Makani Aajatikizya Bantu Bakaindi | Al-khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi
MUZISI zinji bantu nobayanda kuzyiba mbobalema acikkelo naa kulemba mulongo wamyuulo yazintu nzyobaula, babelesya manamba aaci Hindu-Arabic. Ino nkaambo nzi ncobabelesya manamba aaci “Hindu-Arabic”? Kuboneka kuti manamba aabelesyegwa mazuba aano kuzwa a 0 kusika ku 9 akatalikila ku India alimwi akasika kumanyika aakumbo kwiinda muli basikwiiya bamakani aakaindi ibakali kulemba muci Arabic. Iwakadumide kapati akati kabo wakali Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi. Kulangilwa kuti wakazyalilwa mucisi lino iicitwa kuti Uzbekistan kuma 780 C.E., al-Khwarizmi alimwi waambwa kuti “ngusyaabusongo munamba zyamu Arabic.” Ino nkaambo nzi ncaambwa boobu?
“SYAABUSONGO MUNAMBA ZYAMU ARABIC”
Al-Khwarizmi wakalemba mbocigwasya kubelesya manamba aama decimal alimwi wakasalazya akudumya nzila yakujana maansa kunamba zimwi. Wakapandulula nzila eeyo mubbuku lyakwe litegwa The Book of Restoring and Balancing. Ibbala lyakuti al-jabr muci Arabic, Kitab al-jabr wa’l-muqabala, nkokwakazwa ibbala lya Chingisi lyakuti algebra. Mulembi umwi mumakani aasayaansi wazina lyakuti Ehsan Masood wakaamba kuti algebra ibonwa kuti “nenzila ilikke yiinda alimwi iiyandika kapati iyakajanwa iibelesyegwa kapati caboola kumakani aasayaansi.” *
Mulembi umwi wakaamba kuti: “Basicikolo banji muzikolo zyakusekondali bayeeya kuti [al-Khwarizmi] naatakalipenzya buyo.” Nokuba kuti bamwi inga baamba boobo, al-Khwarizmi wakaamba kuti makanze aakwe akali aakupandulula nzila kutegwa kacuuba-uba kujana manamba caboola kumakwebo, kwaabanya lukono, kuvwuntauzya azimwi buyo.
Nokwakainda myaka, basyaazibwene mumakani aanamba bakumasi aakumbo kubikkilizya aba Galileo alimwi aba Fibonacci, bakamulumbaizya al-Khwarizmi akaambo kabupanduluzi bwakwe butakatazyi kujatikizya kubelesya ma equation. Bupanduluzi bwa Al-Khwarizmi bwakajalula nzila iimbi yakwiiya namba zya algebra, arithmetic, alimwi a trigonometry. Namba zyama trigonometry zyakagwasya basikwiiya bakumasi aakujwe kujana ma angles alimwi akulampa kwamabazu aama triangle alimwi alwiiyo lusumpukide lwanyenyeezi azintu zimwi zyamujulu. *
Algebra: “Nzila iiyandika kapati caboola kunamba yalo iyakajanwa”
Aabo ibakabelesya nzila njaakatalisya al-Khwarizmi bakasumpula nzila zipya zyakubelesya ma decimal fraction alimwi akujana area alimwi a volume. Basyaazibwene mukuyaka ibakumasi aakujwe bakatalika kubelesya nzila zili boobo zisumpukide kaindi beenzinyina bakumasi aakumbo kabatanatalika, balo ibakazoozizyiba ciindi cankondo zyabukombi akati kaba Katolika aba Mozilemu. Mpoonya luzyibo bakalutola kwabo kwiinda mukugwasyigwa abaange ba Mozilemu alimwi abamuzwakule.
NAMBA MUCI ARABIC ZYASIKA KULAMFWU
Mukuya kwaciindi, milimo ya al-Khwarizmi yakasandululwa muci Latin. Syaazibwene munamba waku Italy, Fibonacci (c. 1170-1250) alimwi iwiitwa kuti Leonardo of Pisa, kanji-kanji ulalumbaizyigwa akaambo kakupa kuti manamba aamuci Hindu-Arabic kaabelesyegwa ngawo kapati mumasi aakumbo. Wakaaiya ciindi naakali munyendo zyakwe mumasena aali mu Mediterranean mpoonya kuzwa waawo wakalemba bbuku lyakwe litegwa Book of Calculation.
Bupanduluzi bwa al-Khwarizmi bwakatola myaanda yamyaka kuti buzyibwe kabotu. Pele lino nzila zyakwe alimwi anamba zibelesyegwa munzila eezyo nzyezibelesyegwa kapati mumakani aasayaansi, makwebo alimwi amuzyakupanga-panga.
^ par. 5 Mu algebra yamazuba aano, manamba aatazyibidwe alaimininwa amalembo mbuli x naa y. Cikozyanyo, equation yakuti x + 4 = 6. Kugwisya 4 kumabazu oonse obilo mu equation kutondezya kuti x ngu 2.
^ par. 7 Basyaazibwene mulwiiyo lwanyenyeezi azintu zimwi zyamujulu iba Giriki bakagwasyilizya mumulimo wakujana bulamfwu bwamabazu aama triangle alimwi akujana ma angles. Basikwiiya babukombi bwaci Islam bakabelesya namba zyama trigonometry kutegwa bazyibe nzila iitozya kudolopo lya Mecca. Ba Mozilemu balayanda kupaila kabalangide ku Mecca. Kweelana acilengwa cabo, bafwide balazikkwa kabalangide ku Mecca alimwi ciindi nobajaya banyama kutegwa bajane cisyu, balacita oobo kabalangide ku Mecca.
Andiza Inga Mwaakkomanina Ayaaya
SINSIMUKA!
Alhazen
Ambweni tamunalimvwide zina lyakwe, pele cakutadooneka mulagwasyigwa amilimo njaakacita.
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Desiderius Erasmus
Wiitwa kuti “Muntu uuzyibidwe kapati mbubwenya mbuli muntu uuzyibidwe kapati mazuba aano.” Ncinzi cakapa kuti azyibwe kapati?
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Makani Aajatikizya Bantu Bakaindi—Aristotle
Mizeezo yasyaabusongo ooyu wakaindi yakazijatikizya kapati njiisyo zya Bunakristo Bwanyika.
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Mikwasyi yoonse yamazuba aano yeelede kumulumba mwaalumi ooyu. Nkaambo nzi?
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Herodotus
Mubuumi bwakwe boonse kuboneka kuti wakabeleka canguzu kulemba makani aali mu “The Histories” alimwi waambwa kuti muntu uulemekwa kapati mumakani aakaindi.
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Makani Aajatikizya Bantu Bakaindi—Galileo
Mumwaka wa 1992, Pope John Paul II wakaamba makani aakagambya kujatikizya Cikombelo ca Katolika ambobakamweendelezya Galileo.
