thidīrendru olukkaneri sīralindhapōdhu

olukka tharaadharangal thidīrendru sīraliya thuvangiyadhu eppōdhu endru kēttaal nīngal enna solvīrgal? ungal vaalnaalil endru solvīrgalaa? alladhu ungalaivida vayadhaana uravinargal matrum nanbargalin kaalatthil endru solvīrgalaa? 1914-aam aandil mūnda mudhal ulaga pōr, saritthiram kandiraadha olukka sīrkulaivu niraindha oru sagaapthatthai thodangi vaitthiruppadhaaga silar solgiraargal. 1914-aam aandin sandhadhi endra aangila butthagatthil saritthira pēraasiriyar raabart vōl ivvaaru kurippidugiraar: “1914-aam aandu aagast maadhatthil ōr ulagam mudindhu innoru ulagam thōndriyadhu enbadhai andha samayatthil vaalndhavargalaal marukkavē mudiyaadhu.”

saritthiraasiriyar naarman kēndar ivvaaru therivikkiraar: “ellaa idangalilum, ērkenavē sarindhukondirundha samūga nadatthaikkaana tharaadharangal ippōdhu tharaimattamaayina. arasiyalvaadhigalum raanuva thalaivargalum thaangal pēni paadhugaakka vēndiya kōdikkanakkaana makkalai kasaappukkadai mirugangalaippōla nadatthiyirukkumpōdhu, inimēl andraada vaalkkaiyil makkal oruvaraiyoruvar mirugatthanamaaga nadatthuvadhai endha dhaarmīga kolgaiyaalō madha kolgaiyaalō eppadi thadutthu nirutthamudiyum? . . . mudhal ulaga pōrinpōdhu [1914-18] nadaipetra pallaayirakkanakkaana padukolaigal manidha uyirai malivaana porulaaga aakkivittana.”

aangila saritthiraasiriyaraana h. g. vels virivaana thagavalgalōdu thaan eludhiya saritthiratthin surukkam (aangilam) endra butthagatthil, parinaama kolgai eppōdhu ētrukkollappattadhō adharku piragudhaan “naagarigam, sīrkulaivai nōkki than payanatthai thodangiyadhu” endru kurippidugiraar. ēn appadi? manidhan verum ōr uyarvagai mirugamē endra mudivukku silar vandhadhē adharku kaaranam. parinaamavaadhiyaaga irundha h. g. vels 1920-il ivvaaru eludhinaar: “kūttamaaga sērndhu vēttaiyaadum indhiya sennaai (kaattu naai) pōla manidhanum oru samūga vilangu endru avargal ninaitthaargal. . . . enavē eppadi periya balamulla naaigal [saadhuvaana matra naaigalai] thaakki adipaniya vaikkindranavō, adhēpōl manidhar kūttatthilum balavaangal appaavigalai adipaniya seivadhu thavaru alla endrum avargal ninaitthaargal.”

unmaidhaan, kēndar kurippittapadi, sari edhu thavaru edhu enbadhai kurittha makkaludaiya tharaadharangalai mudhal ulaga pōr mutrilum thalaikīlaakkivittadhu. avar ivvaaru kurippittaar: “palaiya thalaimuraiyinarudaiya arasiyal, udai, paaliyal olukkanerigal ena ellaamē sellaritthu pōnadhaaga karudhappattadhu.” parinaama kolgaiyai aadharippadhan mūlamum, pōridum naadugalai thūndividuvadhan mūlamum kristhava pōdhanaigalai ilivupadutthiya charchugal, olukka sīrkulaivukku mukkiya kaaranamaaga vilangina. brittish padaippagudhi thalaivar fraank krōshar ivvaaru sonnaar: “rattha veriyai thūndivittadhē kristhava charchugaldhaan; avatrai naam dhaaraalamaaga payanpadutthikkondōm.”

odhukki thallappatta olukka nerigal

mudhal ulaga pōrai pinthodarndha patthaandugal, adhaavadhu 1920-gal selva selippumikka aandugal enbadhaaga alaikkappattana; appōdhu paarambariya madhippīdugalum olukkanerisaarndha kattuppaadugalum odhukki thallappattana, adharku badhilaaga manampōna pōkkil vaalum murai ētrukkollappattadhu. saritthiraasiriyar fradrik lūyis aalan ivvaaru kurippidugiraar: “yutthatthai pinthodarndha patthu varudangalai ketta nadatthaigalin patthaandugal endru alaippadhu porutthamaaga irukkum. . . . mudhal ulaga pōrukku mundhaiya sagaaptham mudivadaindhapōdhu, vaalkkaikku ōralavu niraivaiyum artthatthaiyum thandha madhippīdugalum suvadu theriyaamal pōyina. adharku maatrīdaana madhippīdugal elidhil kandupidikkappadavillai.”

1930-galil ulagam muluvadhum ērpatta porulaadhaara mandhanilaiyaal makkal varumaiyin gōrappidiyil sikki thavitthaargal; adhanaal anēgar kattuppaadaaga vaala thuvanginaargal. aanaal andha patthaandugalin mudivil, adhaivida padumōsamaana sīralivai ērpadutthiya matroru pōrai ulagam sandhitthadhu; adhuvē, irandaam ulaga pōr. udanadiyaaga, naadugal bayangaramaana pōr karuvigalai thayaarikka aarambitthana; idhu porulaadhaara mandhanilaikku mutruppulli vaitthadhu. idhanaal manidha karpanaigalaiyum vinjividugira thunbangalaiyum bayangarangalaiyum ulagam sandhitthadhu. pōr mudivadaindhapōdhu, nūtrukkanakkaana nagarangal chinnaapinnamaagi kidandhana; jappaanin irandu nagarangal ovvondrilum pōdappatta oru anugundu annagarangalai saambal kaadaakkiyadhu! latchōba latcham pēr kodūramaana sitthiravadhai mugaamgalil maandaargal. ottumotthamaaga, aangal, pengal, kulandhaigal ulpada kittatthatta aindhu kōdi uyirgalai ippōr kaavu kondadhu.

irandaam ulaga pōrin samayatthil nilaviya padubayangaramaana sūlnilaigalinpōdhu, kaalankaalamaaga kadaippidikkappatta olukka tharaadharangalai makkal udharitthallinaargal; adharku badhilaaga thangaludaiya ishtappadi vaala thuvanginaargal. kaadhal, seks matrum pōr​—⁠maarivarum madhippīdugal, 1939-45, endra aangila butthagam ivvaaru kurippittadhu: “pōrkkaalatthil olukkaneriyin pidi thalartthappattadhaaga thōndriyadhu. adhanaal pōrkkalatthil anumadhikkappattadhaaga karudhappatta kattuppaadatra nadatthai vīdugalaiyum aakkiramitthadhu. . . . viraivil pōrkkaala avasaratthanmaiyum parabarappum olukka kattuppaadugalai padippadiyaaga aritthu pōttana; anēgarukku pōrmunaiyil iruppadhupōlavē vīttilulla vaalkkaiyum madhippatradhaagavum kurugiyadhaagavum thōndriyadhu.”

sadhaa saavai patriya bayam pīditthadhaal, unarchippūrvamaana uravugalukkaaga, adhuvum kurugiyakaalamē nīdittha uravugalukkaagavumkūda makkal migavum ēnginaargal. atthagaiya kondhalippaana varudangalil nilaviya thariketta vaalkkai muraiyai nyaayappadutthum vidhamaaga brittanilulla kudumbatthalaivi oruvar ivvaaru sonnaar: “naangal unmaiyil olukkankettavargalaaga illai; aanaal pōr nadandhu kondirundhadhaal appadi aaga vēndiyadhaagivittadhu.” amerikka pōrvīrar oruvar ivvaaru otthu kolgiraar: “perumbaalaana makkal engalai olukkankettavargalaaga karudhinaargal. aanaal, naangal ilainyargal, naalaikku uyirōdu iruppōmaa endru engalukkē theriyaadhu.”

pōrai thappippilaittha palar thaangal kanda kodūramaana kaatchigalai marakkamudiyaamal thindaadinaargal. appōdhu kulandhaigalaaga irundhavargal ulpada silar palaiya ninaivugalaal indrumkūda avadhippadugiraargal, adhaavadhu andha adhirchiyaana sambavangal mīndum nigalvadhaippōla unarugiraargal. anēgar visuvaasatthaiyum adhōdu olukka rīdhiyil thīrmaanam edukkum thiranaiyum ilandhuvittaargal. sari edhu thavaru edhu endra tharaadharatthai valiyurutthugira endha adhigaaratthaiyum madhikkaamal olukkanerigalai thangal manampōna pōkkil maatri kondaargal.

nadatthaikkuriya pudhiya tharaadharangal

irandaam ulaga pōrukku piragu, makkalin paaliyal nadatthaigalai kuritthu aaivukkatturaigal veliyidappattana. idhupōndru 1940-il amerikkaavil nadatthappatta aaivugalil ondru, kinsi arikkai ena ariyappattadhu; idhu 800-⁠kkum adhigamaana pakkangalai kondadhu. idhupōndra aaivugalin vilaivaaga, adhuvarai ilaimaraivu kaaimaraivaaga vivaadhikkappatta seks vishayangalai anēgar velippadaiyaagavē pēsa thuvanginaargal. ōrinachērkkaiyil īdupadugiravargalaiyum, matra neripiralvaana paaliyal nadatthaiyil īdupadugiravargalaiyum patri andha arikkaiyil veliyaana pullivivarangal migaippadutthappattavai ena pinnar kandariyappattadhu. irundhaalumkūda, pōrukku pinvandha kaalangalil ērpatta padumōsamaana olukka sīrkulaivai indha aaivu velichampōttu kaattiyadhu.

sila kaalangalukku, olukkamaayiruppadhai pōndru kaattikkolla makkal muyandraargal. udhaaranamaaga, rēdiyōvil, thiraippadangalil, tivi nigalchigalil olukkanketta vishayangal thanikkai seiyappattana. aanaal, idhu adhiga kaalatthukku nīdikkavillai. amerikkaavin munnaal kalvitthurai seyalar villiyam bennat ivvaaru kurippidugiraar: “irundhaalum, 1960-galil amerikkaavin olukkanilai, kalaachaara sīrkēdu enum adhalabaadhaalatthai nōkki viraivaagavum thadaiyillaamalum sariya thuvangiyadhu.” adhōdu idhu matra anēga naadugalilum kaanappattadhu. aanaal, olukka sīralivu 1960-galil adhigaritthadharku kaaranam enna?

indha patthaandugalildhaan pengal vidudhalai iyakkamum pudhiya olukkaneri ena alaikkappatta paalina puratchiyum orē samayatthil udhayamaayina. mēlum, sirandha karutthadai maatthiraigalum urpatthi seiyappattana. karuttharikkum bayamillaamal seksil īdupada mudindhadhaal, “frī lav” adhaavadhu “endha poruppugalaiyum ētrukkollaamal iruvar paaluravu kollum” valakkam sagajamaanadhu.

adhē samayatthil, patthirikaigalum, thiraippadangalum, tivi nigalchigalum thangal olukkanerigalai thalartthi kondana. munnaal amerikka dhēsiya paadhugaappu aalōsagar sibiknēv brēshinsi tivi nigalchigalil kaattappadugira madhippīdugalai kuritthu pirpaadu ivvaaru sonnaar: “avai suyathirupthiyai mukkiyappadutthi pēsugindrana, kodūramaana adidhadiyaiyum mūrkkatthanatthaiyum iyalbaanavaiyaaga kaattugindrana; [adhōdu] kattuppaadatra seksaiyum ūkkuvikkindrana.”

1970-galil, vīdiyōkēsat rekkaardar (vcr) prabalamadaiya thuvangiyadhu. makkal thiraiyarangugalukku sendru kaana thunindhiraadha appattamaana, ilivaana seks kaatchigalai ippōdhu thangal vīdugalil andharangamaaga kandukalikka mudindhadhu. samība kaalamaaga, ulagamuluvadhumulla naadugalil kampyūttar vaitthirukkum evaraalum intarnet mūlamaaga miga kīlttharamaana aabaasatthai paarkka mudigiradhu.

idhan vilaivugal pala valigalil pīdhiyalikkindrana. amerikka siraiyil vaardanaaga panipuriyum oruvar samībatthil ivvaaru sonnaar: “patthu aandugalukku munbu ichiraikku varum ilainyargalidam sari edhu thavaru edhu enbadhai kuritthu ennaal pēsa mudindhadhu. aanaal ippōdhu ingu varum ilainyargalukku naan edhaippatri pēsugirēn enbadhaiyē purindhukolla mudivadhillai.”

valikaattudhal engē kidaikkum?

olukkaneri sambandhamaaga valikaattumpadi ulagilulla charchugalin udhaviyai nammaal naada mudiyaadhu. yēsuvum avarudaiya mudhal nūtraandu sīshargalum nīdhiyulla nerigalai kadaippiditthanar. adhai pinpatruvadharku badhilaaga, charchugal indha ulagatthōdu kaikōrtthu kondu adhan thīmaigalil mukkiya pangu vagitthirukkindrana. ōr elutthaalar pinvarumaaru kēttaar: “idhuvarai nadandha endha pōrgalilaavadhu kadavul engal pakkamdhaan irukkiraar ena evaraavadhu maarthatti kollaamal irundhadhundaa?” kadavuludaiya olukka tharaadharangalai kadaippidikkum vishayatthai kuritthadhil, pala varudangalukku munbu niyu yaark sitti madhaguru oruvar ivvaaru sonnaar: “nagara pērundhil payanippadharkukkūda ungalidam sila thagudhigal edhirpaarkkappadugindrana; aanaal nīngal eppadippattavaraaga irundhaalum charchil angatthinaraaga thodarndhirukka mudiyum.”

thelivaagavē, indha ulagin padumōsamaana olukka sīrkulaivu, udanadiyaaga ēdhaavadhu seiyappada vēndum enbadhai suttikkaattugiradhu. aanaal enna seiyappada vēndum? etthagaiya maatram thēvaippadugiradhu? adhai yaaraal seiya mudiyum? evvaaru seiya mudiyum?

[siru kurippu]

“mudhal ulaga pōrinpōdhu [1914-18], nadaipetra pallaayirakkanakkaana padukolaigal manidha uyirai malivaana porulaaga aakkivittana”

[petti]

nanneri vs madhippīdugal

nanneriyai thelivaaga vagaiyarukka mudindhadhu. adhanpadi, oru nabar nērmaiyaanavaraaga, unmaiyullavaraaga, olukkamullavaraaga, ganniyamaanavaraaga iruppaar alladhu irukka maattaar. ippōdhu, “nannerikku” badhilaaga “madhippīdu” endra padhatthai makkal payanpaduttha thodangivittaargal. aanaal idhil oru sikkal ulladhu; idhai kuritthu saritthiraasiriyar gartrūt himmalfaarb thaan eludhiya samudhaayatthin olukka sīrkulaivu endra aangila butthagatthil ivvaaru kurippidugiraar: “ovvoruvarum thangalukkendru sondha madhippīdugalai thērndhedutthukkolla urimai irukkiradhu . . . aanaal, nanneriyaippatri appadi solla mudiyaadhu.”

madhippīdugal enbadhu “nambikkaigalai, abippraayangalai, manappaanmaigalai, unarchigalai, palakkavalakkangalai, marabugalai, munnurimaigalai, thappennangalai, innum visitthiramaana nadatthaigalaikkūda utpadutthalaam; thanippatta oruvarō, thogudhiyō samudhaayamō endha samayatthilum, endha kaaranatthukkaagavum edhai vēndumaanaalum madhippīdaaga karudhalaam.” tharpōdhaiya neriketta samudhaayatthil, sūpparmaarkkettil maligai saamaangalai thērndheduppadhai pōlavē makkal thangal sondha madhippīdugalai thērndheduppadhai nyaayamaaga ninaikkindranar. aanaal, innilai nīdikkumaanaal, unmaiyaana nanneriyum olukkaneriyum ennavaagum?

[padam]

mattamaana poludhupōkku miga elidhaaga kidaikkiradhu