovanyasha tave uya mo va dja mepandavanda, ohandi dulu okupopya navo shi na sha naasho shi li mondjila naasho sha puka. Ashike ovanyasha vopaife kave shii kutya ohandi popi kombinga yashike.”

Openi hatu dulu okumona ewiliko?

Itatu dulu okukonga ewiliko lopaenghedi keengeleka. Ponhele yokudiinina omifikamhango douyuki ngaashi Jesus novashikuli vaye vomefelemudo lotete, eengeleka ode lininga do vene oshitukulwa shounyuni ou nowii. Omushangi umwe okwa pula a ti: “Ope na ngoo oita ya luwa, opo inaku tiwa Kalunga okwa li a ama kombinga keshe?” Shimha ashike ngeno omifikamhango daKalunga dopaenghedi tadi shikulwa, omufita wokoNew York City okwa popya omido da ka lupuka a ti: “Ongeleka oyo ashike ehangano mounyuni hali pula shinini, shi dulife nopwaasho hashi pulwa, ngeenge to londo mobesa.”

Osha yela kutya, okuxutuka neendelelo kwelihumbato lopaenghedi kwounyuni ou, otaku ulike kutya opa pumbwa okuningwa sha meendelelo. Ndele mbela oshike osho? Elunduluko lilipi la pumbiwa? Olyelye ta dulu oku li ninga nongahelipi tali ka wanifwa po?

[Ouyelele u li pepandja 5]

“Omadipao a nghinanghenda, oo a dipaa eemhunga dovanhu mOita yOtete yOunyuni yomo [1914-1918] okwa ningifa ovanhu va kale inava fimaneka omwenyo”

[Oshimhungu shi li pepandja 6]

ELIHUMBATO LA KOSHOKA OLI DULE LOPAENGHEDI

Elihumbato la denga mbada ola yooloka ko kwaalo lii. Omunhu ota dulu okukala a li omunashili, omudiinini, a koshoka nokufimanekwa, ndele ta lunduluka. Mopaife, outumbulilo “eenghedi” owa pingena po “elihumbato la koshoka.” Ashike ope na oupyakadi u na sha naashi, ngaashi omunandjokonona wedina Gertrude Himmelfarb e shi ulika membo laye ledina The De-Moralization of Society, eshi a ti: “Ito dulu okupopya shi na sha nomunhu ou e na elihumbato la koshoka ngaashi ou ta popi shi na sha nomunhu oo e na eenghedi, . . . kutya keshe umwe oku na oufemba wokuhoolola osho a hala okuninga.”

Okwa popya kutya eenghedi “otadi dulu okukala eitavelo, omaetepo, oikala, omaliudo, eenghedindjikilile, onghedi yokuninga oinima, omahoololo, outondwe, nokuli onghedi oyo omunhu ha diladilile vamwe. Otadi dulu yo okukala oshinima osho sha lengwa komunhu keshe pauhandimwe, kongudu, ile momudingonoko efimbo keshe nomolwetomheno keshe.” Pefimbo lopaife eli loukakombolilifa, ovanhu ove wete va manguluka okuhoolola kutya otava kala neenghedi da tya ngahelipi, va fa ashike tava hoolola oipumbiwa oyo va hala mofitola. Ndele ngeenge osho tashi kala ngaho, oshike tashi ka ningwa po shi na sha neenghedi nosho yo nelihumbato la koshoka?

[Efano pepandja 6, 7]

Omalihafifo inaa koshoka otaa ende taa hapupala noku li apeshe