ISAHLUKO 13
“Umthetho KaYehova Awunasiphako”
1, 2. Kutheni abantu abaninzi bengawuxabisi umthetho, kodwa thina sinokuvakalelwa njani ngemithetho kaThixo?
“UMTHETHO ngumhadi ongenasiphelo, uginya . . . yonke into.” La mazwi avela kwincwadi eyapapashwa emva phayaa ngowe-1712. Umbhali wayo wayekhalazela inkqubo yasemthethweni yokuxoxwa kwetyala elinye enkundleni yamatyala kangangeminyaka, bade baphelelwe yimali abo bafuna kwenziwe okusesikweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkqubo zasemthethweni zokusingathwa kwamatyala zintsonkothile, zizaliswe kukungabikho kokusesikweni, umkhethe, yaye ziyatshintshatshintsha, nto leyo ebe ngunobangela wokudelelwa komthetho.
2 Ngokwahlukileyo koko, khawuqwalasele la mazwi abhalwa malunga nama-2 700 eminyaka eyadlulayo: “Hayi indlela endiwuthanda ngayo umthetho wakho!” (INdumiso 119:97) Kwakutheni ukuze umdumisi abe nothando olunzulu ngolu hlobo? Kwakungenxa yokuba lo mthetho awuncomayo, asinguwo okarhulumente wasemhlabeni, kodwa ngokaYehova uThixo. Njengoko ufundisisa imithetho kaYehova, usenokuqalisa ukuvakalelwa ngakumbi nangakumbi njengomdumisi. Olo fundisiso luya kukwenza ube nengqiqo ngoyena mntu uwazi ngokubalaseleyo umthetho kwindalo iphela.
UMniki-mthetho Ophakamileyo
3, 4. Zeziphi iindlela uYehova aye wanguMniki-mthetho ngazo?
3 IBhayibhile isixelela ukuba: “Mnye ongumniki-mthetho nomgwebi.” (Yakobi 4:12) Eneneni, nguYehova kuphela onguMniki-mthetho wokwenyaniso. Kwanokuhamba kweenkwenkwezi kulawulwa ‘yimithetho yakhe yesibhakabhaka.’ (Yobhi 38:33, The New Jerusalem Bible) Ngokukwanjalo nenkitha yeengelosi ezingcwele zikaYehova ilawulwa ngumthetho wobuthixo, kuba zahlulahlulwe zaba ngamaqela ngamaqela yaye zikhonza ngokomyalelo kaYehova njengabalungiseleli bakhe.—INdumiso 104:4; Hebhere 1:7, 14.
4 Nabantu uYehova ubanike imithetho. Ngamnye wethu unesazela. Sifana nomthetho obhalwe ngaphakathi kuthi osinceda siqonde into uYehova athi ilungile okanye iphosakele. (Roma 2:14) Abazali bethu bokuqala babesikelelwe ngesazela esigqibeleleyo, ngoko babedinga imithetho nje embalwa. (Genesis 2:15-17) Kodwa ke, umntu ongafezekanga udinga imithetho engakumbi yokumkhokela ekwenzeni ukuthanda kukaThixo. Oosolusapho abanjengoNowa, uAbraham noYakobi banikwa imithetho nguYehova uThixo baza bayidlulisela kwiintsapho zabo. (Genesis 6:22; 9:3-6; 18:19; 26:4, 5) UYehova waba nguMniki-mthetho ngendlela engazange yabonwa xa wanika uhlanga lukaSirayeli uMthetho esebenzisa uMoses. Kule mithetho sinokufunda into eninzi malunga nokuba buthetha ukuthini ubulungisa kuYehova.
UMthetho KaMoses—Ushwankathelo Lwawo
5. Ngaba uMthetho kaMoses wawunemiyalelo ekwakunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda nokuyisebenzisa, yaye kutheni usitsho?
5 Abaninzi bacinga ukuba uMthetho kaMoses wawuludederhu lwemithetho eyindinisa nentsonkothileyo. Ingcamango enjalo ayiyonyani nje kwaphela. Ingaphezu kwama-600 iyonke loo mithetho. Oko kusenokuvakala kulinani elikhulu, kodwa khawucinge nje ngoku: Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, imithetho yaseburhulumenteni yaseUnited States yazalisa amaphepha ali-150 000 eencwadi zasemthethweni. Rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kongezelelwa imithetho engakumbi enokuba ngama-600! Ngoko xa sithetha ngobuninzi, uMthetho kaMoses awuthathi nto kwintabalala yemithetho yabantu. Ukanti, uMthetho kaThixo wawalathisa amaSirayeli kwiinkalo zobomi ezingakhankanywa nakancinane kwimithetho yanamhlanje. Khawuqwalasele nje le mizekelo embalwa.
6, 7. (a) Yintoni eyayisenza uMthetho kaMoses wahluke kuyo nayiphi na eminye imithetho, yaye nguwuphi owona myalelo mkhulu waloo Mthetho? (b) AmaSirayeli ayenokubonisa njani ukuba ayamhlonipha uYehova njengoMlawuli wawo?
6 UMthetho wawubalaselisa ulongamo lukaYehova. Ngenxa yoko, uMthetho kaMoses ubalasele kunalo naluphi na olunye uluhlu lwemithetho. Owona mkhulu kule mithetho ngulo othi: “Phulaphula, Sirayeli: UYehova uThixo wethu nguYehova mnye. Uze umthande uYehova uThixo wakho ngentliziyo yakho yonke nangomphefumlo wakho wonke nangamandla akho onke.” Abantu bakaThixo babeza kubonisa njani ukuba bayamthanda? Babemele bamkhonze, bamthobele njengoMlawuli wabo.—Duteronomi 6:4, 5; 11:13.
7 MSirayeli ngamnye wayebonisa ukulwamkela kwakhe ulongamo lukaYehova ngokuthobela abo banikwe igunya phezu kwakhe. Abazali, iinkosana, abagwebi, ababingeleli nokumkani, bonke babemela igunya lobuthixo. UYehova wayekugqala nakuphi na ukuvukelwa kwabo banegunya njengokuvukela yena. Kwelinye icala, abo banegunya babezibizela ingqumbo kaYehova ukuba babebaphatha ngokungekho sikweni okanye ngenkohlakalo abantu bakhe. (Eksodus 20:12; 22:28; Duteronomi 1:16, 17; 17:8-20; 19:16, 17) Ngoko wonke nje umntu wayemele ahloniphe uYehova njengoMlawuli wakhe.
8. UMthetho wawukufundisa njani ukuba ngcwele?
8 UMthetho wawuwubalaselisa umlinganiselo kaYehova wobungcwele. Igama elithi “ngcwele” nelithi “ubungcwele” avela ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezingama-280 eMthethweni kaMoses. UMthetho wabanceda abantu bakaThixo ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kwento ecocekileyo nengacocekanga, uchaza izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezimalunga neziyi-70 ezazinokumenza umSirayeli angacoceki, ngohlobo lokuba angakufanelekeli ukunqula nabanye. Le mithetho yayinika imiyalelo malunga nococeko lwasemzimbeni, ukutya, kwanokugqunyelelwa kwelindle. Loo mithetho yayibanceda kakhulu abantu ukuba bahlale besempilweni. a Kodwa yayisenza nenye into ebaluleke ngakumbi. Yayinceda amaSirayeli ukuba aqhubeke emvuyisa uYehova ngokuhlala ehambela kude kwizinto ezenyanyekayo ezazisenziwa zezinye iintlanga. Khawuqwalasele nje umzekelo woku.
9, 10. Yeyiphi imithetho uYehova awayinika amaSirayeli malunga nokwabelana ngesondo nokuzalwa kwabantwana, yaye yayinceda ngantoni loo mithetho?
9 UMthetho kaMoses wachaza ukuba abo baye babelana ngesondo, kuquka nabantu abatshatileyo, babeye bangacoceki kangangethutyana emva koko. Nebhinqa laliye lingacoceki kangangethutyana emva kokuzala kwalo umntwana. (Levitikus 12:2-4; 15:16-18) Loo mithetho yayingathethi kuthi ezi zinto yayingezozipho zicocekileyo zivela kuThixo. (Genesis 1:28; 2:18-25) Kunoko, uYehova wanika loo mithetho ukuze agcine abantu bakhe bengcwele futhi bangangcoliswa lunqulo lobuxoki. Kuphawuleka ukuba iintlanga ezininzi ezazijikeleze amaSirayeli zazinqula oothixo bazo ngokwabelana ngesondo. Unqulo lwamaKanan lwaluquka ukuthengisa ngomzimba kwamadoda namabhinqa. Oku kwaphumela ekuziphatheni okulihlazo kwaza kwasasazeka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMthetho wenza ukuba ukunqula uYehova kungadibani nokwabelana ngesondo. b Zikho nezinye izinto eyayinceda kuzo imithetho kaYehova engokwabelana ngesondo nokuzala.
10 Loo mithetho yayifundisa inyaniso ebalulekileyo. c Ngapha koko, isono sika-Adam sidluliselwa njani ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukusa kwesinye? Ngaba akukho ngokwabelana ngesondo nokuzalwa kwabantwana? (Roma 5:12) Ngoko ke, uMthetho kaThixo wawubakhumbuza abantu bakhe ukuba babenesono. Phofu, sonke sizalelwe esonweni. (INdumiso 51:5) Sidinga ukuxolelwa nokuhlawulelwa ukuze sikwazi ukusondela kuThixo wethu ongcwele.
11, 12. (a) Ngowuphi umgaqo obalulekileyo wobulungisa owawufundiswa nguMthetho? (b) UMthetho wawukunqanda njani ukugqwethwa kobulungisa?
11 UMthetho wawubenza bucace ubulungisa obugqibeleleyo bukaYehova. UMthetho kaMoses wawufundisa umgaqo wokuba kwakumele kubekho ukulingana phakathi kwetyala nesohlwayo. Ngenxa yoko, uMthetho wathi: “Ubomi bumele buphindezelwe ngobomi, ilihlo ngelihlo, izinyo ngezinyo, isandla ngesandla, unyawo ngonyawo.” (Duteronomi 19:21) Kwiimeko zokwaphulwa komthetho ke, isohlwayo sasifanele silingane netyala. Le nxalenye yobulungisa bukaYehova yayibonakala kuwo wonke uMthetho kaMoses. Futhi kuxa siyiqonda le nyaniso ebalulekileyo apho sinokutsho siliqonde idini lentlawulelo likaKristu Yesu, njengoko iSahluko 14 siza kubonisa.—1 Timoti 2:5, 6.
12 Kwakhona uMthetho wawunezinto ezazigada ukuba ubulungisa bungagqwethwa. Ngokomzekelo, ubuncinane kwakufanele kubekho amangqina amabini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubunyaniso besimangalo. Isohlwayo sokuza nesimangalo sobuxoki sasiqatha. (Duteronomi 19:15, 18, 19) Urhwaphilizo nokunyoba nako kwakungavumelekanga. (Eksodus 23:8; Duteronomi 27:25) Kwanakwezoshishino, abantu bakaThixo babefanele balandele imithetho nemigaqo ephakamileyo kaYehova yobulungisa. (Levitikus 19:35, 36; Duteronomi 23:19, 20) UMthetho kaMoses wawulunge nyhani futhi unobulungisa ibe wawuwanceda kakhulu amaSirayeli!
Imithetho Efundisa Ukugweba Ngenceba Nangokungenamkhethe
13, 14. UMthetho wawukukhuthaza njani ukuphathwa ngokungenamkhethe kwesela kunye nexhoba?
13 Ngaba uMthetho kaMoses wawuyimiyalelo engqongqo nengenanceba? Ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo! UKumkani uDavide waphefumlelwa ukuba abhale athi: “Umthetho kaYehova awunasiphako.” (INdumiso 19:7) Njengoko wayesazi kakuhle, uMthetho wawukhuthaza ukuphathana ngenceba nangokungenamkhethe. Wawuyenza njani loo nto?
14 Kumazwe athile namhlanje, umthetho ubonakala uyekelela ngakumbi yaye uxhasa izaphuli-mthetho kakhulu kunokunceda amaxhoba. Ngokomzekelo, amasela asenokuchitha ixesha elithile entolongweni. Kanti abo bangamaxhoba basenokuba abakazibuyiselwa izinto zabo, ukanti bafanele bahlawule irhafu yokwakhela ezo zaphuli-mthetho indawo yokuhlala neyokuzondla. KuSirayeli wamandulo, zazingekho iintolongo ezinjengezi zanamhlanje. Kwakukho imiqathango engqongqo emalunga nokuba qatha kwesohlwayo. (Duteronomi 25:1-3) Isela lalimele lizibuyisele kulowo ulixhoba ezo zinto zibiweyo. Ukongezelela, isela lalifanele likhuphe intlawulo engakumbi. Yayisiba ngakanani? Yayisahlukahluka. Kubonakala ukuba, abagwebi babevunyelwa ukuba bahlole iimeko eziliqela, njengokuguquka komoni. Oko kwenza sicace isizathu sokuba imbuyekezo eyayifuneka kwisela ngokweLevitikus 6:1-7 incinane kakhulu kunaleyo ichazwe kwiEksodus 22:7.
15. UMthetho wawuqinisekisa njani ukuba kwenziwa inceba nobulungisa kwimeko yomntu obulele umntu ngengozi?
15 Ngenceba uMthetho wawuvuma ukuba asibubo bonke ububi obenziwa ngabom. Ngokomzekelo, xa umntu ebulele umntu ngengozi, kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba abuyisele ubomi ngobomi ukuba wayebalekela kwesinye sezixeko zokubalekela ezazikho kulo lonke elakwaSirayeli. Emva kokuba abagwebi kweso sixeko belihlolisisile ityala lakhe, wayemele ahlale apho de kufe umbingeleli omkhulu. Ngoko wayekhululeka ukuba angahlala naphi na apho athanda khona. Ngaloo ndlela yayimnceda inceba kaThixo. Kwangaxeshanye, lo mthetho wawubethelela indlela obuxabiseke ngayo ubomi bomntu.—Numeri 15:30, 31; 35:12-25.
16. UMthetho wawuwakhusela njani amanye amalungelo abantu?
16 UMthetho wawuwakhusela amalungelo abantu. Khawucingisise ngendlela owawubakhusela ngayo abo babenamatyala. UMthetho wawukwalela ukungena komntu ekhayeni lalowo umtyalayo aze athimbe impahla yakhe njengesibambiso saloo nto amtyala yona. Kunoko, lowo utyalwayo wayemele alinde ngaphandle aze avumele lowo umtyalayo ukuba amzisele ngokwakhe impahla ethile yakhe njengesibambiso. Ngaloo ndlela kwakungekho mntu owayevele azingele nje endlini yomnye. Ukuba lowo utyalwayo wayethatha isambatho sangaphandle salowo umtyalayo njengesibambiso, wayemele asibuyisele ngokuhlwa, kuba hleze kuthi kanti lowo umtyalayo uyasifuna ukuze ahlale efudumele ebusuku.—Duteronomi 24:10-14.
17, 18. Xa esilwa imfazwe, amaSirayeli ayehluke njani kwezinye iintlanga, yaye ngoba?
17 Kwakukho nemithetho eyayiyalela indlela yokulwa iimfazwe. Abantu bakaThixo babemele balwe imfazwe, kungekhona ngenjongo yokubonisa ukomelela okanye yokuthand’ ukulwa, kodwa ngenjongo yokuba ngabameli bakaThixo ‘kwiiMfazwe zikaYehova.’ (Numeri 21:14) Kwiimeko ezininzi, amaSirayeli ayemele anike iintshaba zawo ithuba lokunikezela kungakhange kuliwe. Ukuba eso sixeko asilamkeli elo thuba, amaSirayeli ayenokusirhangqa—kodwa ngokwemithetho kaThixo. Ngokungafaniyo nento ebisoloko isenziwa ngamajoni amaninzi kangangeminyaka, amadoda omkhosi wakwaSirayeli ayengavumelekanga ukuba adlwengule amabhinqa okanye abulale ngokungeyomfuneko. Ayemele ahloniphe nomhlaba waloo ndawo, angayigawuli imithi yeziqhamo yeentshaba zawo. d Eminye imikhosi yayingenayo imithetho enjalo.—Duteronomi 20:10-15, 19, 20; 21:10-13.
18 Ngaba iyakucaphukisa into yokuva ukuba kwamanye amazwe abantwana baqeqeshelwa ukuba ngamajoni? KuSirayeli wamandulo, akakho umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-20 ubudala owayefakwa emkhosini. (Numeri 1:2, 3) Kwanendoda engaphezu kweminyaka eyi-20 yayingafakwa ukuba yayisoyika kakhulu. Indoda esanda kutshata yayingafakwa unyaka wonke ukuze ibone ukuzalwa kwendlalifa yayo ngaphambi kokwenza inkonzo eyingozi ngolo hlobo. UMthetho uchaza ukuba, ngale ndlela umyeni oselula wayeza kukwazi ‘ukuhlala endlini yakhe, avuyise umfazi wakhe.’—Duteronomi 20:5, 6, 8; 24:5.
19. UMthetho wawuwakhathalela njani amabhinqa, abantwana, iintsapho, abahlolokazi neenkedama?
19 Kwakhona uMthetho wawuwakhusela yaye uwakhathalela amabhinqa, abantwana neentsapho. Wawuyalela abazali ukuba bachithe ixesha elininzi nabantwana babo nokuba babafundise ngoYehova. (Duteronomi 6:6, 7) Wawungayivumi into yokuba umntu abelane ngesondo nesizalwana sakhe esisondeleyo, futhi umntu owenza loo nto wayefanele abulawe. (Levitikus, isahluko 18) Wawungakuvumi nokukrexeza, okudla ngokuqhekeza iintsapho kuze kubangele intlungu nokusokola. UMthetho wawubakhathalela abahlolokazi neenkedama yaye wawukwalela ngokungqongqo ukuphathwa kwazo kakubi.—Eksodus 20:14; 22:22-24.
20, 21. (a) Kwakutheni ukuze uMthetho kaMoses usivumele isithembu phakathi kwamaSirayeli? (b) Ngokuphathelele uqhawulo-mtshato, kutheni uMthetho wawusahluka nje kwinto uYesu awayibuyiselayo kamva?
20 Kodwa ke, kule into abanye basenokubuza bathi, ‘Kwakutheni ukuze uMthetho uvumele isithembu?’ (Duteronomi 21:15-17) Sifanele siyijonge imithetho enjalo ngokweemeko zaloo maxesha. Abo bawujonga uMthetho kaMoses ngokweemeko nezithethe zala maxesha ngokuqinisekileyo soze bawuqonde. (IMizekeliso 18:13) Emva phayaa e-Eden, uYehova wamisela ukuba umtshato ube lumanyano olungapheliyo phakathi kwendoda enye nomfazi omnye. (Genesis 2:18, 20-24) Kodwa ke, ngexesha uYehova awanika ngalo amaSirayeli uMthetho, izinto ezinjengokutshata isithembu kwakusele kuyiminyaka ezenza. UYehova wayesazi kakuhle ukuba ‘isizwana sakhe esinenkani’ sasiza kusoloko siyaphula kwaneyona mithetho ibalulekileyo, enjengokungakhonzi izithixo. (Eksodus 32:9) Ngoko ke, ngobulumko wagqiba kwelokuba elo yayingeloxesha lifanelekileyo lokulungisa zonke izinto eziphosakeleyo ababezenza malunga nomtshato. Kodwa ke, khumbula ukuba into yokutshata isithembu ayizange ize naye uYehova. Kodwa, wasebenzisa uMthetho kaMoses ukulawula inkqubo yesithembu phakathi kwabantu bakhe nokunqanda ukuxhatshazwa kwabafazi.
21 Ngoko, uMthetho kaMoses wawuyivumela indoda ukuba iqhawule umtshato nomfazi wayo ngezizathu eziliqela ezivakalayo. (Duteronomi 24:1-4) UYesu wathi uThixo wakuvumela oku kubantu bakwaYuda “ngenxa yenkani [yabo].” Kodwa wakuvumela oko okwethutyana. Kubalandeli bakhe, uYesu wabuyisela laa ndlela yokuqala uYehova awayefuna ube ngayo umtshato.—Mateyu 19:8.
UMthetho Wawukhuthaza Ukuboniswa Kothando
22. UMthetho kaMoses wakukhuthaza ngaziphi iindlela ukuboniswa kothando, yaye koobani?
22 Ngaba ikhona inkqubo yasemthethweni yanamhlanje ekhuthaza uthando? UMthetho kaMoses wawukhuthaza uthando ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into. Kaloku, encwadini yeDuteronomi nje kuphela, igama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “uthando” livela ngokwahlukahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwezihlandlo eziyi-20. Umyalelo wesibini omkhulu kuwo wonke uMthetho wawusithi: “Umele uthande omnye umntu ngendlela ozithanda ngayo nawe.” (Levitikus 19:18; Mateyu 22:37-40) Abantu bakaThixo babemele bangalubonakalisi olo thando phakathi kwabo kuphela, kodwa kwanakubantu basemzini ababephakathi kwabo, bakhumbule ukuba amaSirayeli nawo ayekhe aba ngabantu basemzini. Babefanele babonise uthando kubantu abangamahlwempu nabasokolayo, babancede ngezinto abazidingayo yaye bangabaxhaphazi. Bade bayalelwa nokuba baziphathe ngobubele futhi bazicingele izilwanyana zokuthwala imithwalo.—Eksodus 23:6; Levitikus 19:14, 33, 34; Duteronomi 22:4, 10; 24:17, 18.
23. Uthando lwamenza wenza ntoni umbhali weNdumiso 119, yaye yintoni thina esinokuzimisela ukuyenza?
23 Alukho olunye uhlanga olwaye lwasikelelwa ngemithetho enjalo. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba umdumisi wabhala wathi: “Ndlela le ndiwuthanda ngayo umthetho wakho!” Noko ke, uthando lwakhe lwalungeyomvakalelo nje kuphela. Lwamenza wazimisela ukuwuthobela loo mthetho nokuphila ngokuvisisana nawo. Ukongezelela, waqhubeka wathi: “Ndicinga ngawo imini yonke.” (INdumiso 119:11, 97) Wayesoloko ezinika ixesha lokufundisisa imithetho kaYehova. Alithandabuzeki elokuba njengoko wayesenjenjalo, uthando lwakhe ngayo lwakhula. Kwangaxeshanye, uthando lwakhe ngoMniki-mthetho, uYehova uThixo, lwakhula nalo. Njengoko uqhubeka ufundisisa umthetho wobuthixo, ngamana nawe ungasondela ngakumbi kuYehova, uMniki-mthetho Omkhulu noThixo wobulungisa.
a Ngokomzekelo, imithetho yokugqunyelelwa kwelindle labantu, ukuvalelwa yedwa komntu ogulayo, nokuhlanjwa komntu ochukumise isidumbu, kwakubonisa ubulumko obukhulu kakhulu kuba yaqondwa emva kweminyaka engamawakawaka indlela ekunceda ngayo ukwenza ngolo hlobo.—Levitikus 13:4-8; Numeri 19:11-13, 17-19; Duteronomi 23:13, 14.
b Nangona iitempile zamaKanan zazinamagumbi awayesetyenziselwa ngokukhethekileyo ukwabelana ngesondo, uMthetho kaMoses wayalela ukuba abo bangacocekanga babengamele bangene kwaukungena etempileni. Ngaloo ndlela, kuba ukwabelana ngesondo kwakumenza umntu angacoceki okwethutyana, akukho namnye owayenokwenza ukuba ukwabelana ngesondo kudibane nokunqula uYehova endlwini yakhe.
c Ukufundisa kwakuyinjongo eyintloko yoMthetho. Eneneni, iEncyclopaedia Judaica ithi igama lesiHebhere elithi toh·rahʹ, eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “umthetho,” lithetha “umyalelo.”
d UMthetho wawubuza ngokungqalileyo ukuba: “Ngaba nimele nihlasele umthi ngokungathi ngumntu?” (Duteronomi 20:19) UPhilo, umphengululi ongumYuda owayephila kwiminyaka eyi-100 yokuqala ku-C.E., wawucaphula lo mthetho, echaza ukuba uThixo uyijonga “njengento engebobulungisa ukuba umsindo umntu anawo ngabantu awukhuphele kwizinto ezingenakwatyala.”
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