Nthawi Imene Makhalidwe Analowa Pansi Kwambili

KODI mungati makhalidwe anayamba liti kulowa pansi kwambili? Mutabadwa kale, kapena kale-kale musanabadwe? Anthu ena amati makhalidwe anaipa kwambili nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1914. Pulofesa wa mbili yakale, Robert Wohl, analemba m’buku lake lofotokoza nthawi imeneyo kuti: “Anthu amene analipo pa nkhondoyo, anaona kuti zinthu zinasintha kwambili mu August 1914. Zinali ngati kuti dziko lakale latha ndipo latsopano layamba.”

Katswili wa mbili yakale, Norman Cantor, anati: “Kulikonse, makhalidwe a anthu, amene anali akulowa pansi, anaipa kwambili. Ngati olamulila a dziko na akulu-akulu a asilikali anaona anthu mamiliyoni amene anali kuwayang’anila ngati nyama zopita kokaphedwa, ndiyeno ni malamulo otani acipembedzo kapena acikhalidwe amene akanaletsa anthu kukhadzulana ngati zilombo zakuthengo? . . . Kuphana kwa anthu miyanda-miyanda pankhondo yoyamba [1914-18] kunacititsa anthu kuona moyo kukhala wochipa komanso wopanda pake.”

M’buku lake (The Outline of History), katswili wa mbili yakale wa ku England, H.G. Wells, anati, “makhalidwe analowa pansi kwambili” panthawi imene anthu anayamba kukhulupilila kuti zinthu sizinalengedwe koma zinangosandulika. Kodi kukhulupilila zimenezi kunasintha bwanji makhalidwe? Anthu ena anali kukhulupilila kuti munthu ni nyama koma yanzelu. H. G. Wells, amene anali kukhulupilila kusandulika kwa zinthu, analemba mu 1920 kuti: “Munthu anamuika m’gulu la nyama zimene zimakonda kukhala pakati pa zinzake ngati mimbulu ya ku India . . . , conco zinali zosadabwitsa kuti mimbulu ikulu-ikulu ya m’gulu la anthu izimenyana na kugonjetsana.”

Zimene a Cantor ananena kuti, nkhondo yoyamba inasintha kwambili mitima ya anthu, zinalidi zoona. Anafotokoza kuti: “Acikulile anayamba kunyozedwa kuti ni acikale paciliconse, monga pandale, mavalidwe, komanso pankhani zakugonana.” Machalichi ni amenenso anathandizila kwambili kuti makhalidwe alowe pansi posokoneza ziphunzitso zacikhristu na kuvomeleza ciphunzitso ca kusinthika kwa zinthu na kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Mkulu wa asilikali wa ku Britain, Frank Crozier, analemba kuti: “Machalichi Acikhristu ali na luso lolimbikitsa ciwawa, ndipo amatithandiza pa nchito yathu.”

Malamulo a Makhalidwe Anatayidwa ku Dzala

Zaka 10 nkhondo yoyamba itatha, ca m’ma 1920, kunali nthawi imene anthu anali kuona kuti ni yosangalala. Anthu anatayila ku dzala makhalidwe onse abwino na kumangoti cagwa m’mbale ni ndiwo. Katswili wa mbili yakale, Frederick Lewis Allen, anati: “Tingati zaka 10 nkhondoyo itatha, zinali zaka za makhalidwe oipa. . . . Zinthu zitasintha, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimene zinali kukometsa moyo, zinasinthanso ndipo sipanapezekenso mfundo zina zolowa m’malo.”

Zaka za m’ma 1930, padziko lonse panali mavuto aakulu azacuma ndipo anthu ambili anayamba kudziletsa cifukwa ca umphawi wadzaoneni. M’caka ca 1939, nkhondo yaciŵili ya padziko lonse inayamba ndipo inali yowononga kwambili kuposa yoyamba. Nkhondoyo itangoyamba, mayiko ambili anayamba kupanga zida zankhondo zoopsa ndipo zimenezi zinawavuula m’mavuto azacuma, koma zinacititsa anthu kuvutika na kuzunzika kwadzaoneni. Pamene nkhondoyo inatha, mizinda mazana-mazana inali itawonongedwa kothelatu. Mizinda ina iŵili ku Japan inasakazidwa koopsa, uliwonse na bomba limodzi lokha. Ndipo anthu miyanda-miyanda anafela ku ndende zozunzilako anthu. Nkhondo imeneyi inapha amuna, akazi, komanso ana, onse pamodzi okwana pafupifupi 50 miliyoni.

Panthawi yovuta kwambili ya nkhondo yaciŵili, anthu anasiya kutsatila mfundo zacikhalidwe na kuyamba kutsatila mfundo zawo-zawo. Buku lofotokoza kusintha kwa makhalidwe panthawi imeneyo linati: “Zikuoneka kuti panthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi anthu anasiya kudziletsa pankhani yakugonana cifukwa cakuti moyo wakunkhondo unali utalowelela ngakhale anthu amene sanapite ku nkhondo. . . . Cifukwa cotengeka na nkhondoyi, anthu anayamba kutayilila na kuona moyo kukhala wotsika komanso waufupi ngati kunkhondo.”

Ndipo cifukwa cokhala na mantha kuti nthawi ina iliyonse afa, anthu anayamba kufuna kwambili kukhala na zibwenzi ngakhale zanthawi yocepa cabe. Poikila kumbuyo khalidwe lotayililali, mkazi wina wapanyumba ku Britain, anati: “Sikuti khalidwe lathu linali loipa kwenikweni, kungoti tinali pa nthawi ya nkhondo.” Msilikali wina ku United States anavomeleza kuti, “Anthu ambili angati tinali na makhalidwe oipa, koma tinali tikali ana ndipo tinali kuyembekezela kufa nthawi ina iliyonse.”

Anthu ambili amene anapulumuka nkhondoyo anali kuvutika maganizo akakumbukila zimene anaona. Mpaka pano, ena amene anali ana nthawi imeneyo akakumbukila zimene zinacitika, amangoona ngati zikuwacitikilabe. Anthu ambili anataya cikhulupililo na khalidwe lawo labwino. Ndipo anasiya kulemekeza malamulo na mfundo za makhalidwe abwino na kuyamba kuona ngati atha kusintha khalidwe lawo mmene akufunila.

Mfundo Zatsopano za Makhalidwe

Nkhondo yaciŵili itatha, kunatuluka mabuku ofotokoza makhalidwe a anthu pa nkhani zakugonana. Buku limodzi lotele linatuluka m’caka ca 1940 ku United States ndipo linali na masamba oposa 800. Cifukwa ca bukuli, anthu anayamba kulankhula momasuka nkhani zogonana, zimene kale sanali kukambilana n’komwe. Patapita nthawi, anthu anaona kuti bukuli linasinjilila ciŵelengelo ca anthu amene anali kugonana amuna kapena akazi okha-okha, komanso kugonana kwina kwacilendo. Ngakhale zinali conco, bukuli linasonyezabe kuti nkhondo itatha makhalidwe a anthu anali atalowa pansi kwambili.

Kwa nthawi ndithu, anthu anayesetsa kusonyeza kuti anali na makhalidwe abwino. Mwacitsanzo, anali kuletsa zinthu zolaula kuti zisaulutsidwe pa wailesi, m’mafilimu, na pa TV. Koma zimenezi sizinapitilile. Mlembi wakale wa maphunzilo ku United States, William Bennett, anafotokoza kuti: “Pofika m’ma 1960, dziko la America linayamba kulowa pansi kwambili pacikhalidwe.” Ndipo zimenezi zinacitikanso m’mayiko ena ambili. N’cifukwa ciani makhalidwe analowa pansi kwambili zaka za m’ma 1960?

Kumenyela ufulu wa akazi komanso kusintha kwa maganizo na makhalidwe a anthu pankhani zakugonana zinkacitikila limodzi zaka za m’ma 1960. M’zaka zomwezi njila zolelela zabwino zinatulukilidwa. Popeza anthu anali kutha kugonana popanda kupatsana mimba, “anayamba kugonana mwacisawawa,” ndipo “anali kugonana popanda cibwenzi kapena cikwati.”

Nthawi imeneyi, malamulo oletsa kuonetsa na kulemba zinthu zolaula m’mabuku, m’mafilimu, na pa TV analeka kutsatilidwa. Kenako mkulu wakale wa bungwe lolangiza pulezidenti pankhani zacitetezo, Zbigniew Brzezinski, polankhula za zinthu zoonetsedwa pa TV, anati: “Amalemekeza khalidwe locita zinthu zodzikonda, amaonetsa ciwawa na kuphana ngati ni zabwino, ndipo amalimbikitsa ciwelewele.”

Pofika m’ma 1970, anthu ambili anali na ma VCR. Anthu tsopano anali kutha kuonela m’nyumba zawo zinthu zolaula zimene sakanafuna kuti anthu ena awaone akuonela pa gulu. Ndipo cifukwa ca kuyamba kwa Intaneti zaka za posacedwapa, anthu padziko lonse amene ali na makompyuta akutha kuonela zinthu zolaula zoipa kwambili.

Zotsatila zake zakhala zoopsa. Woyang’anila akaidi pandende ina ku United States anati: “Zaka 10 zapitazo, acinyamata akagwidwa kubwela ku ndende, anali kumvetsa nikalankhula nawo za cabwino na coipa. Koma acinyamata amene akubwela masiku ano satha kusiyanitsa cabwino na coipa.”

Malangizo Odalilika Angapezeke Kuti?

Machalichi a dzikoli sangatipatse malangizo odalilika a makhalidwe abwino. M’malo molimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino ngati mmene Yesu na otsatila ake anacitila, machalichi amatsatila dzikoli na nchito zake zoipa. Mlembi wina anafunsa kuti: “Kodi ni nkhondo yanji imene anthu sananene kuti Mulungu ali kumbali yawo?” Zaka zambili zapitazo, m’busa wina ku mzinda wa New York, ponena za kutsatila mfundo za Mulungu zamakhalidwe abwino, anati: “Padziko lonse ni machalichi okha amene amalola anthu opanda ziyeneletso kukhala mamembala awo, anthu amene ngakhale woyendetsa basi sangawalole kukwela basi yake cifukwa alibe ziyeneletso.”

Ni mmene makhalidwe alowela pansimu, m’pofunika kuti zinthu zisinthe. Koma zingasinthe bwanji? Nanga ndani angazisinthe?

[Eni ake]

“Kuphana kwa anthu miyanda-miyanda pankhondo yoyamba [1914-18] kunacititsa anthu kuona moyo kukhala wochipa komanso wopanda pake”

[Cithunzi]

Zinthu zolaula ni zosavuta kupeza masiku ano