1-3. Ni ibihe bintu bimwe na bimwe byatumye urupfu rwa Yesu ruba urupfu rwihariye mu mateka?

 UMUNSI umwe ahagana mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa cumi n’abiri gushyira ukwa mbere, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka igera ku 2.000, umuntu w’inzirakarengane yaciriwe urubanza, bamuhamya ibyaha atigeze akora, maze arababazwa cyane kugeza apfuye. Ntibwari ubwa mbere mu mateka umuntu yicwa gutyo kandi arengana. Ikibabaje ni uko butari n’ubwa nyuma. Nyamara urwo rupfu rwari rutandukanye n’izindi zose.

² Igihe uwo muntu yababazwaga mu masaha ya nyuma y’ubuzima bwe, n’ikirere ubwacyo cyagaragaje ko icyo kintu cyari kibaye cyari gikomeye. Nubwo hari ku manywa, mu buryo butunguranye, igihugu cyose cyahise kiba umwijima. Nk’uko umuhanga umwe mu by’amateka yabivuze, ‘izuba ntiryavuye’ (Luka 23:44, 45). Hanyuma, mbere y’uko uwo muntu apfa, yavuze iri jambo ritazibagirana agira ati: “Ibyo wansabye gukora byose narabikoze.” Ni koko yakoze ikintu gihebuje igihe yatangaga ubuzima bwe. Igitambo cye cyari igikorwa gikomeye cyane kurusha ibindi byose bigaragaza urukundo byaba byarakozwe n’abantu.—Yohana 15:13; 19:30.

³ Birumvikana ko uwo muntu ari Yesu Kristo. Imibabaro yamugezeho n’urupfu yapfuye kuri uwo munsi wari wijimye wo ku itariki ya 14 Nisani umwaka wa 33, ni ibintu bizwi neza. Ariko kandi, hari ikintu cy’ingenzi gikunze kwirengagizwa. Nubwo Yesu yababajwe cyane, hari undi wababaye ndetse cyane kurushaho. Mu by’ukuri, hari undi watanze igitambo ndetse gikomeye kurushaho kuri uwo munsi. Icyo cyari igikorwa gikomeye cyane kurusha ibindi byose bigaragaza urukundo kitakozwe n’undi muntu uwo ari we wese. Icyo gikorwa cyari ikihe? Igisubizo cy’icyo kibazo kiratwigisha umuco w’ingenzi wa Yehova w’urukundo.

4. Ni gute umusirikare w’Umuroma yaje kubona ko Yesu atari umuntu usanzwe, kandi se yabivuzeho iki?

⁴ Umugaba w’ingabo w’Umuroma wari uhagarikiye abantu bishe Yesu, yatangajwe cyane n’umwijima wabayeho nyuma y’urupfu rwa Yesu n’umutingito ukomeye wakurikiyeho. Yaravuze ati: “Nta gushidikanya, uyu yari Umwana w’Imana” (Matayo 27:54). Uko bigaragara, Yesu ntiyari umuntu usanzwe. Uwo musirikare yari yagize uruhare mu kwica Umwana w’ikinege w’Imana Isumbabyose. Ariko se mu by’ukuri, uwo Mwana yakundwaga na se mu rugero rungana iki?

5. Igihe kirekire cyane Yehova yamaranye n’Umwana we mu ijuru cyagereranywa n’iki?

⁵ Bibiliya yita Yesu “imfura mu byaremwe byose” (Abakolosayi 1:15). Tekereza nawe: Umwana wa Yehova yariho mbere y’uko ikirere n’ibintu bikirimo bibaho. None se ubwo uwo Mwana na papa we babanye igihe kingana iki? Abahanga mu bya siyansi bamwe na bamwe bavuga ko ugereranyije, isanzure rimaze imyaka miriyari 13 ririho. Ese ushobora kwiyumvisha uko icyo gihe kingana? Kugira ngo abantu bashobore kwiyumvisha igihe isanzure rimaze hakurikijwe uko abahanga mu bya siyansi babivuga, hakozwe imbonerahamwe imwe iriho umurongo ugororotse ugaragaza igihe ibintu byagiye biberamo, ukaba ureshya na metero 110. Mu gihe abari aho baba bagenda batera intambwe bakurikije uwo murongo, buri ntambwe bateye iba ingana n’imyaka miriyoni 75. Ku mpera z’uwo murongo, hari agasharu gato gusa kangana n’agasatsi kamwe ko ku mutwe, kagaragaza igihe abantu bamaze batangiye kubaho. Ariko kandi, nubwo ibyo bavuze bagereranya byaba ari ukuri, uwo murongo ugaragaza igihe ibintu byagiye bibera wose uko wakabaye, ntiwaba ufite uburebure buhagije kugira ngo ugaragaze igihe Umwana wa Yehova amaze ariho. None se ni iki yakoraga muri icyo gihe kirekire gutyo?

6. (a) Ni iki Yesu yakoraga mu ijuru mbere y’uko aza ku isi? (b) Ni iki gihuza Yehova n’Umwana we?

⁶ Uwo Mwana yakoreraga Se yishimye ari “umukozi w’umuhanga” (Imigani 8:30). Bibiliya igira iti: “Nta kintu na kimwe cyabayeho bitanyuze kuri we” (Yohana 1:3). Ku bw’ibyo rero, Yehova n’Umwana we bafatanyije kurema ibindi bintu byose. Mbega  ukuntu bagize ibihe bishishikaje kandi bishimishije! Abantu benshi ubu bashobora kwemera ko urukundo ruba hagati y’umubyeyi n’umwana we, ruba ari urukundo rukomeye mu buryo butangaje. Kandi urukundo ni “rwo rutuma abantu bunga ubumwe mu buryo bwuzuye” (Abakolosayi 3:14). Kubera ko Yehova yamaranye igihe kinini cyane n’umwana we, urukundo rubahuza rwari rukomeye cyane. Uko bigaragara, Yehova Imana n’Umwana we barakundana cyane kuruta abandi bantu bose.

7. Igihe Yesu yabatizwaga, ni gute Yehova yagaragaje ko amukunda?

⁷ Ariko kandi, uwo Mubyeyi yohereje Umwana we ku isi kugira ngo ahavukire ari umuntu. Kuba Yehova yarabigenje atyo, byasobanuraga ko yari kumara imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo atari kumwe n’Umwana we akunda cyane mu ijuru. Yitegerezaga ari mu ijuru uko Yesu yagendaga akura, kugeza aho abereye umugabo utunganye. Igihe Yesu yari agejeje hafi ku myaka 30, yarabatijwe. Si ngombwa ko twirirwa dukekeranya ku bihereranye n’ibyiyumvo Yehova yagize. Uwo Mubyeyi ubwe yavugiye mu ijuru agira ati: “Uyu ni Umwana wanjye nkunda, nkamwemera” (Matayo 3:17). Papa we agomba kuba yarishimye cyane, igihe yari abonye Yesu akoze neza ibintu byose byari byarahanuwe, ni ukuvuga ibyo yasabwaga gukora byose.—Yohana 5:36; 17:4.

8, 9. (a) Ni ibihe bintu byabaye kuri Yesu ku itariki ya 14 Nisani mu mwaka wa 33 I.C., kandi se ni gute ibyo byagize ingaruka kuri Se wo mu ijuru? (b) Kuki Yehova yemeye ko Umwana we ababazwa kandi agapfa?

⁸ Ariko se, ni ibihe byiyumvo Yehova yagize ku itariki ya 14 Nisani mu mwaka wa 33? Ni ibihe byiyumvo yagize igihe Yesu yagambanirwaga hanyuma agafatwa n’igitero cy’abantu ari nijoro? Bite se igihe incuti za Yesu zamutaga n’igihe bamuciraga urubanza rudahuje n’amategeko? Naho se igihe bamukobaga, bakamucira mu maso, kandi bakamukubita inshyi? Yehova yumvise ameze ate, igihe umwana we yakubitwaga ibiboko, umugongo we ukaba ibikomere gusa? None se yumvise ameze ate igihe Yesu yamanikwaga ku giti, bakamutera imisumari mu biganza no mu birenge, maze bagasiga amanitse aho ngaho, abantu bakamucaho bamutuka? Ni ibihe byiyumvo Yehova yagize igihe Yesu yababaraga maze akamutakira? Ubwo se Yehova yumvise ameze ate igihe umwana we akunda cyane yashiragamo umwuka maze agapfa?—Matayo 26:14-16, 46, 47, 56, 59, 67; 27:38-44, 46; Yohana 19:1.

⁹ Nta wabona icyo avuga. Kubera ko Yehova agira ibyiyumvo,  imibabaro yatewe n’urupfu rw’Umwana we ntitwabona uko tuyivuga. Icyo dushobora kuvuga gusa ni impamvu yatumye Yehova areka ibyo bikaba. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye Yehova yemera kubabara bigeze aho? Muri Yohana 3:16, Yehova yaduhishuriye ikintu gihebuje. Uwo murongo wo muri Bibiliya ni uw’ingenzi cyane ku buryo wiswe Ivanjiri ntoya. Aho hagira hati: “Imana yakunze abantu cyane ku buryo yatanze Umwana wayo w’ikinege, kugira ngo umwizera wese atazarimbuka, ahubwo azabone ubuzima bw’iteka.” Bityo rero, urukundo ni rwo rwatumye Yehova areka ngo ibyo bibe. Impano Yehova yatanze, ni ukuvuga kuba yarohereje Umwana we kugira ngo ababare kandi adupfire, cyari igikorwa kigaragaza urukundo rutagereranywa.

10. Ni iki abantu bakenera cyane, kandi se byagendekeye bite ibisobanuro by’ijambo “urukundo”?

¹⁰ Iryo jambo “urukundo” risobanura iki? Urukundo rwavuzweho kuba ari cyo kintu umuntu akenera cyane kurusha ibindi byose. Kuva umuntu akimara kuvuka kugeza apfuye, aharanira gukundwa. Iyo abonye umukunda yumva yishimye cyane, akumva aranyuzwe ndetse iyo adakunzwe arababara cyane ndetse akaba yanapfa. Igitangaje ariko, ni uko gusobanura icyo urukundo ari cyo bigoye. Birumvikana ko abantu bavuga cyane ibihereranye n’urukundo. Hari ibitabo byinshi cyane bihora byandikwa, indirimbo zihora zihimbwa hamwe n’ibisigo bivuga ibihereranye n’urukundo. Ariko si ko buri gihe bigaragaza neza icyo urukundo ari cyo. Mu by’ukuri, iryo jambo rikoreshwa mu buryo bukabije cyane ku buryo kumenya ibisobanuro byaryo nyakuri bigenda birushaho kugorana.

11, 12. (a) Ni hehe dushobora kwigira byinshi ku bihereranye n’urukundo, kandi se kuki aho ari ho twabyigira? (b) Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’urukundo bwagaragajwe mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki cya kera, kandi se ni irihe jambo risobanura “urukundo” rikoreshwa incuro nyinshi mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya gikristo? (Reba nanone ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji.) (c) Akenshi ijambo a·gaʹpe iyo rikoreshejwe muri Bibiliya riba risobanura iki?

¹¹ Ariko kandi, Bibiliya yigisha mu buryo busobanutse neza ibihereranye n’urukundo. Hari inkoranyamagambo yagize iti: “Urukundo rushobora kumenyekanira gusa mu bikorwa abantu bakora.” Inkuru zo muri Bibiliya zivuga ibihereranye n’ibikorwa bya Yehova  zitwigisha byinshi ku bijyanye n’urukundo rwe, ni ukuvuga ineza yuje urukundo agaragariza ibiremwa bye. Urugero, ni ikihe kintu kindi cyari guhishura byinshi ku bihereranye n’uwo muco, kurusha igikorwa gihebuje Yehova yakoze kigaragaza urukundo twavuze tugitangira? Mu bice bikurikiraho, tuzareba izindi ngero nyinshi z’ibintu byerekana urukundo rwa Yehova rugaragarira mu bikorwa. Ikindi kandi, dushobora kugira icyo tumenya duhereye ku magambo y’umwimerere yahinduwemo ijambo “urukundo” ryakoreshejwe muri Bibiliya. Mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki cya cyera, hariho amagambo ane yakoreshwaga mu kuvuga “urukundo.” a Rimwe muri yo ni ryo ryakoreshejwe cyane kurusha ayandi mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya gikristo, ari ryo a·gaʹpe. Inkoranyamagambo imwe ya Bibiliya yita iryo jambo “ijambo rikomeye cyane kurusha ayandi yose ashobora gutekerezwa yerekeza ku rukundo.” Kubera iki?

¹² Ijambo a·gaʹpe iyo rikoreshejwe muri Bibiliya akenshi riba ryerekeza ku rukundo rugengwa n’amahame. Bityo rero, rurenze ibyo kugaragariza undi muntu ibyiyumvo bitewe gusa n’ikintu akoze cyangwa avuze. Ruragutse cyane kurushaho, rukaba rutuma umuntu yishyira mu mwanya w’abandi kandi ruba rufite intego. Ikirenze ibyo byose, urukundo rwa gikristo ntirurangwa n’ubwikunde. Urugero, reka twongere dusuzume ibivugwa muri Yohana 3:16. “Isi” Imana yakunze cyane bigatuma itanga Umwana wayo w’ikinege, ni iyihe? Ni isi y’abantu bashoboraga gucungurwa. Muri bo hakubiyemo abantu benshi bafite imibereho irangwa no gukora ibyaha. Ese Yehova akunda buri wese muri abo nk’incuti ye bwite, nk’uko yakunze umugabo wizerwa Aburahamu (Yakobo 2:23)? Oya. Ariko kandi, Yehova yagaragarije abantu bose ineza yuje urukundo, ndetse akaba yarabikoze bimuhenze cyane. Ashaka ko abantu bose bihana maze bagahindura imyifatire yabo (2 Petero 3:9). Benshi barabikoze. Abantu nk’abo yishimira kubagira incuti ze.

13, 14. Ni iki kigaragaza ko urukundo rwa gikristo inshuro nyinshi ruba rukubiyemo gukunda mu buryo burangwa n’ubwuzu?

 ¹³ Ariko kandi, hari abantu bumva ko Bibiliya ikoresha ijambo a·gaʹpe mu buryo butari bwo. Batekereza ko risobanura urukundo rutarangwa n’ibyiyumvo, rwo mu magambo gusa rutarangwa n’ibikorwa. Icyo tuzi cyo, ni uko urukundo rwa gikristo akenshi ruba rukubiyemo gukunda umuntu wihariye urukundo rurangwa n’ubwuzu. Urugero, igihe Yohana yandikaga ati: “Papa akunda Umwana we,” hakoreshejwe ijambo a·gaʹpe. Ese urwo rukundo rwaba rutarangwa no gukunda mu buryo bwuzuye? Zirikana ko Yesu yavuze ati: “Imana ikunda Umwana wayo [mu buryo burangwa n’ubwuzu],” hakaba harakoreshejwe ijambo phi·leʹo (Yohana 3:35; 5:20). Urukundo rwa Yehova inshuro nyinshi ruba rukubiyemo gukunda mu buryo burangwa n’ubwuzu. Ariko kandi, urukundo rwe ntirwigera rushingira ku byiyumvo gusa. Buri gihe ruba rushingiye ku mahame ye arangwa n’ubwenge kandi akiranuka.

¹⁴ Nk’uko twabibonye, imico ya Yehova yose irahebuje, iratunganye kandi irashishikaje. Ariko urukundo ni wo muco uruta indi yose. Ni rwo rutuma dukunda Yehova mu buryo bukomeye. Igishimishije ni uko urukundo ari wo muco we w’ingenzi cyane. Ibyo tubizi dute?

15. Ni iki Bibiliya ivuga ku bihereranye n’umuco wa Yehova w’urukundo, kandi se, ni mu buhe buryo ayo magambo yihariye? (Reba nanone ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji.)

¹⁵ Hari ikintu Bibiliya ivuga ku bihereranye n’urukundo itigeze na rimwe ivuga ku bihereranye n’indi mico y’ingenzi ya Yehova. Ibyanditswe ntibivuga ko Imana ari imbaraga cyangwa ko ari ubutabera, ndetse nta n’ubwo bivuga ko Imana ari ubwenge. Yehova afite iyo mico, ni we ikomokaho kandi nta wagereranywa na we mu kuyigaragaza uko ari itatu. Ariko kandi, hari ikintu gikomeye kivugwa ku muco wa kane. Bibiliya igira iti: ‘Imana ni urukundo b’ (1 Yohana 4:8). Ibyo bishaka kuvuga iki?

16-18. (a) Kuki Bibiliya ivuga ko “Imana ari urukundo”? (b) Mu byaremwe byose byo ku isi, kuki umuntu ari we ushushanya mu buryo bukwiriye umuco wa Yehova w’urukundo?

 ¹⁶ Imvugo ngo ‘Imana ni urukundo,’ ntishaka kuvuga ko “Imana ihwanye n’urukundo.” Ntibikwiriye ko twacurika ayo magambo, maze ngo tuvuge ngo “urukundo ni Imana.” Yehova arenze ibyo kuba umuco runaka udafatika. Afite ibyiyumvo byinshi bitandukanye kandi afite n’indi mico yiyongera ku rukundo. Igitabo kimwe gitanga ibisobanuro cyavuze ku bihereranye n’uwo murongo w’Ibyanditswe kigira kiti: “Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane kiranga Imana cyangwa kamere yayo, ni urukundo.” Muri rusange, dushobora kubitekerezaho muri ubu buryo: imbaraga za Yehova zituma agira icyo akora. Ubutabera bwe n’ubwenge bwe biramuyobora mu byo akora byose. Ariko urukundo rwa Yehova rutuma agira icyo akora, kandi buri gihe akoresha indi mico ye mu buryo bugaragaza urukundo rwe.

¹⁷ Bikunze kuvugwa ko kamere ya Yehova ubwayo ari urukundo. Ku bw’ibyo, niba dushaka kwiga ibihereranye n’urukundo rushingiye ku mahame, tugomba kwiga ibihereranye na Yehova. Birumvikana ko dushobora kubona ko n’abantu bafite uwo muco ushishikaje. Ariko se kuki bawufite? Mu gihe cy’irema, Yehova yavuze amagambo akurikira, uko bigaragara akaba yarayabwiraga Umwana we, agira ati: “Tureme umuntu mu ishusho yacu, ase natwe” (Intangiriro 1:26). Mu biremwa byose bya hano ku isi, abantu ni bo bonyine bashobora guhitamo kugaragaza urukundo, bityo bakaba bigana Se wo mu ijuru. Wibuke ko Yehova yakoresheje ibiremwa bitandukanye kugira ngo agaragaze imico ye y’ingenzi. Nyamara Yehova yahisemo ko umuco we w’ingenzi, ni ukuvuga urukundo, wagaragazwa n’ikiremwa cye cy’ibanze mu bindi byose byo ku isi, ni ukuvuga umuntu.—Ezekiyeli 1:10.

¹⁸ Iyo tugaragaje urukundo mu buryo buzira ubwikunde kandi bushingiye ku mahame, tuba tugaragaza umuco w’ingenzi wa Yehova. Ni nk’uko intumwa Yohana yabyanditse igira iti: “Dukunda Imana kuko ari yo yabanje kudukunda” (1 Yohana 4:19). Ariko se, ni mu buhe buryo Yehova yabanje kudukunda?

19. Kuki bishobora kuvugwa ko urukundo rwagize uruhare rw’ingenzi cyane mu murimo wa Yehova wo kurema?

¹⁹ Urukundo rwahereye kera cyane. Ubundi se ni iki cyatumye  Yehova atangira kurema? Si ukubera ko yari afite irungu maze ngo yumve akeneye umuntu babana. Yehova aruzuye kandi arihagije, nta kintu na kimwe abuze ku buryo undi muntu yakimuha. Birumvikana rero ko umuco we w’urukundo, ari wo watumye arema ibiremwa bifite ubwenge kugira ngo na byo byishimire ubuzima. Umwana w’ikinege wa Yehova ni we ‘yahereyeho arema’ (Ibyahishuwe 3:14). Hanyuma Yehova yakoresheje uwo Mukozi w’Umuhanga mu kurema ibindi bintu byose, ahereye ku bamarayika (Yobu 38:4, 7; Abakolosayi 1:16). Kubera ko ibyo biremwa by’umwuka bifite imbaraga byahawe umudendezo, ubwenge n’ibyiyumvo, byashoboraga ubwabyo kugaragarizanya urukundo kandi mbere ya byose, bikarugaragariza Yehova Imana (2 Abakorinto 3:17). Bityo rero, ibyo biremwa bigaragaza urukundo, kuko na byo byabanje gukundwa.

20, 21. Adamu na Eva bari bafite ibihe bihamya byabagaragarizaga ko Yehova abakunda, nyamara se, ni gute babyitabiriye?

²⁰ Ni na ko byari bimeze ku bantu. Kuva igihe Adamu na Eva baremwaga, mu by’ukuri bagararijwe urukundo mu buryo bwinshi. Aho batereraga akajisho hose aho bari batuye muri Paradizo yo muri Edeni, bashoboraga kuhabona ibintu bigaragaza ko Yehova yabakundaga. Zirikana ibyo Bibiliya ivuga igira iti: “Yehova Imana atera ubusitani muri Edeni, ahagana iburasirazuba, maze ahashyira uwo muntu yari yaremye” (Intangiriro 2:8). Ese waba warigeze kujya mu busitani bwiza cyane? Ni iki cyagushimishije kurusha ibindi? Ese ni urumuri runyenyeretsa hagati y’amababi y’igiti kiri ahantu hitaruye? Ese ni amabara menshi atangaje y’indabo? Ese ni ijwi wumvaga ry’amazi asuma, cyangwa iry’utunyoni twaririmbaga n’udusimba twaduhiraga? Bite se ku mpumuro nziza y’ibiti, iy’imbuto n’iy’indabyo? Uko byaba biri kose, nta busitani na bumwe bushobora kumera nk’ubwa Edeni. Kubera iki?

²¹ Ubwo busitani bwari bwaratewe na Yehova ubwe. Bugomba kuba bwari bwiza bitavugwa. Buri giti cyose cyari gishimishije kubera ubwiza bwacyo cyangwa imbuto zacyo ziryoshye, cyari gihari. Ubwo busitani bwari butoshye, ari bunini, kandi bwuzuye inyamaswa zishimishije cyane z’amoko atandukanye. Adamu na Eva bari bafite ibintu byose byari gutuma bagira ubuzima burangwa n’ibyishimo no kunyurwa mu buryo bwuzuye, hakubiyemo no gukora umurimo ushimishije cyane no kugira incuti zitunganye. Yehova ni we wari warabanje kubakunda, bityo na bo bari  bafite impamvu zose zo kumukunda. Ariko byarabananiye. Aho kubaha Se wo mu ijuru babigiranye urukundo, bagize ubwikunde maze bamwigomekaho.—Intangiriro, igice cya 2.

22. Uko Yehova yabyifashemo igihe Adamu na Eva bigomekaga muri Edeni, bigaragaza bite ko urukundo rwe rurangwa n’ubudahemuka?

²² Mbega ukuntu ibyo bigomba kuba byarababaje Yehova! Ariko se kuba barigometse byatumye Yehova abanga? Oya rwose! “Urukundo rwe rudahemuka ruhoraho iteka ryose” (Zaburi 136:1). Bityo rero, yahise yiyemeza gufata ingamba kugira ngo acungure buri muntu wese ukomoka kuri Adamu na Eva wari kuba yemeye kuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo acungurwe. Nk’uko twabibonye, izo ngamba zari zikubiyemo igitambo cy’incungu cy’Umwana we akunda cyane, cyamusabye gutanga ikiguzi gihanitse cyane.—1 Yohana 4:10.

23. Imwe mu mpamvu zituma Yehova aba “Imana igira ibyishimo” ni iyihe, kandi se ni ikihe kibazo cy’ingenzi kizasuzumwa mu gice gikurikira?

²³ Koko rero, Yehova ni we wabanje kugaragariza abantu urukundo kuva akibarema. Ni we ‘wabanje kudukunda,’ mu buryo bwinshi cyane. Urukundo rutuma habaho ubumwe n’ibyishimo. Ubwo rero ntibitangaje kuba Yehova avugwaho ko ari “Imana igira ibyishimo” (1 Timoteyo 1:11). Ariko kandi, hari ikibazo cy’ingenzi umuntu yakwibaza. Ese koko Yehova yaba adukunda, buri muntu ku giti cye? Mu gice gikurukira tuzasubiza icyo kibazo.