Nthawi Imene Makhalidwe Analowa Pansi Kwambiri

KODI mungati makhalidwe anayamba liti kulowa pansi kwambiri? Mutabadwa kale kapena kalekale musanabadwe? Anthu ena amati makhalidwe anaipa kwambiri nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1914. Pulofesa wa  mbiri yakale, Robert Wohl, analemba m’buku lake lofotokoza za nthawi imeneyo kuti: “Anthu amene analipo pa nkhondoyo, anaona kuti zinthu zinasintha kwambiri mu August 1914. Zinali ngati kuti dziko lakale latha ndipo latsopano layamba.”

Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Norman Cantor, anati: “Kulikonse, makhalidwe a anthu, amene anali akulowa pansi, anaipa kwambiri. Ngati olamulira a dziko ndi akuluakulu a asilikali anaona anthu mamiliyoni amene anali kuwayang’anira ngati nyama zopita kokaphedwa, ndiyeno ndi malamulo otani achipembedzo kapena achikhalidwe amene akanaletsa anthu kukhadzulana ngati zilombo zakuthengo? . . . Kuphana kwa anthu miyandamiyanda pankhondo yoyamba [1914-18] kunachititsa anthu kuona moyo kukhala wotchipa ndi wopanda pake.”

M’buku lake (The Outline of History), katswiri wa mbiri yakale wa ku England, H.G. Wells, anati, “makhalidwe analowa pansi kwambiri” panthawi imene anthu anayamba kukhulupirira kuti zinthu sizinalengedwe koma zinangosinthika. Kodi kukhulupirira zimenezi kunasintha bwanji makhalidwe? Anthu ena ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ndi nyama koma yanzeru. H. G. Wells, amene ankakhulupirira kusinthika kwa zinthu, analemba mu 1920 kuti: “Munthu anamuika m’gulu la nyama zimene zimakonda kukhala ndi zinzake ngati mimbulu ya ku India . . . , choncho zinali zosadabwitsa kuti mimbulu ikuluikulu ya m’gulu la anthu izimenyana ndi kugonjetsana.”

Zimene a Cantor ananena kuti, nkhondo yoyamba inasintha kwambiri mitima ya anthu, zinalidi zoona. Anafotokoza kuti: “Achikulire anayamba kunyozedwa kuti ndi achikale pachilichonse, monga pandale, kavalidwe, ndi pankhani zakugonana.” Matchalitchi anathandizira kwambiri kuti makhalidwe alowe pansi posokoneza ziphunzitso zachikhristu ndi kuvomereza chiphunzitso cha kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Mkulu wa asilikali wa ku Britain, Frank Crozier, analemba kuti: “Matchalitchi  Achikhristu ali ndi luso lolimbikitsa chiwawa, ndipo amatithandiza pa ntchito yathu.”

Malamulo a Makhalidwe Anatayidwa ku Dzala

Zaka 10 nkhondo yoyamba itatha, cha m’ma 1920, kunali nthawi imene anthu ankaona kuti ndi yosangalala. Anthu anatayira ku dzala makhalidwe onse abwino ndi kumangoti chagwa m’mbale ndi ndiwo. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Frederick Lewis Allen, anati: “Tingati zaka 10 nkhondoyo itatha, zinali zaka za makhalidwe oipa. . . . Zinthu zitasintha, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimene zinkakometsa moyo, zinasinthanso ndipo sipanapezekenso mfundo zina zolowa m’malo.”

Zaka za m’ma 1930, padziko lonse panali mavuto aakulu azachuma ndipo anthu ambiri anayamba kudziletsa chifukwa cha umphawi wadzaoneni. M’chaka cha 1939, nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inayamba ndipo inali yowononga kwambiri kuposa yoyamba. Nkhondoyo itangoyamba, mayiko ambiri anayamba kupanga zida zankhondo zoopsa ndipo zimenezi zinawavuula m’mavuto azachuma, koma zinachititsa anthu kuvutika ndi kuzunzika kwa ali ndi mwana agwiritse. Pamene nkhondoyo inatha, mizinda mazanamazana inali itawonongedweratu. Mizinda ina iwiri ku Japan inaphwasulidwiratu, uliwonse ndi bomba limodzi lokha. Ndipo anthu miyandamiyanda anafera ku ndende zozunzirako anthu. Nkhondo imeneyi inaphetsa amuna, akazi, ndi ana, onse pamodzi okwana pafupifupi 50 miliyoni.

Panthawi yovuta kwambiri ya nkhondo yachiwiri, anthu anasiya kutsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe ndi kuyamba kutsatira mfundo zawozawo. Buku lofotokoza za kusintha kwa makhalidwe panthawi imeneyo linati: “Zikuoneka kuti panthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi anthu anasiya kudziletsa pankhani yakugonana chifukwa chakuti moyo wakunkhondo unali utalowerera ngakhale anthu amene sanapite ku nkhondo. . . . Chifukwa chotengeka ndi nkhondoyi, anthu anayamba kutayirira ndi kuona moyo kukhala wotsika ndi waufupi ngati kunkhondo.”

Ndipo chifukwa chokhala ndi mantha kuti nthawi ina iliyonse afa, anthu anayamba kufuna kwambiri kukhala ndi zibwenzi ngakhale zanthawi yochepa chabe. Poikira kumbuyo khalidwe lotayirirali, mkazi wina wapanyumba ku Britain, anati: “Sikuti khalidwe lathu linali loipa kwenikweni, kungoti tinali pa nthawi ya nkhondo.” Msilikali wina ku United States anavomereza kuti, “Anthu ambiri angati tinali ndi makhalidwe oipa, koma tinali tidakali ana ndipo tinkayembekezera kufa nthawi ina iliyonse.”

Anthu ambiri amene anapulumuka nkhondoyo ankavutika maganizo akakumbukira zimene anaona. Mpaka pano, ena amene anali ana nthawi imeneyo akakumbukira zimene zinachitika, amangoona ngati zikuwachitikirabe. Anthu ambiri anataya chikhulupiriro ndi khalidwe lawo labwino. Ndipo anasiya kulemekeza malamulo ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi kuyamba kuona ngati atha kusintha khalidwe lawo mmene akufunira.

Mfundo Zatsopano Zamakhalidwe

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, kunatuluka mabuku ofotokoza makhalidwe a anthu pankhani zakugonana. Buku limodzi lotere linatuluka m’chaka cha 1940 ku United States ndipo linali ndi masamba oposa 800. Chifukwa cha bukuli, anthu anayamba kulankhula momasuka nkhani zogonana, zimene kale sankakambirana n’komwe. Patapita nthawi, anthu anaona kuti bukuli linasinjirira chiwerengero cha anthu amene anali kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kugonana kwina kwachilendo. Komabe ngakhale zinali choncho, bukuli linasonyezabe kuti nkhondo itatha makhalidwe a anthu anali atalowa pansi kwambiri.

Kwa nthawi ndithu, anthu anayesetsa kusonyeza kuti anali ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, ankaletsa zinthu zolaula kuti zisaulutsidwe pa wailesi, m’mafilimu, ndi pa TV. Koma zimenezi sizinapitirire. Mlembi wakale wa maphunziro ku United States, William Bennett, anafotokoza kuti: “Pofika m’ma 1960, dziko la America linayamba kulowa pansi kwambiri pachikhalidwe.” Ndipo zimenezi zinachitikanso m’mayiko ena ambiri. N’chifukwa  chiyani makhalidwe analowa pansi kwambiri zaka za m’ma 1960?

Kumenyera ufulu wa akazi ndi kusintha kwa maganizo ndi makhalidwe a anthu pankhani zakugonana zinkachitikira limodzi zaka za m’ma 1960. M’zaka zomwezi njira zolerera zabwino zinatulukiridwa. Popeza anthu ankatha kugonana popanda kupatsana mimba, “anayamba kugonana mwachisawawa,” ndipo “ankagonana popanda chibwenzi kapena chikwati.”

Nthawi imeneyi, malamulo oletsa kuonetsa ndi kulemba zinthu zolaula m’mabuku, m’mafilimu, ndi pa TV analeka kutsatiridwa. Kenako mkulu wakale wa bungwe lolangiza pulezidenti pankhani zachitetezo, Zbigniew Brzezinski, polankhula za zinthu zoonetsedwa pa TV, anati: “Amalemekeza khalidwe lochita zinthu zodzikonda, amaonetsa chiwawa ndi kuphana ngati ndi zabwino, ndipo amalimbikitsa chiwerewere.”

Pofika m’ma 1970, anthu ambiri anali ndi ma VCR. Anthu tsopano ankatha kuonera m’nyumba zawo zinthu zolaula zimene sakanafuna kuti anthu ena awaone akuonera pa gulu. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuyamba kwa Intaneti zaka za posachedwapa, anthu padziko lonse amene ali ndi makompyuta akutha kuonera zinthu zolaula zoipa kwambiri.

Zotsatira zake zakhala zoopsa. Woyang’anira akaidi pandende ina ku United States anati: “Zaka 10 zapitazo, achinyamata akagwidwa kubwera ku ndende, ankamvetsa ndikalankhula nawo za chabwino ndi choipa. Koma achinyamata amene akubwera masiku ano satha kumvetsa chabwino ndi choipa.”

Malangizo Odalirika Angapezeke Kuti?

Matchalitchi a dzikoli sangatipatse malangizo odalirika a makhalidwe abwino. M’malo molimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino ngati mmene Yesu ndi otsatira ake anachitira, matchalitchi amatsatira dzikoli ndi ntchito zake zoipa. Mlembi wina anafunsa kuti: “Kodi ndi nkhondo yanji imene anthu sananene kuti Mulungu ali kumbali yawo?” Zaka zambiri zapitazo, mbusa wina ku mzinda wa New York, ponena za kutsatira mfundo za Mulungu zamakhalidwe abwino, anati: “Padziko lonse ndi matchalitchi okha amene amalola anthu opanda ziyeneretso kukhala mamembala awo, anthu amene ngakhale woyendetsa basi sangawalole kukwera basi yake chifukwa alibe ziyeneretso.”

Ndi mmene makhalidwe alowera pansimu, m’pofunika kuti zinthu zisinthe. Koma zingasinthe bwanji? Nanga ndani angazisinthe?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

“Kuphana kwa anthu miyandamiyanda pankhondo yoyamba [1914-18] kunachititsa anthu kuona moyo kukhala wotchipa ndi wopanda pake”

[Chithunzi pamasamba 6, 7]

Zinthu zolaula ndi zosavuta kupeza masiku ano