Apo Mikhaliro ya Ŵanthu Yikambira Kuhenipa Chomene

KASI mungati mphawuli apo mikhaliro yikamba kuhenipa chomene? Kasi ni mu nyengo yinu panyake ya ŵabali panji ŵabwezi ŵinu ŵalara msinkhu? Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose, iyo yikamba mu 1914, ndiyo yikapangiska kuti vinthu vihenipe chomene pa charu. Purofesa wa mdauko Robert Wohl mu buku lake lakuti The Generation of 1914 wakalemba kuti: “Awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi ŵakukayika yayi kuti charu chakale chikamara, ndipo chinyake chikamba mu Ogasiti 1914.”

Nkhwantha ya mdauko Norman Cantor yikayowoya kuti: “Kulikose, fundo za makhaliro izo zikaŵa kuti zikunjira kale pasi, ŵanthu ŵakalekerathu kuzilondezga. Pakuwona umo ŵandyali na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakachitiranga na ŵanthu mamiliyoni awo ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera nga kuti ni vinyama ivyo ŵakuluta navyo kukavikoma, ipo pali fundo wuli za chisopa panji zakakhaliro izo zingatondeska ŵanthu kuchitirana vinthu nga ni vinyama vyamuthengere? . . . Pakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakakomekera pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose ŵanthu ŵakalekerathu kuchindika umoyo wa munthu.”

Nkhwantha ya mdauko H.G. Wells mu buku lake lakuti The Outline of History, yikayowoya kuti makhaliro ghakamba kunjira pasi ŵanthu ŵati ŵamba kuzomerezga chisambizgo chakuti vinthu vikachita kusintha.” Chifukwa wuli? Ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti munthu ntchamoyo waka chinyake chakukulirapo. Wells, uyo nayo wakagomezganga chisambizgo ichi, mu 1920 wakalemba kuti: “Ŵakatenge munthu ntchinyama icho chikukhala mu magulu nga ni ntcheŵe za ku India izo zikuzengera mu magulu . . . , ntheura ŵakawonanga kuti ntchiwemi waka kuti ŵanthu awo ni ntcheŵe zikuruzikuru ŵalumanenge na kuthereskana.”

Nadi, nga umo Cantor wakayowoyera, nkhondo yakwamba ya charu chose yikatimbanizgirathu ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chiwemi na chiheni. Iyo wakati: “Muwiro wa ŵanthu ŵalara ukawonekanga nga ngwakutondeka mu vyose—mu ndyali, kavwaliro, pa nkhani za kugonana.” Matchalitchi, agho ghakatimbanizga visambizgo Vyachikhristu pakukolerana na chisambizgo chakuti vinthu vikachita kusintha kweniso kukhozgera magulu ghakutimbana pa nkhondo, nagho ghakapangiska kuti makhaliro ghanjire pasi chomene. Msilikari mulara wa ku Britain, Frank Crozier wakalemba kuti: “Matchalichi Ghachikhristu ni nkhwantha pakupangiska ŵanthu kuthiska ndopa ndipo tikawovwilika chomene na iwo.”

Fundo za Makhaliro Ghawemi Zikalekeka

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgana na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu chose, vya m’ma 1920—ŵanthu ŵakaleka kulondezga fundo zakale kweniso kujikora, m’malo mwake waliyose wakamba kuchita vinthu umo wakhumbira. Nkhwantha ya mdauko Frederick Lewis Allen wakayowoyapo kuti: “Vyaka 10 vyakulondezgana na nkhondo tingavichema waka kuti Vyaka vya Nkharo Yiheni. . . . Charu chakale chati chamara, fundo ziwemi nazo izo zikawovwiranga kuti umoyo uŵenge wakunozga zikalekeka, ndipo pakaŵa pakusuzga kusangaso fundo zinyake zakuti zinjire mu malo ghake.”

Suzgo la vyachuma la pa charu chose (Great Depression) ilo likaŵako m’ma 1930, likachitiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵakujikorako chifukwa likaŵanjizga mu ukavu wakofya. Ndipouli, kuumaliro wa vyaka vira, charu chikanjira mu nkhondo yinyake, yakofyaso chomene—Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose. Nakalinga vyaru vikamba kupanga vilwero vyakofya vyakuparanyira, ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu chifumemo luŵiroluŵiro mu suzgo la vyachuma lira, kweni chikanjiraso mu suzgo na wofi wambura mayowoyeko. Kuzakafika kuumaliro wa nkhondo iyi, misumba yinandi chomene yikaŵa kuti yaparanyika; misumba yiŵiri mu Japan yikabwangandukirathu na bomba limoza la atomu msumba uliwose. Ŵanthu mamiliyoni ŵakafwira mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Wose pamoza awo ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 50 miliyoni, ŵanalume, ŵanakazi, na ŵana.

Mu nyengo yakusuzga iyi ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwendera fundo zawo za makhaliro, m’malo mwa kulondezga fundo za makhaliro ghawemi izo zikaŵako kale na kale. Buku lakuti Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, likayowoyapo kuti: “Vikuwoneka kuti mu nyengo ya nkhondo ŵanthu ŵakaleka kujikora pa nkhani ya kugonana, chifukwa nkharo yakuleka kujikora ya ku nkhondo yikanjiraso mu zinyumba. . . . Nakalinga chifukwa cha nkhondo ŵanthu ŵakaleka kujikora, ndipo umoyo mu nyumba zinandi ukawonekanga wambura kuzirwa kweniso ufupi nga mbumoyo wa ku nkhondo.”

Pakughanaghana kuti nyengo yiliyose ŵangafwa, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja vibwezi, nanga vingaŵa vya nyengo yichoko waka. Mwanakazi munyake wakutengwa wa ku Britain, pakukhumba kujikhungulufya pa mzimu wakugonana bwekakuko uwo ukaŵako mu vyaka vira, wakayowoya kuti: “Tingayowoya kuti tikaŵa ŵazaghali viŵi yayi, suzgo ndakuti kukaŵa nkhondo.” Msilikari munyake wa ku United States wakazomerezga kuti, “Kuyowoya unenesko tikaŵa ŵazaghali, kweni tikaŵa ŵanyamata ndipo tikamanyanga kuti zuŵa lililose tingafwa.”

Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakapona pa nkhondo yira ŵakasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha vyakofya ivyo ŵakawona. M’paka sono, ŵanyake kusazgapo awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ŵachali kuchiluka navyo, ŵakuwona nga nkhondo yira yikuchitikaso. Ŵanandi ŵakataya mtima kweniso ŵakataya fundo za makhaliro ghawemi. Kwambura wamazaza waliyose uyo wangaŵika fundo za chiwemi na chiheni, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti waliyose wangasankha chakuchita mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri kwa iyo.

Fundo Ziphya Zakakhaliro

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, kukachitika kafukufuku wa umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira pa nkhani za kugonana. Yumoza mwa kafukufuku uwu uwo ukachitika ku United States m’ma 1940 ukalembeka mu lipoti la Kinsey, la mapeji ghakujumpha 800. Pa chifukwa ichi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya nkhani za kugonana pamaso pa ŵanthu, ivyo kumanyuma vikachitikanga viŵi yayi. Nangauli mafigara agho ghakalembeka mu lipoti ili ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakagonananga ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kweniso nkharo zinyake za kugonana kwambura kuzomerezgeka, pamanyuma vikasangika kuti ŵakayaghayizga waka, kweni kafukufuku uyu wakalongora waka umo makhaliro ghakanjilira pasi pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi.

Kwa kanyengo, pakaŵa kuyezgayezga kuti ŵanthu ŵawonelerenge vinthu vyakwenelera. Mwachiyelezgero, pa wayilesi, mafilimu, na TV, ŵakazomerezganga yayi vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Kweni vikakhaliska yayi. William Bennett, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vya masambiro ku United States, wakalongosora kuti: “Ndipouli, kuzakafika m’ma 1960, charu cha America chikamba kunjira pasi chomene pa nkhani ya makhaliro.” Nakuti ndivyo vikachitikangaso mu vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa wuli m’ma 1960 ndipo makhaliro ghakanjira pasi chomene?

Mu vyaka ivi, kukambaso mawupu ghakulwera wanangwa wa ŵanakazi kweniso maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nkhani za kugonana ghakasintha chomene. Chinyake ntchakuti, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga mapilisi ghakulelera. Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagonanenge mwakufwatuka kwambura kutora nthumbo, panji kugonana kwambura kupangana vya kutorana.

Pa nyengo yimozamoza, ŵa nyuzipepara, mafilimu, na pa TV nawo ŵakapepuskako fundo za makhaliro. Pamanyuma Zbigniew Brzezinski, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa U.S. National Security Council wakayowoyapo pa ivyo vikalongorekanga pa TV, wakati: “Vikulongolerathu kuti vikukhuŵilizga mtima wa kujikondweska wekha, vikulongora nga nkhaza zikuru ni ziwemi waka, ndipo vikuchochozera ŵanthu kuchita uzaghali.”

Kuzakafika m’ma 1970, ma VCR (DVD) ghakaŵa kuti ghakusangika chomene. Sono ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera vinthu viheni chomene na vyaukazuzi ivyo ŵangawonelera yayi pa wumba mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo mafilimu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono, mu vyaru vyose pa charu munthu uyo wali na kompyuta wangawonelera vinthu vyamuziro vyakuseluska chomene kwizira pa Intaneti.

Vyakulondezgapo vyake ni vyakuchitiska chitima munthowa zinandi. Mulinda wa jele linyake ku United States wakati: “Vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, para ŵana ŵakoleka mu misewu na kwiza nawo kuno ku jele, nkhaŵaphaliranga vyakukhwaskana na chiwemi kweniso chiheni. Kweni ŵana awo ŵakwiza sono aŵa ŵakumanyapo chilichose yayi pa ivyo nkhuyowoya.”

Kasi Munthu Wangasanga Nkhu Wovwiri?

Matchalitchi gha charu ghangatovwira yayi pa nkhani ya makhaliro. M’malo mwa kukoleska fundo zaurunji nga ni Yesu kweniso ŵasambiri ŵake, matchalitchi ghajizgora kuŵa chigaŵa cha charu ichi na mauheni ghake. Mulembi munyake wakafumba kuti: “Kasi ni nkhondo nji iyo ŵanthu awo ŵakutimbana ŵandayowoyepo kuti Chiuta wakaŵa ku chigaŵa chawo yayi?” Pa nkhani ya kulondezga fundo za makhaliro za Chiuta, mulara munyake wachisopa ku New York City wakati: “Tchalitchi ni wupu wekha pa charu uwo ukukhumba vinandi yayi ku awo ŵakukhumba kunjiramo kuluska ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakunjira mu basi.”

Nadi, kuhenipa kwa makhaliro kukulongora kuti pakwenera kuchitika kanthu kanyake. Kweni nkhanthu wuli? Kasi nkhusintha wuli uko kukukhumbikwa? Ni njani wangapanga kusintha uku, ndipo kuzamufiskika wuli?

[Mazgu Ghakukhozgera]

“Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose [1914-18] ndiyo yikapangiska kuti makhaliro gha ŵanthu ghahenipe chomene”

[Bokosi]

FUNDO NA MAKHALIRO GHAWEMI

Fundo za makhaliro ghawemi zikuŵa zakupulikikwa makora ndipo palije uyo wangazisuska. Vingachitika kuti munthu wangaŵa wakugomezgeka, wakutemwa kuyowoya unenesko, wakugomezgeka mu nthengwa, ngwakuchindikika panji yayi. Kweni sono mazgu ghakuti “makhaliro ghawemi” ndiyo ghanjira mu malo mwa “fundo.” Kweni pali suzgo linyake, munthu munyake wakusanda mbiri zina lake Gertrude Himmelfarb, wakalemba mu buku lake umo makhaliro ghawemi ghanjilira pasi. Buku ili lili na mutu wakuti The De-Moralization of Society, iyo wakati: “Mazgu ghakuti fundo na makhaliro ghawemi ngakupambana, . . . ndipo waliyose wakwenera kujisankhira yekha makhaliro ghawemi agho wakwenera kulondezga.”

Iyo wakayowoyaso “vigomezgo, maghanoghano, umo ukuwonera vinthu, kujipulikira, nkharo, ivyo munthu wakutemwa, sankho, magulu gha kuchezga nagho, ŵanthu ŵa mu chikaya na vinyake vyanthena, ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na makhaliro ghawemi panji yayi.” Mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kusankha ŵekha vyakuchita nga umo ŵakusankhira vinthu mu sitolo, iwo ŵakukhumba yayi kuti munthu waŵaphalirenge vyakuchita. Kasi ivi vyakhwaska wuli fundo za makhaliro ghawemi?

[Chithuzithuzi]

Vyakusanguluska viheni vikusangika waka bweka kuko