Magahala ne Hifo Lahi e Tau Mahani Mitaki

MAGAAHO fe ka talahau e koe ne kamata ke hifo lahi ki lalo e tau mahani mitaki? Magahala kia he moui haau po ke magahala he tau magafaoa po ke tau kapitiga haau kua momotua mogonei? Falu ne pehē he hoko e Felakutaki I he Lalolagi he 1914, ko e kamataaga he magahala he tau mahani fakalialia. Ko e porofesa he fakamauaga tala tuai ko Robert Wohl ne tohi he pepa haana The Generation of 1914: “Ko e tau tagata ne lauia he felakutaki ia ne manatu tumau kua fakaoti e taha lalolagi ka e kamata e taha lalolagi foou ia Aokuso 1914.”

“Ke he tau tuaga oti he mahani, ne fitā he hifo ki lalo, kua fakamatematekelea lahi,” talahau he tagata fakamau tala tuai ko Norman Cantor. “Ka taute he tau tagata politika mo e tau takitaki e tau miliona tagata tuga e tau manu ne ta atu ke tamate, pete e tau fakavēaga fakalotu po ke tau mahani, to nakai mataofi e tau tagata he taute fakakelea e taha mo e taha he tuga ko e tau manu vao. . . . Ko e kelipopoaga he Felakutaki I he Lalolagi [1914-18] ne taute fakateaga lahi e moui he tagata.”

He tau kumikumiaga fakalaulahi he tagata fakamau tala tuai mai Peritania ko H. G. Wells he tohi haana The Outline of History, ne mailoga ko e magahala ne mole e talia e fakaakoaga he tupumainoa “ne kamata ke hifo mooli e tau mahani.” Ko e ha? Falu ne talitonu ko e tagata ko e tapunu he moui he manu. Ko Wells ne talitonu ke he tupumainoa, ne tohi he 1920: “Ne fifili e lautolu, ko e tagata ko e manu ne tuga e kuli tutuli manu ha Initia . . . , ti tuga na hako ki a lautolu ko e tau kulī lalahi he fufuta tagata ke hemu mo e pule.”

Pihia foki, ne mailoga e Cantor ko e felakutaki fakamua he lalolagi ne lauia kelea lahi mahaki e tuaga he tau mahani he tau tagata. Fakamaama e ia: “Ne onoono fakakelea ke he atuhau fakamua ke he tau mena oti​​—fakapolitika, tau mena tui, mo e fakavēaga ke he mahani fakataane mo e fifine.” Ko e tau lotu ne fio e tau fakaakoaga Kerisiano he talia e fakaakoaga tupumainoa mo e fakaohooho e tau matakau ne felakutaki, ne putoia lahi mahaki ke he hifo he tau mahani mitaki. Ko e British Brigadier General ko Frank Crozier ne tohi: “Ko e tau Lotu Kerisiano ne mua e fakatupu he fakamaligi toto ti fakaaoga fakahanoa e mautolu e tau tuaga ia.”

Tiaki e Tau Mahani Mitaki

He hogofulu tau he mole e Felakutaki I he Lalolagi, magahala ne fakahigoa ko e Roaring Twenties, ko e tau aga mitaki fakamua mo e tau mahani ne fakavē ki ai kua popoka ke he mafoa ti hukui aki e atāina katoatoa. Ko e tagata fakamau tala tuai ko Frederick Lewis Allen ne talahau: “He magahala he hogofulu e tau he mole e felakutaki kua lata ke fakahigoa ko e Decade of Bad Manners. . . . Ha kua utakehe e tau puhala tuai ko e tau aga mitaki ne tuafu mo e ke fai kakano e moui, kua uka ke moua e tau aga foou ne hukui aki.”

Ko e Great Depression he lalolagi he tau atu tau 1930 ne fakamatematekelea e tokologa he mativa lahi. He matahiku he hogofulu tau ia, ne hoko atu foki e lalolagi ke he taha felakutaki matematekelea lahi​​—Felakutaki II he Lalolagi. Nakai leva ne talaga he tau motu e tau kanavaakau matakutakuina ke moumou ai, ne malagaki mai e lalolagi he Depression ka kua uta loa ni ke he mamahi mo e matakutakuina ne nakaila haolo ia ke he manamanatuaga he tau tagata tali mai. Mogo ne oti e felakutaki, totou teau e tau taone ne malona; ua i Sapani ne malona he lauia he taha ni e pomu atomic! Totou miliona ne mamate he tau kemuaga pagota he matematekelea lahi. Katoatoa ai, ne molea e 50 e miliona he tau taane, fifine mo e tau fanau ne mamate he felakutaki.

He kelea lahi mahaki e Felakutaki II he Lalolagi, ne nakai muitua e tau tagata ke he tau mahani mitaki mo e fakalilifu ne leva e fakavē ki ai, ka kua fakatū ni he tau tagata e tau mahani ha lautolu. He tohi Love, Sex and War​​—Changing Values, 1939-45, ne talahau: “Tuga kua nakai fai fakakaupāaga e mahani fakataane mo e fifine he magahala ia, ha kua holofa e felakutaki ke putoia e tau kaina nonofo. . . . Ko e mafiti mo e holo he magahala felakutaki ne nakai leva ti galo e tau mahani mitaki, ti fakateaga e moui he tau tagata he loga e tau kaina ke tuga ne fakateaga mo e kū he moui he tau tagata ne felakutaki.”

Ko e matakutaku neke tamate ne fakamalikiti e manako he tau tagata ke moua e mafanatia, pete he magaaho kū ni. Taha e hoana i Peritania ne fakamaama e feuaki ne kaputia lahi he magahala felakutaki ia, he pehē: “Nakai ko e tau tagata feuaki a mautolu, ka ko e magahala felakutaki a ia.” Taha e kautau Amerika ne talahau, “Manatu e tau tagata tokologa ko e tau tagata mahani feuaki a mautolu, ka ko e tau fuata a mautolu mo e neke mamate a pogipogi.”

Tokologa e tagata ne hao mai he felakutaki ia ne matematekelea lahi he matakutaku he tau mena ne ono mata e lautolu. Ke hoko mai ke he aho nei, falu ia lautolu ko e tau fanau he mogoia ne kua matematekelea agaia he matakutaku, mo e manamanatu to liu ke pihia foki. Tokologa ne galo e falanakiaga mo e ha lautolu a tau mahani mitaki. He nakai fakalilifu ke he tau tui ne mua ke fakatokatoka e tuaga ke he tau mena hako mo e hepe, ne kamata e tau tagata ke fakahanoa ke he tau mena oti.

Tau Puhala Foou he Mahani

He mole e Felakutaki II he Lalolagi, ne tohia e tau kumikumiaga hagaao ke he tuaga he mahani fakataane mo e fifine. Taha e kumikumiaga ia i United States he tau atu tau 1940 ko e Kinsey Report, ne molea e 800 e lau. Mena ne tupu, ne kamata e tau tagata ke atāina ke tutala ke he mahani fakataane mo e fifine, ka kua nakai tala pihia e matakupu ia fakamua. Pete he iloa he magaaho fakamui kua nakai hako lahi e tau numera hagaao ki a lautolu ne nonofo e taane mo e taane, fifine mo e fifine mo e falu mahani feuaki fakalialia, ka kua fakakite mai he kumikumiaga ia e hifo lahi mahaki ki lalo he mahani mitaki he mole e felakutaki.

Fai magaaho ne lali ke tautaofi e mahani fakalilifu. Ma e fakatai, he letiō, tau kifaga, mo e televisoni, ne tiaki tumau e tau vala ne fakalialia. Ka e nakai leva e taute pihia. Ko William Bennett ko e tohikupu fakamua atu i U.S. ma e tau fakaakoaga, ne fakamaama: “He hoko ke he tau atu tau 1960, ne kamata e hifo lahi mahaki ha Amerika mo e nakai fai taofiaga ke he decivilization.” Ti kitia kua tupu lahi foki e mena nei ke he loga e motu. Ko e ha he tau atu tau 60 ne mafiti lahi e hifo ki lalo he tau mahani mitaki?

He hogofulu tau ia ne teitei tupu fetui, ko e malolō he tau fifine mo e tuaga he mahani fakataane mo e fifine ne puna mai e tau mahani foou. Ne moua foki e tau tegavai birth-control. Ti tupu lahi e mahani feuaki ha kua nakai tupetupe neke fatu, “nakai fai fakakaupaaga e feuaki,” po ke “taute fakahanoa ai ha kua nakai fai fakavēaga ke mau.”

He magaaho taha ia, ne talahau fakateaga he tau nusi, tau kifaga, mo e televisoni e tau mahani mitaki. Mogo fakamui, ko Zbigniew Brzezinski ko e takitaki fakamua atu he U.S. National Security Council, ne talahau hagaao ke he tau mahani ne kitia he TV: “Maaliali ai kua fakahakehake ni he tagata a ia, ne fakatātā e lahi he mahani favale mo e ekefakakelea, [mo e] fakaohooho e feuaki.”

Hoko ke he tau atu tau 1970, kua fitā e talahaua e tau VCR. He tau kaina ni he tau tagata ne maeke ai ke kitekite e tau fakatino fakalialia he mahani feuaki ne nakai manako a lautolu ke kitia he falu ka ō atu ke kitekite he tau fale kifaga he toloaga tagata. He foou nei, he Initanete, ko e tau fakatino telefua ne muitui e kelea kua hokotia ke he tau motu he lalolagi katoa ti maeke e tau tagata ne fai komopiuta ke kitekite ai.

Ne loga e tau mena matakutakuina ne fua mai ai. “He hogofulu e tau kua mole,” he talahau laia he leveki he fale puipui i U.S., “ka tuku e tau tama he fale puipui he mogo fakamua atu, maeke au ke tutala ki a lautolu hagaao ke he tau mena hako mo e hepe. Ka ko e tau tama ka tuku mogonei he fale puipui kua nakai maama ko e heigoa haaku ne tutala ki ai.”

Fuluhi e Tagata ki Fe?

Nakai maeke a tautolu ke fuluhi ke he tau lotu he lalolagi ma e takitakiaga he tau mahani mitaki. Ne nakai tapiki a lautolu ke he tau matapatu fakaakoaga tututonu tuga a Iesu mo e tau tutaki he senetenari fakamua, ko e tau lotu mogonei ko e vala he lalolagi nei mo e tau mahani kelea muitui i ai. Taha e tagata tohi tala ne hūhū: “Fai felakutaki kia ne hoko ka e nakai totoku kua ha ha e Atua he tau faahi ne ua?” Ke taofi mau ke he tau mahani mitaki he Atua, he loga e tau tau kua mole ne pehē e akoako i New York City: “Nakai loga e mena ka taute ke hu atu ke he lotu, kua tatai ni mo e hu atu ke heke he pasi.”

Maaliali ai, ko e hifo lahi mahaki ki lalo he tau mahani mitaki he lalolagi nei kua lata ke fai tauteaga ki ai. Ka ko e heigoa ka taute? Ko e heigoa e tau hikiaga kua lata? Ko hai ka taute ai, mo e to taute fēfē?

[Talahauaga]

“Ko e tau tagata ne mamate he Felakutaki I he Lalolagi [1914-18] ne fakateaga lahi ke he moui he tagata”

[Puha]

TAU MAHANI MO E TAU AGA NE MUA

Kua fa kitia maali e tau mahani. Ko e mahani fakamooli, hakohako, mitaki, mo e mahani fakalilifu e tagata po ke nakai. Mogonei, ko e kupu “tau aga ne mua e uho” kua hukui he “tau mahani.” Fai lekua e mena nei he kitia he tagata fakamau tala tuai ko Gertrude Himmelfarb he tohi haana The De-Moralization of Society: “Nakai maeke e tagata ke talahau hagaao ke he mahani ke tuga hagaao ke he tau aga ne uho, . . . kua igatia ni e tau tagata mo e pule ke he tau mahani ha lautolu.”

Tohi he fifine ia ko e tau mena ne uho liga ko e “tau taofiaga, tau manatu, tau aga fakatagata, tau logonaaga, tau puhala, tau fakavēaga, tau manako, tau onoono hifo, mo e tau mena ikiiki​​—tau mena ne uho ke he tagata, matakau, po ke tau matakavi, he ha magaaho, mo e ha fakamaamaaga.” He tau tagata ne kua fakahanoa mogonei, ne fiafia e tau tagata ke fifili e tau mena ne uho ki a lautolu, tuga ni e fifili he tau mena fakatau he fale koloa. Magaaho ka pihia ai, ko e heigoa kua tupu ke he tau mahani mooli mo e mitaki?

[Fakatino]

Kua mukamuka lahi ke moua e tau fakafiafiaaga fakalialia