M’ARA tesleḍ i imeslayen “taṛwiḥt” akk-​d “ṛṛuḥ”, ɣer wacu i teţxemmimeḍ? Aṭas i gɣilen belli ɛnan lḥaǧa ur d-​neţban ara yerna ur neţmeţţat ara i geţţilin zdaxel-​nneɣ. Ţţamnen belli m’ara yemmet walbeɛḍ, lḥaǧa-​yagi tţeffeɣ si lǧeţţa-​s yerna teţkemmil teţɛici. Seg wakken yeqwa wayen akka is i ţţamnen, xilla n yemdanen i geţţewhamen m’ara d-​afen belli ayagi ur icudd ara maḍi ɣer wayen yesselmad Wedlis Iqedsen. Ihi, ɛlaḥsab n Wawal n Ṛebbi, d acu i ţ-​ţaṛwiḥt, d acu i d ṛṛuḥ?

Di tazwara, a d-​nehdeṛ ɣef teṛwiḥt. Tecfiḍ ahat belli, di laṣel, amur ameqran n Wedlis Iqedsen yeţwakteb s tɛibṛanit akk-​d tyunanit. Wid i t-​yuran ssexdmen ameslay n tɛibṛanit nafec akk-​d umeslay n tyunanit bsiki bac a d-​hedṛen ɣef teṛwiḥt. Sin imeslayen-​a llan akteṛ n 800 tikkal di Tira Iqedsen. Di Ṭrejma n ddunit tajdiṭ (s tṛumit) ţwaṭerjmen-​d “taṛwiḥt”, ama deg wafir ama di tirawt. M’ara nnadi a nẓer amek i gessexdam Wedlis Iqedsen ameslay-​agi “taṛwiḥt” (neɣ  “tiṛwiḥin”), a naf belli yeɛna 1) lɛibad, 2) lḥiwan, 3) tudert n lɛebd neɣ tudert n lḥiwan. A nwali tura kra n yefyar akken a d-​nefk lemtul ɣef wayagi.

Lɛibad. “Di zzman n Nuḥ, [...] ţwasellken-[d] seg waman cwiṭ kan n yemdanen, yeɛni tmanya n teṛwiḥin.” (1 Buṭrus 3:20) Ɣef wakken i d-​iban, ameslay “tiṛwiḥin” yeɛna dagi lɛibad: Nuḥ, tameṭṭut-​is, tlata warraw-​is akk-​d tlawin-​nsen. Tuffɣa 16:16 ibder-​ed lumuṛ i d-​iţţunefken i wat Isṛayil ɣef wayen yeɛnan tamana. Yura: “Jemɛet-​ed seg-​s, [...] akken yella leḥsab n teṛwiḥin deg uqiḍun n mkul yiwen deg-​wen.” (Ṭrejma n ddunit tajdiṭ, s tṛumit) Ihi, mkul tawacult a d-​tejmeɛ si tmana lqider n leḥsab n iɛeggalen i tesɛa. Llan lemtul nniḍen deg Wedlis Iqedsen ideg ameslay “taṛwiḥt” (neɣ “tiṛwiḥin”) yeɛna yiwen neɣ kra n lɛibad: di Laṣel n ddunit 2:7; Lecɣal 27:37 (MN); Iṛumaniyen 13:1 (MN) akk-​d 2 Buṭrus 2:14.

Lḥiwan. Ɣef wayen yeɛnan taxelqit, Adlis Iqedsen yeḥka-​d: “Illu yenna: ‘Ad leɣɣun waman s lexliqat yeddren [tiṛwiḥin yeddren, MN]; a d-​ilin leḍyur ara yafgen nnig n lqaɛa, di liţţeɛ n igenni.’” Ṛebbi yenna-​d daɣen: “Lqaɛa a d-​tefk lexliqat yeddren [tiṛwiḥin yeddren, MN] akken yella ṣṣenf-​nsen, lmal, ibelḥekkac akw-​d lḥiwan iţeddun ɣef lqaɛa, mkul yiwen s ṣṣenf-​is.” (Laṣel n ddunit 1:20, 24) Deg yefyar-​agi, ameslay “tiṛwiḥin” yeɛna lḥut, lḥiwan n wexxam akk-​d lḥiwan n lɣaba. Ula d leḍyur akk-​d lḥiwan nniḍen ţţusemman “taṛwiḥt” (neɣ “tiṛwiḥin”) di Laṣel n ddunit 9:10 (MN); At Lewwi 24:18; Aneẓruf 31:28 (MN).

Tudert n lɛebd. Tikwal, ameslay “taṛwiḥt” yeɛna tudert n lɛebd. Yahwa yenna i Musa: “Imdanen meṛṛa yeţnadin ɣef teṛwiḥt-​ik, mmuten.” (Tuffɣa 4:19, Ṭrejma n ddunit tajdiṭ, s tṛumit) Acu i ţnadin yeɛdawen n Musa? Ţnadin a s-​kksen tudert-​is. Xilla n lweqt uqbel taqsiṭ-​agi, asmi i d-​turew Ṛaḥil mmi-​s Binyamin, “teffeɣ-​iţ teṛwiḥt (axaṭer temmut).” (Laṣel n ddunit 35:16-19, Ṭrejma n ddunit tajdiṭ, s taɛṛabt) Di teswiɛt-​nni, tṛuḥ-​as tudert i Ṛaḥil. Wali daɣen imeslayen-​agi n Ɛisa: “Nekk, d ameksa lɛali. Ameksa lɛali yeţţak tudert-​is [taṛwiḥt-​is, MN] ɣef wulli.” (Yuḥenna 10:11) Ɛisa yefka  taṛwiḥt-​is, yeɛni tudert-​is, ɣef yemdanen. Yeţban-​ed deg yefyar-​agi n Wedlis Iqedsen belli ameslay “taṛwiḥt” yeɛna tudert n lɛebd. Aţ-​ţafeḍ lemtul nniḍen n lmeɛna-​yagi i gesɛa umeslay “taṛwiḥt” deg Inezzurfa 9:17; Matta 16:26 akk-​d Yeɛqub 1:21.

Ma teţkemmileḍ taɣuri n Wawal n Ṛebbi, aţ-​ţafeḍ belli ulac anda i d-​yenna taṛwiḥt ur teţmeţţat ara, neɣ teţɛici i lebda. Tira Iqedsen qqarent-​ed belli taṛwiḥt teţmeţţat.—Ḥizqiyal 18:4, 20.

A nẓer tura amek i gessexdam Wedlis Iqedsen ameslay “ṛṛuḥ”. Kra ɣilen belli awal-​agi “ṛṛuḥ” d isem kan nniḍen n “teṛwiḥt”. Meɛna, mačči d ṣṣeḥ. Adlis Iqedsen ibeggen-​ed ɛinani belli imeslayen “ṛṛuḥ” akk-​d “teṛwiḥt” ɛnan snat n leḥwayeǧ yemxallafen. Deg wacu i mxallafen imeslayen-​agi?

Akken a d-​hedṛen ɣef “ṛṛuḥ”, imyura n Wedlis Iqedsen ssexdmen ameslay n tɛibṛanit ṛuwaḥ akk-​d umeslay n tyunanit bnefma. Tira Iqedsen ţţakent-​ed s yiman-​nsent lmeɛna n imeslayen-​agi. Di lemtel, Ahellil 104:29 yeqqar-​ed ɣef Yahwa: “Mi teddmeḍ ṛṛuḥ-​nsen [ṛuwaḥ], ad mmten, ad uɣalen s akal ansi i d-​kkan.” Yeɛqub 2:26 yeqqar-​ed belli “lǧeţţa mebla ṛṛuḥ [bnefma] temmut.” Deg yefyar-​agi, awal “ṛṛuḥ” d ayen i gessidiren lǧeţţa. Lǧeţţa m’ur tesɛi ara ṛṛuḥ temmut. Daymi, deg Wedlis Iqedsen, ameslay ṛuwaḥ ur yeţwaṭerjem ara kan “ṛṛuḥ”, lameɛna, yeţwaṭerjem daɣen “lqewwa”, yeɛni lqewwa yessidiren. Ɣef lemtel, di zzman n Nuḥ, Ṛebbi yenna-​d: “A d-​sseɣliɣ aḥemmal n waman ɣef lqaɛa, iwakken ad ssengreɣ [...] lexliqat meṛṛa ideg i tella lqewwa [ṛuwaḥ] n tudert.” (Laṣel n ddunit 6:17, Ṭrejma n ddunit tajdiṭ, s tṛumit) Ihi, “ṛṛuḥ” d lqewwa kan ur nezmir a nẓer i gesseddayen lexliqat akk yeddren.

Taṛwiḥt akk-​d ṛṛuḥ mxallafen. Lǧeţţa teḥwaǧ ṛṛuḥ am wakken i teḥwaǧ ṛṛadyu trisiti bac aţ-​ţelḥu. A nkemmel s lemtel-​agi: xemmem ɣer ṛṛadyu tamecṭuḥt. Ma txedmeḍ-​as iẓra (iblaḍen) n trisiti yerna tceɛleḍ-​ţ, trisiti yellan deg  yeẓra-​yagi a ţ-​tesselḥu, amzun tefka-​yas tudert. Mebla iẓra n trisiti, ṛṛadyu-​yagi temmut. Akken tebɣu tili ṛṛadyu, ma yella nekkes-​as trisiti aţ-​ţemmet. Kifkif daɣen, ṛṛuḥ d lqewwa i gessidiren lǧeţţa-​nneɣ. Ṛṛuḥ ur iţḥussu ur yeţxemmim, am trisiti. D lqewwa kan i gella. Meɛna, akken i t-​id-​issefhem bab n Uhellil, mebla ṛṛuḥ, lǧeţţat-​nneɣ ‘ad mmtent, ad uɣalent s akal ansi i d-​kkant.’

Deg wayen yeɛnan lmut n wemdan, atan d acu i nezmer a nɣer deg Umusnaw 12:7: “Akal [n lǧeţţa-​s] ad yuɣal s akal ansi i d-​ikka, ṛṛuḥ ad yuɣal ɣer Yillu i t-​id-​ifkan.” Lǧeţţa, m’ara ţ-​yeffeɣ ṛṛuḥ, yeɛni lqewwa yessidiren, aţ-​ţemmet w’aţ-​ţuɣal ɣer wansi i d-​tekka: ɣer wakal. Akken daɣen, lqewwa yessidiren teţţuɣal ɣer wansi i d-​tusa, yeɛni ɣer Ṛebbi. (Yub 34:14, 15; Ahellil 36:10) Lameɛna, ur ilaq ara a d-​nefhem seg waya belli lqewwa-​yagi yessidiren teţṛuḥu s ṣṣeḥ s igenni. A d-​nefhem kan belli, asirem n tudert ɣer zdat i win yemmuten, yella ɣer Yahwa Ṛebbi. Amzun akken tudert-​is aţţan ger ifassen n Ṛebbi. Ḥaca s tezmert n Ṛebbi ara s d-​yeqqel ṛṛuḥ, yeɛni lqewwa yessidiren, bac a d-​yuɣal ɣer tudert.

D ayen yesseǧhaden imi neɛlem belli akka swaswa ara yexdem Ṛebbi i wid meṛṛa yellan deg “iẓekwan”! (Yuḥenna 5:28, 29) Asm’ara d-​yeḥyu Yahwa wid yeṭṭṣen di lmut, a sen-​d-​yexleq lǧeţţat tijdidin. Bac ad yefk tudert i lǧeţţat-​agi, ad yerr deg-​sent ṛṛuḥ, yeɛni lqewwa yessidiren. Acḥal ara yili lfeṛḥ di lweqt-​nni!

Ma tebɣiḍ aţ-​ţissineḍ akteṛ ɣef wamek i gessexdam Wedlis Iqedsen imeslayen “taṛwiḥt” akk-​d “ṛṛuḥ”, ẓer d acu i d-​tessefham treẓẓit yeţţusemman Que devient-​on quand on meurt ? Muqel daɣen isebtar 27-32 akk-​d 135-140 n tektabt Comment raisonner à partir des Écritures. D Inagan n Yahwa i tent-​id-​issufɣen i snat.