Baibo Yakumana na Zambili

Baibo yakumana na mavuto ambili koma n’zodabwitsa kuti siinawonongedwe kapena kusinthidwa. Inamalizika kulembedwa zaka zoposa 1,900 zapitazo. Ndipo inalembedwa pa zinthu zosacedwa kuwonongeka monga zikopa na mapepala agumbwa. Inalembedwa m’zinenelo zimene masiku ano anthu ocepa okha angaŵelenge. Komanso, anthu amphamvu, kuyambila mafumu mpaka atsogoleli a zipembedzo, acita ciliconse comwe akanatha kuti Baibo isapezekenso.

KODI buku lapadelali ladutsa bwanji m’mavuto onsewa n’kukhala buku lochuka kwambili padziko lonse? Tiyeni tione zinthu ziŵili zomwe zacititsa kuti Baibo ikhalepobe.

Kukopolola Baibo Kwaiteteza

Aisiraeli, omwe anali kusunga mipukutu yoyambilila ya Baibo, anali kuteteza kwambili mipukutuyo ndipo anali kuikopolola mobweleza-bweleza. Mwacitsanzo, mafumu aciisiraeli anauzidwa kuti azilemba “cofanana ca cilamulo ici m’buku, acitenge pa ici cili pamaso pa ansembe Alevi.”—Deuteronomo 17:18.

Aisiraeli ambili anali kukonda kuŵelenga Malemba cifukwa anali kuwaona kuti ni Mawu a Mulungu. Conco, alembi ophunzila bwino ni amene anali kugwila nchito yokopolola Malemba, ndipo anali kuicita mosamala kwambili. Baibo imati, munthu wina woopa Mulungu, dzina lake Ezara, anali “mlembi waluntha m’cilamulo ca Mose, cimene Yehova Mulungu wa Isiraeli anacipeleka.” (Ezara 7:6) Amasorete amene anali kukopolola Malemba Aciheberi, kapena kuti “Cipangano Cakale,” m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka 900 C.E. anali kuŵelenga zilembo kuti asalakwitse ciliconse. Kukopolola mosamala kotelo kunathandiza kuti nkhani za m’Baibo zikopololedwe molondola ndiponso kuti Baibo ikhalepobe ngakhale kuti anthu odana nalo akhala akuyesetsa kuliwononga.

Mwacitsanzo, mu 168 B.C.E., wolamulila wa ku Suriya, Antiochus Wacinayi, anawononga mabuku onse a Malemba Aciheberi, omwe anapeza ku Palestina. Mbili yakale ya Ayuda imati: “Mpukutu uliwonse wa cilamulo womwe anaupeza anaung’amba n’kuuwocha.” Buku lina limati: “Asilikali amene analamulidwa kucita zimenezi, anali anthu ouma mtima. . . . Munthu aliyense wopezeka na buku loyela . . . anali kumupha.” (The Jewish Encyclopedia) Koma analephela kuwononga ma Baibo onse moti Ayuda a ku Palestina komanso a ku mayiko ena anali kupezekabe nawo.

Olemba Baibo atangomaliza kulemba Malemba Acigiriki Acikristu, kapena kuti “Cipangano Catsopano,” makalata awo, nkhani zawo za ulosi, komanso nkhani zawo za mbili yakale zinakopedwa kwambili na kufalitsidwa. Mwacitsanzo, Yohane analemba uthenga wake wabwino ali ku Efeso kapena capafupi na kumeneko. Koma, gawo lina la uthenga wakewo, lomwe akatswili amati linakopololedwa patatha zaka pafupifupi 50 atalemba buku lake, linapezedwa ku Iguputo, makilomita mazana ambili kucokela ku Efeso. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Akhristu akutali anali na mipukutu yokopololedwa ya nkhani zouzilidwa, zongolembedwa kumene.

Kufalitsidwa kwambili kwa Mawu a Mulungu kunathandiza kuti akhalepobe ngakhale patapita zaka zambili Khristu atafa. Mwacitsanzo, akuti kunja kutayamba kuca pa February 23, caka ca 303 C.E., Mfumu ya Roma Diocletian anaonelela asilikali ake akumenyetsa zitseko za m’chalichi na kuwocha mabuku a Malemba ocita kukopololedwa. Diocletian anali kuganiza kuti angathetse Cikhristu mwa kuwononga mabuku ake opatulika. Tsiku lotsatila, analamula kuti ma Baibo onse amene anawapeza mu ufumu wa Roma awochedwe poyela. Koma sanathe kuwononga ma Baibo onse ndipo otsalawo anakopololedwanso. Ndipotu, zigawo zazikulu za ma Baibo aŵili olembedwa m’Cigiriki, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zinakopedwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa cizunzo ca Diocletian, zilipobe mpaka lelo. Cigawo cimodzi cili ku mzinda wa Rome, ndipo cinaco cili mu nyumba yaikulu yosungila mabuku mumzinda wa London, ku England.

Ngakhale kuti palibe mipukutu yoyambilila ya Baibo imene yapezeka, mipukutu yambili yocita kukopedwa ya Baibo lathunthu kapena zigawo zake ilipobe mpaka pano. Ina ya mipukutuyo ni yakale kwambili. Koma kodi uthenga wa m’mipukutu yoyambilila unasinthidwa pokopela? Ponena za Malemba Aciheberi, katswili wa maphunzilo W. H. Green anati: “Tinganene mosakayikila kuti palibe buku lina lililonse lakale kwambili limene lakopololedwa molondola kuposa [Malemba Aciheberi] amenewa.” Ponena za Malemba Acigiriki Acikristu, katswili wochuka wa Mabaibo oyambilila, Sir Frederic Kenyon, analemba kuti: “Nthawi yomwe inadutsa pakati pa kulembedwa kwa Baibo na kukopololedwa kwa mipukutu imene ilipobe, inali yocepa kwambili moti kukayikila kulikonse komwe kunalipo kuti Malemba sanakopololedwe mmene analili kwatha. Tsopano, tinganene motsimikiza kuti mabuku a Cipangano Catsopano ni olondola ndiponso odalilika.” Ananenanso kuti: “Sitikukayikila kuti Baibo silinasinthidwe. . . . Sitinganene zimenezi na buku lina lililonse lakale.”

Nchito Yomasulila Baibo

Cinthu cina cimene cathandiza kwambili kuti Baibo ikhale yocuka padziko lonse n’coti imapezeka m’zinenelo zambili. Zimenezi zimagwilizana na colinga ca Mulungu coti anthu a mitundu na zinenelo zonse am’dziwe na kum’lambila mu “mzimu na coonadi.”—Yohane 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Baibo yoyambilila kumasulila Malemba Aciheberi inali ya Septuagint, yomwe inali m’Cigiriki. Analimasulilila Ayuda olankhula Cigiriki amene anali kukhala kunja kwa Palestina, ndipo inamalizidwa patatsala zaka pafupifupi 200 kuti Yesu ayambe utumiki wake padziko lapansi. Baibo yonse, ngakhale Malemba Acigiriki Acikristu, inamasulidwa m’zinenelo zambili patangodutsa zaka mazana ocepa itamalizidwa. Koma mafumu ngakhale ansembe, amene anayenela kucita zonse zimene akanatha kuti anthu onse akhale na Baibo, anacita zosiyana kwambili na zimenezi. Ansembe anayesetsa kuti nkhosa zawo zikhale mu mdima wauzimu mwa kuletsa kumasulila Mawu a Mulungu m’zinenelo zimene anthu ambili anali kumva.

Kuti amasulile Baibo m’zinenelo zimene anthu ambili anali kumva, amuna ena olimba mtima anaphwanya malamulo a chalichi na boma, ndipo zimenezi zinaika miyoyo yawo paciswe. Mwacitsanzo, mu 1530, William Tyndale wa ku England, yemwe anaphunzila ku yunivesite ya Oxford, anamasulila mabuku asanu oyambilila a Malemba Aciheberi. Ngakhale kuti anatsutsidwa kwambili, iye anali munthu woyamba kumasulila Baibo kucokela m’Ciheberi kupita m’Cingelezi. Tyndale anali womasulila woyamba wa ku England amene anagwilitsa nchito dzina lakuti Yehova. Pamene katswili wina wa maphunzilo a Baibo, Casiodoro de Reina, anali kumasulila Baibo kupita m’Cisipanya, anthu acikatolika anafuna kumupha ndipo nthawi zonse moyo wake unali pa ciwopsezo. Pamene anali kumasulila Baibo yakeyo, iye anapita ku England, Germany, France, Holland, na Switzerland.

Masiku ano, Baibo ikupitilizabe kumasulidwa m’zinenelo zina zambili ndipo ma Baibo ambili akufalitsidwa. Kudutsa mavuto ambili kwa Baibo mpaka kukhala buku lochuka kwambili padziko lonse, kumasonyeza kuti zimene mtumwi Petulo ananena n’zoona. Iye anati: “Udzuwo umafota ndipo duwalo limathothoka, koma mawu a Yehova amakhala kosatha.”—1 Petulo 1:24, 25.

NIZIŴELENGA BAIBO ITI?

Zinenelo zambili zili na ma Baibo ambili omasulidwa mosiyana-siyana. Ma Baibo ena amagwilitsa nchito mawu acikale komanso ovuta kumva. Ma Baibo ena, omasulila ake sanatsatile kwambili Malemba oyambilila cifukwa cofuna kulemba zinthu zosavuta kumva m’malo moti alembe zinthu zolondola kwambili. Enanso, anawamasulila motsatila kwambili mawu a Malemba oyambilila.

Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la m’Cingelezi [New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures] lofalitsidwa na Mboni za Yehova linamasulilidwa kucokela ku zinenelo zoyambilila za Baibo na gulu limene silinachule maina awo. Baibo ya Cingelezi imeneyi yagwilitsidwa nchito pomasulila ma Baibo enanso mu zinenelo pafupifupi 60. Koma omasulila m’zinenelo zimenezi, anayelekezela kwambili ma Baibo awo na Malemba a m’zinenelo zoyambilila kuti aone ngati akufanana. Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano limayesetsa kutsatila kwambili Malemba a zinenelo zoyambilila pokha-pokha ngati sizingamveke. Omasulila Baibo imeneyi amayesetsa kuimasulila kuti izimveka bwino monga mmene Baibo yoyambilila inali kumvekela kalelo.

Akatswili ena a zinenelo afufuza kwambili ma Baibo amakono, ngakhalenso Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la Cingelezi, kuti apeze zinthu zolakwika kapena zinthu zimene zinasinthidwa kuti zikomele cikhulupililo cina ciliconse. Katswili wina yemwe anacita kafukufuku ameneyu ni Jason David BeDuhn, mphunzitsi wa zacipembedzo ku yunivesite ya Northern Arizona ku United States. Mu 2003, anafalitsa buku la masamba 200 lonena za ma Baibo 8 omwe “ni ofala kwambili m’mayiko olankhula Cingelezi.” Anafufuza malemba angapo amene ni ovuta kuwamasulila cifukwa ni malemba amene omasulila “akhoza kuwamasulila mokomela zikhulupililo zawo.” Pa malemba onse amene anafufuza, anayelekezela Baibo ya Cigiriki na ma Baibo a Cingeleziwo kuti aone ngati omasulila ake anayesa kusintha tanthauzo kuti zikomele zikhulupililo zawo. Kodi anapeza zotani?

BeDuhn ananena kuti anthu ambili ngakhale akatswili a Baibo, amaganiza kuti Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano limasiyana na ma Baibo ena cifukwa cakuti amene anailemba anafuna ikomele cikhulupililo cawo. Koma iye anapeza kuti: “Baibo ya NW [Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano] nthawi zambili imasiyana na ma Baibo ena cifukwa cakuti, monga Baibo yomasulilidwa motsatila kwambili mawu a Malemba oyambilila, ni yolondola kwambili kuposa ma Baibo enawo.” Ngakhale kuti mu Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano muli zinthu zina zimene BeDuhn sagwilizana nazo, iye ananena kuti Baibo yimeneyi “ni yolondola kuposa ma Baibo onse amene anawayelekezela.” Ananena kuti Baibo iyi “inamasulidwa bwino kwambili.”

Ponena za Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano, katswili wina wa cinenelo ca Ciheberi wa ku Israel, Dr. Benjamin Kedar, ananena zofanana na zimenezi. Mu 1989, iye anati: “Baibo imeneyi imasonyeza kuti olemba ake anayesetsa kwambili kumvetsa na kumasulila molondola Malemba oyambilila. . . . Mu Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano, sindinapezemo zinthu zimene anazisintha n’colinga coti zikomele cikhulupililo cawo.”

Dzifunseni kuti: ‘Kodi nikufuna kuŵelenga Baibo yotani? Kodi nikufuna kuŵelenga Baibo yosavuta kumva koma yosalondola kwenikweni? Kapena kodi nikufuna kuŵelenga Baibo imene imatsatila kwambili Malemba ouzilidwa oyambilila?’ (2 Petulo 1:20, 21) Mungasankhe Baibo yoti muŵelenge mogwilizana na colinga canu.

“Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano” lili m’zinenelo zambili

Mipukutu ya Amasorete

Kacigawo ka mpukutu kokhala ndi mawu a pa Luka 12:7, akuti, “. . . musacite mantha; ndinu ofunika kwambili kuposa mpheta zambili”

 [Eni ake]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin