Herode Anali Katswiri pa Zomangamanga

HERODE anali mfumu zaka 2,000 zapitazo ndipo analamulira kwa zaka pafupifupi 30. Likulu la ufumu wake linali ku Yudeya ndipo ankalamuliranso zigawo zina zoyandikana ndi mzindawu. M’mabuku a mbiri yakale iye amadziwika kuti Herode Wamkulu.

Herode amadziwika kuti anali munthu wankhanza amene anapha achibale ake komanso makanda ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhulupirira nyenyezi omwe anachokera kum’mawa atamuuza kuti kwabadwa mwana amene adzakhale mfumu, Herode anawanamiza kuti akufuna kuona ndi kutamanda mwanayo. Choncho, iye anawapempha kuti akamufufuze mwanayo ndipo akamupeza adzamudziwitse. Koma Mulungu anauza anthu okhulupirira nyenyeziwo kuti asabwererenso kwa Herode. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti iye apse mtima ndipo analamula kuti ana onse aamuna osakwanitsa zaka ziwiri aphedwe kuyambira ku Yerusalemu, komwe anthu okhulupirira nyenyeziwo anapita, mpaka kumadera onse oyandikana ndi mzindawu.—Mateyo 2:1-18.

Komabe zimenezi zisanachitike, anthu ankamukonda kwambiri Herode chifukwa chakuti anali katswiri pa zomangamanga. Iye anamanga zinthu zambiri monga akachisi, mabwalo a masewera, malo ochitirako mipikisano ya mahatchi, ngalande zamadzi, komanso nyumba zachifumu zomwe zinkakhala ndi malo osambiramo okongola kwambiri. Nyumba zimenezi zinamangidwa mwaluso kwambiri moti ngakhale akatswiri a zomangamanga amasiku ano amene anakafufuza nyumbazi, anagoma nazo.

Herode ankamanga nyumba pamalo ochititsa chidwi ndipo nyumba zimene ankamangazo zinkakhala zoyenererana kwambiri ndi malowo. M’kati mwa nyumba zake zachifumu munali mokongola kwambiri. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa kuti anthu a ku Yudeya ayambe kutengera nzeru za Aroma pomanga nyumba zosambiramo, zomwe zinkakhala zotentha m’kati mwake. Iye anamanga mizinda yambiri, ndipo mzinda wina anachita kuumangira doko lakelake.

Mzinda wa Kaisareya

Herode anamanganso mzinda wa Kaisareya, womwe unali ndi doko lalikulu kwambiri. Akatswiri a zinthu zakale amagoma ndi kukula kwa doko limeneli. Dokoli linali ndi malo amene sitima zokwana 100 zinkafikira. Umenewu ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti kalelo mzinda wa Kaisareya unali likulu la malonda padziko lonse.

Dokoli linamangidwa mwaluso kwambiri kuposa madoko onse amene ankamangidwa masiku amenewo. Katswiri wachiyuda wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Flavius Josephus, anafotokoza m’buku lake kuti pomanga malo okochezera sitima a padokoli anagwiritsa ntchito mabuloko a konkire. Buloko lililonse linkakhala lalikulu mamita 15 m’litali, mamita atatu m’lifupi ndiponso mamita atatu kupita m’mwamba. Akatswiri ena amadabwa kuti anthu amene anagwira ntchito imeneyi anakwanitsa bwanji kumanga malowa ndi zimabuloko zazikulu chonchi. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu odziwa kusambira apeza zimabuloko zimenezi ndipo atsimikizira kuti zinapangidwadi ndi konkire. Zikuoneka kuti pomanga mabuloko amenewa ankathira simenti m’zimabokosi zamatabwa ndipo kenako anaziika m’nyanja.

Mzinda umenewu unali ndi kachisi yemwe anamangidwa pokumbukira Kaisara Augusto. Unalinso ndi nyumba yachifumu, malo ochitirako mpikisano wa mahatchi, bwalo la masewera lomwe linkakwana anthu 4,000, komanso ngalande zapansi pa nthaka modutsa zonyansa. Mumzinda wa Kaisareya munalinso ngalande zobweretsa madzi mumzindawu kuchokera ku akasupe a madzi a ku phiri la Karimeli, omwe anali pa mtunda wa makilomita 6.

 Mzinda wa Yerusalemu Ndiponso Kachisi wa Herode

Ntchito yaikulu imene Herode anagwira inali yomanga kachisi ku Yerusalemu. Kachisi woyamba amene anali pamalowa anamangidwa ndi Mfumu Solomo. Pomanga kachisiyu, Solomo anatsatira mapulani omwe Mulungu anapatsa bambo ake, Davide. (1 Mafumu 6:1; 1 Mbiri 28:11, 12) Patapita zaka 420, kachisiyu anawonongedwa ndi anthu a ku Babulo, ndipo patapita zaka zina 90, kazembe wa ku Yuda, dzina lake Zerubabele, anamanganso kachisi pamalowa. Koma kachisiyu anali wamng’ono.

Ponena za kachisi wa Herode amene anamangidwa pamalowa, Josephus analemba kuti: “[Kachisiyu] anakutidwa ndi golide moti kukawala dzuwa anthu amakanika kumuyang’ana chifukwa ankanyezimira kwambiri. Kumuonera patali kachisiyu ankaoneka ngati phiri lokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa mbali imene siinakutidwe ndi golide inakutidwa ndi miyala yoyera kwambiri.”

Anthu masauzande ambiri anagwira ntchito yomanga kachisiyu. Mbali imodzi ya kachisiyu inali yaitali mamita 500. Pomanga kachisiyu ankasanjikiza miyala yaikulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito simenti kapena matope. Mwala wina unkalemera matani pafupifupi 400 ndipo akuti ndi “mwala waukulu kwambiri kuposa mwala wina uliwonse umene unagwiritsidwapo ntchito pomanga nthawi imeneyo.” Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti ophunzira a Yesu anadabwa kwambiri ndi mmene kachisiyo ankaonekera. (Maliko 13:1) Malo amene anamangapo kachisiyu anali aakulu kwambiri kuposa malo ena aliwonse amene anagwiritsidwapo ntchito kalelo. Malowa anali okwanira kumangapo mabwalo akuluakulu ampira oposa 25.

 Herode anamanganso nyumba zina zambiri ku Yerusalemu. Imodzi mwa nyumbazi inali nyumba yachitetezo yotchedwa Antonia. Nyumbayi inalumikizana ndi kachisi amene Herode anamanga uja. Iye anamanganso nyumba yachifumu ndiponso nsanja zitatu zazitali zimene anazimanga pakhomo pa mzinda wa Yerusalemu.

Mizinda ya Samariya ndi Yeriko

Herode anapatsidwa mzinda wa Samariya monga mphatso ndi Kaisara Augusto ndipo iye anasintha dzina la mzindawu n’kukhala Sebaste. Iye anamanga zinthu zambiri mu mzindawu kuphatikizapo bwalo lamasewera lomwe linali ndi zipilala kunja kwake. Anamanganso nyumba zikuluzikulu zimene zinali ndi zithunzi zokongola m’makoma ake.

Herode anamanganso nyumba yachifumu mumzinda wa Yeriko. Mzindawu unali ku chigwa cha Yorodano ndipo ndi kotentha. Mzindawu unali ndi malo aakulu okwana mahekitala pafupifupi 1,000. Iye anaphatikiza nyumba zitatu zachifumu kuti zikhale nyumba imodzi ndipo iliyonse ya nyumbazi inali ndi malo olandirirapo alendo, nyumba zosambiramo, minda, ndi mayiwe osambiriramo. Mwina ichi n’chifukwa chake Herode ankakonda kukhala ku Yeriko m’nyengo yozizira.

Nyumba Zachifumu Zachitetezo

Herode anali ndi malo enanso amene ankakhala m’nyengo yozizira. Iye anapeza malo otetezeka paphiri la Masada, lomwe ndi lalitali mamita 400. Pamalowa anamangapo nyumba yachifumu yokongola yomwe inali ndi mayiwe osambiramo. Anamanganso nyumba ina yomwe inali ndi nyumba yosambiramo yofanana ndi zimene anthu a ku Roma ankamanga. Nyumbayi inali ndi zimbudzi zamadzi komanso mapaipi amene ankatenthetsa nyumbayi.

Ngakhale kuti kuchipululuchi kunali kotentha kwambiri, Herode anamangako nyumba yachifumu yabwino kwambiri, komwe ankapita kukapuma. Nyumbazi zinali ndi mathanki amene ankasunga madzi okwana malita 40 miliyoni. Popeza kuti panalinso madamu osungiramo madzi amvula, panyumbayi pankapezeka madzi ambiri okwanira kuthirira mbewu, kusamba ndi kuthira m’mayiwe osambiramo.

Herode anamanganso nyumba ina yachifumu yotchedwa Herodium, paphiri lomwe lili pamtunda wa makilomita asanu kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa mzinda wa Betelehemu. Nyumbayi inali ndi zigawo ziwiri, chigawo chimodzi chinali pamwamba pa phiri ndipo chigawo china chinali m’munsi mwa phiri. Chigawo chapamwambachi chinali ndi nyumba zisanu zosanja. Panopa nyumbayi inagwa. Zaka ziwiri zapitazi atolankhani ena ananena kuti manda a Herode apezeka panyumba yam’mwambayi ndipo anati zimenezi n’zogwirizana ndi zimene Josephus analemba kuti mtembo wa Herode unaikidwa pamalo amenewa.

Nyumba yam’munsi inali ndi nyumba zinanso zambiri ndiponso maofesi. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi malo amenewa chinali munda wokongola wokhala ndi zipilala m’mbali mwake. Unalinso ndi dziwe lomwe pakati pake panali kachilumba kokongola. Dziweli linali lalikulu kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri dziwe limene amachitira masewera a Olympic masiku ano. Dziweli ankasungiramo madzi, kusambiramo, ndiponso kuyendetsamo bwato. Madzi ake ankatengedwa kudzera m’mapaipi kuchokera ku kasupe amene anali pamtunda wa makilomita asanu.

Zaka zingapo zapitazi mlendo wina amene anabwera kudzaona malo amenewa anati: “Munthu ukakhala pamwamba pa phirili n’kuyang’ana kum’mawa umaona Nyanja Yakufa. Komanso chapafupi pomwepo pali chipululu cha Yudeya kumene Davide anathawira pamene Sauli anafuna kumupha. Derali ndi lamapiri choncho zikuoneka kuti zinali zosavuta kuti Davide abisale, ndipo kuyambira ali wamng’ono amalidziwa bwino derali. N’kutheka kuti Davide ankakwera phiri limeneli podyetsa nkhosa zake n’kumaona malo okongola amene tinawaonawo.”

Pali mabuku ambiri amene alembedwa okhudza zinthu zimene Herode anamanga. Ndipo anthu ambiri samvetsa kuti n’chifukwa chiyani Herode anamanga zinthu zambiri chonchi. Ena amaganiza kuti ankangofuna kutchuka kapena ankafuna kuti anthu azimukonda popeza kuti anali wandale. Kaya cholinga chake chinali chiyani, Herode Wamkulu anali katswiri pa zomangamanga ngakhale kuti anali wankhanza.

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MZINDA WA KAISAREYA

Wojambula pamanja

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NYUMBA YACHIFUMU YA KU YERUSALEMU

Chitsanzo chabe

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KACHISI WA HERODE

Chitsanzo chabe

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NYUMBA YACHIFUMU YA PA PHIRI LA MASADA

Bwinja lake

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

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NYUMBA YACHIFUMU YOTCHEDWA HERODIUM

Yojambula pamanja

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Caesarea: Hiram Henriquez/National Geographic Stock; Palace: Courtesy of Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com