Ndege Yoyamba

KWA zaka zambiri anthu akhala akulakalaka kuyenda m’mlengalenga. Koma vuto ndi lakuti anthu alibe mapiko. Mu 1781, James Watt anapanga injini yoyamba yomwe inkatha kupukusa zitsulo, ndipo mu 1876 Nikolaus Otto anapanga injini yamphamvuko yoyendera mafuta. Choncho zinali zotheka kupanga chinthu chotha kuuluka. Koma kodi ndani akanapanga ndegeyo?

Wilbur Wright ndi mchimwene wake Orville Wright ankalakalaka atapanga ndege kuyambira ali aang’ono. Ali ana, iwo ankakonda kuulutsa ndege zoseweretsa ana. Kenako anaphunzira luso lopanga njinga. Koma anyamata amenewa anazindikira kuti zinali zovuta kupanga ndege yoti munthu akhoza kumaiwongolera. Iwo ankaona kuti kupanga ndege yomwe munthu sangathe kuiwongolera n’kopanda phindu chifukwa kuli ngati kupanga njinga yopanda chiwongolero. Wilbur ankaonetsetsa nkhunda zikamauluka ndipo anaona kuti zikafuna kukhota zimaweramira kumene zikufuna kukhoterako. Zimenezi ndi zofanana ndi zimene munthu woyendetsa njinga amachita akafuna kukhota. Iye anazindikira kuti mbalame zimatha kukhota bwinobwino osagwa chifukwa zimapinda nsonga za mapiko awo. Choncho, iye anaganiza zopanga phiko la ndege limene lingamathe kupindika.

Mu 1900, Wilbur ndi Orville anapanga ndege yoyamba yotha kupinda mapiko ake. Koyamba anaiulutsa ataimangirira ndi chingwe ndipo kenako anaiulutsa popanda kuimangirira ndi chingwe. Iwo anazindikira kuti anayenera kuipanga moti izitha kuyenda italozetsa mutu wake m’mwamba kapena pansi, kupita kutsogolo komanso kumbuyo, ndiponso kukhotera m’mbali. Koma iwo sanakhutire ndi mapiko a ndege amene anapanga chifukwa analibe mphamvu kwenikweni. Choncho, iwo anapanga ngalande yodutsa mphepo ndipo anayeserera mapiko ambirimbiri kuti apeze oyenerera. Mu 1902, anapanga ndege yotha kuyenda bwinobwino m’mlengalenga. Koma vuto lomwe linatsala linali lakuti ndegeyi inalibe injini.

Choncho, iwo anafunika kupanga injini. Nzeru zimene anapeza popanga ngalande yodutsa mphepo, zinawathandiza kupanga injini ya ndege yoyenerera. Pa December 17, 1903, anyamatawa analiza injini ya ndegeyo ndipo zitsulo zitayamba kuzungulira ndegeyo inanyamuka. Orville anati: “Tinasangalala kuti tinakwanitsa kupanga chinthu chimene tinkachilakalaka kuyambira tili ana. Tsopano zinali zosavuta kuyenda m’mlengalenga.” Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi anyamatawa anatchuka kwambiri padziko lonse. Koma kodi nzeru zopangira ndege anazitenga kuti? Anaphunzira kuchokera ku zinthu za m’chilengedwe.

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Ndege imene Wilbur ndi Orville Wright anapanga, North Carolina, U.S.A., 1903