Kuba abantu barataye umuco bigaragaza iki?

ESE wavuga ko abantu batangiye guta umuco mu buryo bukabije ryari? Ni mu gihe cyawe se cyangwa ni mu gihe cya bene wanyu n’incuti zawe bakuruta? Hari abavuga ko Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose yatangiye mu mwaka 1914, yatumye isi itangira guta umuco mu buryo bukabije. Mu gitabo porofeseri Robert Wohl yanditse yaravuze ati “abantu barokotse iyo ntambara ntibashobora guhakana ko muri Kanama 1914, isi yari ihari yarangiye hagatangira indi.”—The Generation of 1914.

Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Norman Cantor yaravuze ati “amahame agenga imyitwarire ntiyari agikurikizwa ahantu hose, ndetse twavuga nta yari akiriho. Abanyaporitike n’abajenerari bafataga abantu nk’amatungo agiye kubagwa. Ubwo rero amategeko y’idini cyangwa amategeko agenga imyitwarire, ntiyari kubuza abantu gukorera bagenzi babo ibikorwa bya kinyamaswa. . . . Ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwabaye mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose [1914-1918] bwatesheje abantu agaciro cyane.”

Umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umwongereza witwa H. G. Wells yavuze ko igihe inyigisho y’ubwihindurize yari imaze kwemerwa, ari bwo abantu batangiye guta umuco mu buryo bukabije (The Outline of History). Kubera iki? Hari abumvaga ko umuntu na we ari inyamaswa, nubwo hari icyo azirusha. Mu mwaka wa 1920, Wells na we wemeraga ubwihindurize, yaranditse ati “abo bantu bavuze ko umuntu ari inyamaswa izi gushyikirana kimwe n’imbwa z’impigi zo mu Buhinde. . . . Ubwo rero, impamvu ituma imbwa nini, ni ukuvuga abantu bakomeye, bategeka bagenzi babo kandi bakabagirira nabi, irumvikana.”

Cantor yagaragaje ko intambara ya mbere y’isi yose yatumye abantu bata umuco cyane. Yagize ati “abantu ba kera bateshejwe agaciro muri byose, haba muri poritike, mu myambarire no mu birebana n’ibitsina.” Amadini yanduje inyigisho za gikristo, agashyigikira inyigisho y’ubwihindurize n’intambara, na yo yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma abantu bata umuco. Umujenerari w’Umwongereza witwa Frank Crozier yaravuze ati “amadini ya gikristo ni aya mbere mu gushishikariza abantu kwica abandi no kugira urugomo, kandi ni yo twakoresheje kugira ngo tugere ku byo twifuzaga.”

Uko amahame agenga imyitwarire yakuweho

Mu myaka icumi yakurikiye Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose, amahame ya kera n’amahame agenga imyitwarire yavuyeho, asimburwa n’imitekerereze ivuga ko umuntu agomba gukora ibyo yishakiye. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Frederick Lewis Allen yaravuze ati “imyaka icumi yakurikiye intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, twavuga ko ari imyaka yo guta umuco. . . . Amahame ya kera yatumaga abantu babaho neza kandi bishimye, yavuyeho abura ayasimbura.”

Nanone ikibazo cy’Ihungabana ry’Ubukungu ryabayeho mu wa 1930, cyateje ubukene bukabije. Mu mwaka wa 1939 habaye indi ntambara yari iteye ubwoba, ari yo Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose. Icyo gihe ni bwo ibihugu byatangiye gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi. Nubwo ibyo byateje imbere ubukungu bw’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe, byateje n’ibindi bibazo bikomeye. Iyo ntambara yasize imigi myinshi ari amatongo. Urugero, imigi ibiri yo mu Buyapani yangijwe bikomeye n’ibibombe byayiteweho. Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni baguye mu bigo byakoranyirizwagamo imfungwa, byaberagamo ibintu biteye ubwoba. Abantu bose baguye muri iyo ntambara bagera kuri miriyoni 50, harimo abagabo, abagore n’abana.

Mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, abantu bakoraga ibyo bishakiye. Ntibari bagikurikiza amahame yariho mbere. Hari igitabo cyavuze kiti “muri icyo gihe, hari ubusambanyi bukabije, bitewe n’uko imyifatire mibi yagaragaraga ku rugamba yari yarageze no mu ngo. Iyo ntambara yatumye abantu biheba, bumva ko ubuzima ari bugufi kandi ko nta cyo bumaze, bitewe n’ibibi byaberaga ku rugamba.”—Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45.

Kubera ko abantu bumvaga ko bashobora gupfa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose, bifuzaga umuntu wabagaragariza urukundo, n’iyo byaba iby’akanya gato gusa. Hari umugore wo mu Bwongereza wavuze impamvu abantu birekuye agira ati “mu by’ukuri ntitwari abasambanyi, intambara ni yo yabiduteye.” Hari umusirikare wo muri Amerika wavuze ati “abenshi bumvaga ko twari twarataye umuco, ariko twabitewe n’uko twari tukiri bato kandi tuzi ko isaha n’isaha dushobora gupfa.”

Abantu benshi barokotse iyo ntambara bakomeje kugira ihungabana bitewe n’ibintu biteye ubwoba babonye. Bamwe mu bariho icyo gihe ndetse n’abari bakiri abana, iyo bibutse ibyabaye bagira ikibazo cy’ihungabana. Abenshi baretse kwizera Imana kandi ntibakomeza gukurikiza amahame agenga imyifatire. Kubera ko abantu batemeraga ko hari umuyobozi ufite uburenganzira bwo gushyiraho amategeko agenga icyiza n’ikibi, batangiye kumva ko ikintu kiba cyiza cyangwa kibi bitewe n’uko umuntu abibona.

Amahame mashya agenga imyitwarire

Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwavuze iby’imyitwarire y’abantu ku birebana n’ibitsina. Bumwe muri bwo bwakorewe muri Amerika mu myaka ya 1940, busohoka muri raporo ya Kinsey, y’amapaji arenga 800. Muri iyo myaka abantu benshi batangiye kuvuga iby’ibitsina ku mugaragaro. Nubwo imibare yatanzwe muri iyo raporo yavugaga iby’abatinganyi n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubusambanyi yari irimo gukabiriza, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko nyuma y’iyo ntambara abantu bari barataye umuco rwose.

Icyakora hari igihe abantu baharaniye ko amahame agenga icyiza n’ikibi yakurikizwa. Urugero, kuvuga ibintu by’ubusambanyi kuri radiyo no kubyerekana kuri tereviziyo no mu mafirime, byarabuzanyijwe. Ariko ibyo ntibyamaze igihe. William Bennett, wahoze ari umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe uburezi yaravuze ati “mu myaka ya 1960, abantu bo muri Amerika batangiye guta umuco mu buryo bukabije kandi bwihuse.” Ibyo byagaragaye no mu bindi bihugu byinshi. None se kuki mu myaka ya za 60, abantu barushijeho guta umuco?

Iyo myaka yabayemo uruhurirane rw’ibintu, urugero nko guharanira uburenganzira bw’abagore no kudatinya ubusambanyi, byazanye n’ibyo bise amahame mashya agenga imyitwarire. Ni na bwo haje imiti yo kuringaniza urubyaro. Ibyo byatumye ubusambanyi bwiyongera, kuko abantu babaga bazi ko badashobora gutwara inda.

Icyo gihe ibitangazamakuru na byo ntibyari bigikurikiza amahame agenga imyifatire. Nyuma yaho, Zbigniew Brzezinski wari umuyobozi w’akanama gashinzwe umutekano muri Amerika yavuze ibirebana n’ibyo tereviziyo zerekanaga agira ati “berekana ko kwishimisha ari byo by’ingenzi, ko kugira urugomo ari ibisanzwe kandi ko gusambana nta cyo bitwaye.”

Nanone mu myaka ya 1970 hadutse kasete videwo. Abantu batangiye kureba amashusho y’urukozasoni bibereye mu ngo kandi mbere batarashoboraga kuyareba aho berekaniraga sinema. Nanone muri iyi minsi haje interinete, ku buryo umuntu ufite mudasobwa ashobora kureba amashusho y’urukozasoni, igihugu yaba arimo cyose.

Ibyo byose byagize ingaruka nyinshi kandi zikomeye. Urugero, umucungagereza wo muri Amerika yaravuze ati “mu myaka icumi ishize iyo umuntu ukiri muto yafungwaga nashoboraga kumufasha akamenya gutandukanya icyiza n’ikibi. Ariko abafungwa muri iki gihe, ntibashobora kumva ibyo mbabwira.”

None se ni hehe twabona inama ziringirwa?

Amadini ntiyadufasha kumenya amahame agenga imyitwarire. Ayo madini yivanze n’iyi si kandi yifatanya mu bikorwa bibi, aho gushyigikira amahame akiranuka nk’uko Yesu n’abigishwa be bo mu kinyejana cya mbere babigenzaga. Hari umwanditsi wavuze ati “iyo habaye intambara, buri ruhande ruvuga ko Imana ari rwo ishyigikiye.” Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hari umukuru w’idini wo mu mugi wa New York wavuze ati “kwemererwa kuba umuyoboke w’idini bisigaye byoroshye kuruta kwemererwa kwinjira muri bisi.”

Dukurikije uko abantu bo muri iyi si bataye umuco, hari ikintu kigomba gukorwa vuba uko bishoboka. Ariko se ni iki cyakorwa? Ni ibiki bigomba guhinduka? Ni nde uzabikora kandi se bizagerwaho bite?

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe]

“Ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwabaye mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose [1914-1918] bwatesheje abantu agaciro cyane”

[Ifoto]

Imyidagaduro iteje akaga isigaye iboneka mu buryo bworoshye