Omughulhu eby’Esyongeso Byatsandira Ighuma

MBWINO wanga bugha wuthi ni mughulhu wahi eby’esyongeso byatsuka eritsandira ighuma? Omwa mughulhu wawu kutse omwa mughulhu w’abahughu kutse abanywani abakulengirye emyaka? Abandi bakabugha bathi enyuma w’Olhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi olhw’Erimbere olhwatsuka omwa 1914, eby’esyongeso mubyatsuka eritsandira ighuma. Omwa kitabu kiwe ekikahulhawamo The Generation of 1914, oyusomire ebyakera ya Robert Wohl mwahandika athi: “Ababyaho omwa buthuku bw’olhuhi mubakilhangira ngoku ekihugho kyabirihinduka kutsibu, kandi ngoku si kyanga thasyabere ngoku kyabya Okwomunani 1914 kuthe kwa hika.”

Owundi oyusomire ebyakera oyukahulhawamo Norman Cantor mwabugha athi: “Ehosi-hosi eby’esyongeso byabya ibyabiritsandira ighuma. Abanya politiki n’abakamanda bamabya imubathwalha engongebe sy’esyomiliyoni sy’abandu abali ahisi sy’obuthabali bwabu ng’ebisoro ebiayithibawa, neryo ini misingyi yahi y’edini kutse eby’esyongeso ebyanga thanga abandu erithwalhana ng’ebisoro? . . . Abandu bangyi er’ithibwa omwa Lhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi olhw’Erimbere [1914-18] mukyaleka engebe y’abandu iyalhangirwa ng’eyithawithe mughaso.”

Oyusomire ebyakera, H. G. Wells omwa kitabu kiwe ekikahulhawamo The Outline of History, mwabugha athi amalengekania awahambire okwa by’esyongeso “mwahindukira ighuma” enyuma w’abandu eritsuka erikirirya amalengekania aw’eribugha indi ebindu byayibuthikira. Busana naki? Abandi mubalengekania bathi abandu nabo ni bisoro aliwe omulingo w’ebisoro owawithe amenge awahighulhu kwilhaba ebindi. Wells, oyuwabya ikirirye omwa bindu eriyibuthukira, omo 1920 mwabugha athi: “Mukyathwibwamu kithi omundu ali ng’ebindi bisoro ng’embwa enyihighi eye India . . . , busana n’ekyo kyabya kitholere abandu erithwalhwa ng’esyombwe nene-nene esy’akaghalha esitholere eriddula esindi n’erighondyasyo.”

Kwenene, ngoku Cantor abugha, olhuhi lhw’ekihugho kyosi olhw’erimbere mulhwahamba nabi okwa malengekania agho bandu babya bawithe okwa by’esyongeso. Mwasoborera athi: “Abandu abakulire ab’omwa buthuku obo babya isibanga thasyayiketherwa omwa buli kindu, ni bugha ambu, omwa by’ekipolitiki, omwa by’emyambalire n’ebihambire oko myatsi y’engyingo.” Amakanisa, awatsandaya esyongangirirya sy’Ekikristayo omw’ihamya okwa ngangirirya ey’ebindu eriyibuthukira n’erihira omwa bandu mw’omuliro ow’erikolha ebithatholere, mukyaleka eby’esyongeso ibyatsandira ighuma. Omusirikali mughuma Omwengereza oyukahulhawamo Frank Crozier mwahandika athi: “Amakanisa w’Ekikristayo wasi ndeke eritsotsya abandu nuku banze eritha bandi kandi muthwakolesyagho ngoku thwanzire.”

Ebilhaghiro Ebihambire Okwa by’Esyongeso Mubyaghuswa

Myaka ikumi Olhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi olhw’Erimbere lhwalihwere, eby’esyongeso ebyakera n’ebilhaghiro ebikasondolhasyo mubyaghuswa n’omwa mwanya wabyo mwamasubibwa ekyosi-kyosi ekyo buli mundu akalhangira athi kya kihikire. Oyusomire ebyakera ya Frederick Lewis Allen akabugha athi: “Emyaka ikumi eyakwamako olhuhi lhwabirihwa iyangana hulhwa mw’Emyaka ey’Esyongeso Mbi. . . . Abandu mubaghana emisingyi eyakera ey’eby’esyongeso eyabya yikasondolha ndeke engebe neryo kyamakalha kutsibu eribana eby’esyongeso ebyanga suba omwa mwanya wabyo.”

Eby’emingirirye byabere byabikalha kutsibu omo myaka eya 1930, mukyaleka abandu ibabya omwa bunakwa obukalire. Omo mwaka owa 1939 ekihugho mukingira omwa lhundi lhuhi, ibbwa olhukalire kutsibu kwilhaba lhw’ekihugho kyosi olhw’erimbere—Olhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi Olhwakabiri. Ebihugho mubyatsuka erikolha eby’erirwanisya ebikalire kutsibu. Nomwakine indi mukyaleka eby’emingirirye ibyuwana, aliwe kandi mukyaleka ihabya eriaghalhwa linene kutsibu okwa kihugho. Aho olhuhi lhwahwera, esyotawuni nene kutsibu syabya isyabiribya bisambukalirya; esyotawuni esiri e Japan musyathoghothibwa omwa syobbomu esye atomiki! Esyomiliyoni sy’abandu mubakwirwa omwa syokampu sy’abanya ngomo busana n’erikolhwa nabi kutsibu. Abandu abosi abaholha omwa lhuhi, abalhume, abakali n’abaana abosi haghuma babya miliyoni 50.

Omwa mibere eyikitha obuba ey’Olhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi Olhwakabiri, omwakanya k’eryamakirira ekihikire ngoku bathulha, abandu mubayihiriraho ebyabu eby’erighenderako. Ekitabu Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, mukyabugha kithi: “Omwa buthuku obu, abandu babya isibakyanzire ekindu kyosi-kyosi ekikabakakiraya okwa by’emyatsi y’engyingo, kundi ibane omwa malhwa mw’eyo ibakakolha ngoku banzire, neryo kandi bakasuba ewabu, ibakalholha embere erikolha ngoku banzire. . . . Olhuhi mulhwaleka abandu ibayowa bathi engebe ni nguhi kandi siyiwithe omughaso, n’olhuhi lhwabere lhwabirihwa, mubatsuka erilhangira bathya obutheke n’efamile, ng’ekindu ekithe kyanga malha.”

Kundi abandu ibakabera erikwa kutsibu, mubanza bayowe ibanzibirwe, nomukyangabya habw’akathambi kake buyira. Omukali mughuma Omungereza mwakisoborera athya: “Sithwanga bugha thuthi thwabya batswatswa, kundi byabya omwa lhuhi.” Omusirikali Omumerika mwaligha athi, “Abandu bangyi ibangana bugha bathi thwabya batswatswa, aliwe okwenene kuli kuthi thwabya balere kandi iwanganaholha omungya.”

Abandu bangyi, nibya n’ababya ibakine baana omwa buthuku bw’olhuhi olho, erihika namunabwire bakinaghalhawa bak’ibuka ebyabyaho. Abanene mubalekeraho erikirirya omu Nyamuhanga kandi mubabya isibakyasi ekibuya n’ekibi. Busana n’ekyo, mubayowa bathi ekihikire n’ekiwire kikendi sighikira okwa mibere eyiriho.

Amathegheko Mahyaka aw’eby’Esyongeso

Olhuhi lhwakabiri lhwabere lhwabirihwa, muhahulhuka esyoripoti esihambire okwa by’erikolha emyatsi y’engyingo. Eripoti nguma omwa United States omo myaka eya 1940 y’Eripoti eya Kinsey, ey’esyombapura 800. Eki mukyaleka abandu ibatsuka erikania wazi oko myatsi y’engyingo, ekindu ekithabya kikakolhwa kera. Nomwakine indi emyatsi mingyi omwa ripoti eyo mubatumyayo, aliwe muyakangania ngoku amalengekania agho bandu babya bawithe okwa by’emyatsi y’engingo mwahinduka ibane omwa lhuhi.

Ahabw’obuthuku, abandu mubanalengesya eribya ng’abanasikirye amathegheko w’ekihikire n’ekiwire. Ng’eky’erileberyako, abanya buthoki mubalengesya erilhusya ekindu kyosi-kyosi eky’obutswatswa okwa syoredio, omwa syofilimu n’okwa syotivi. Aliwe ekyo mukithamalha. William Bennett, oyuwabya akimanira eby’esukuru omwa Amerika, mwasoborera athi: “Emyaka eya 1960 aho yahikira, amalengekania agho Abamerika babya bawithe okwa kihikire n’ekiwe mwatsuka erihindukira ighuma kandi lhuba-lhuba.” N’omwa bindi bihugho ku byanabya byabere bithya. Busana naki ekyo mukyabya omo myaka eya 1960?

Omo myaka ikumi eyo, abakali mubongera eribya n’obwiranda, kandi abandu mubahindulha amalengekania agho bawithe okwa by’emyatsi y’engyingo. N’ekindi, kundi muhabya obunini bw’eripanga olhubutho, mukyathokekana erikolha emyatsi y’engyingo isiwendi heka bukule. Neryo mukyabya kya buli kiro abandu erikolha emyatsi y’engyingo isibaherukenie.

Okwa ndambi ngumerere, esyombapura sy’amakuru, esyofilimu, n’etivi mubyatsuka erikangania ebindu ebithabya bikakanganibwa kera. Enyuma waho, omukulhu mughuma omwa gavumente ye Amerika mwabugha athya okwa bindu ebya kanganibawa okwa tivi: “Esyoprogramu esi sikakanganaya eriyitsemesya nga ky’ekindu kikulhu, ebikorwa by’obutsurumi nga sibiwithe butsibu, kandi isyakulha-kulhania eky’erikolha emyatsi y’engyingo n’abandu banene.”

Omo myaka eya 1970, abandu bangyi babya ibanganathoka erileberya evidiyo y’ewabu. Neryo abandu babya ibanganalebya eby’obutswatswa ebyo babya sibangathoka erileberya ahali abandu. Neryo ibbwa omwa buthuku buno, erilhabira okwa Intaneti, eby’obutswatswa ebibi kutsibu byoswire ehosi omwa kihugho kyosi okw’abo abawithe ekombyuta kutse esimu.

Ebyabirilhwiririra mw’ekyo omwa nzira nyingyi bik’itha obuba. Ng’eky’erileberyako, omutheya mughuma ow’engomo e Amerika mwabughire lino-lino athi, “Emyaka ikumi enyuma, eminyethu iyikabya yikalethwa omwa ngomo, inangana babwira okwa kihikire n’ekiwire. Aliwe abakalethawa munabwire bakabulha ekya ngababwira nga niki.”

Ni Hayi Aho Thwangabana Obusondoli?

Amadini w’ekihugho kino syangathoka eriwathikya bandu eriminya ekihikire n’ekibi. Omwakanya k’erisighika emisingyi y’erithunganene ngoku Yesu n’abigha biwe b’omwa kighana ky’erimbere bakolha, amadini abirisighika ekihugho kino n’emibere yakyo mibi. Omuhandiki mughuma mwabulya athi: “Ni lhuhi lhwahi olhwa abalhwi b’okwa syombande syosi ibiri balhwa isibathabugha bathi Nyamuhanga ane okwa lhuhandi lhwabu?” Emyaka mike enyuma omukulhu w’edini omwa muyi we New York mwabugha athi: “Ebikayithaghisibawa erithoka eringira omwa dini ni bike kutsibu kwilhaba ebikayithaghisibawa erithoka eringira omwa bbasi.”

Kilhangirikire ndeke ngoku hatholere ihabya eky’erikolha erithoka erihindulha emibere ey’ekihugho kino. Ibbwa ni kyahi? Ni mbinduka yahi eyitholere erikolhwa? Nindi oyuwangalethayo, kandi yikendi syaberereribwa yithi?

[Eblabbu]

“Abandu bangyi er’ithibwa omwa Lhuhi lhw’Ekihugho Kyosi olhw’Erimbere [1914-18] mukyaleka engebe y’abandu iyalhangirwa ng’eyithawithe mughaso”

[Ekisasani]

Lino kyolhobire eribana eby’eriyitsemesya ebitsandire kutsibu