kēlvi 1
uyir eppadi thōndriyadhu?
nīngal sirupillaiyaaga irundhapōdhu ungaludaiya appaa ammaavidam, “kulandhai eppadi pirakkiradhu” endru kēttu avargalai viyappadaiya vaitthirukkirīrgalaa? appōdhu, avargal eppadi pradhibalitthaargal? ungaludaiya vayadhai manadhil vaitthu alladhu avargaludaiya subaavatthai porutthu, avargal oruvēlai badhil sollaamal maluppiyirukkalaam; alladhu, appōdhaikku ēdhōvoru badhilai solli samaalitthirukkalaam, alladhu ēdhaavadhu kadhai solliyirukkalaam. aanaal, adhellaam poi endru pirpaadu ungalukku theriya vandhirukkalaam. irundhaalum, kulandhaigal valarndhu, kalyaanam seidhukolvadharku munbu endraavadhu orunaal kulandhai pirappai patri therindhukolvadhu avasiyam.
kulandhai eppadi pirakkiradhu endra kēlvikku badhil solla petrōr palar thayanguvadhai pōlavē, ‘uyir eppadi vandhadhu?’ endra miga adippadai kēlvikku badhilalikka vinnyaanigal silarum thayanguvadhaaga therigiradhu. aanaal, indha kēlvikku thagundha badhil mukkiyam, ēnendraal uyirai patriya oruvarudaiya kannōttatthaiyē adhu maatralaam. appadiyaanaal, uyir eppadi thōndriyadhu?
karuvutra manidha uyiranu, sumaar 800 madangu peridhaakkappattulladhu
vinnyaanigal palar enna solgiraargal? kōdaanukōdi aandugalukku munbu, alai ētratthaal nirambi valindha palangaala kulatthin ōratthil, alladhu kadalin aalatthil, uyir thōndriyadhena parinaamatthai nambugira palar kūrugiraargal. idhupōndra ōr idatthil, nīrkkumiligal vadivil rasaayanangal thaanaagavē ondrinaindhu sikkalaana mūlakkūrugalai undaakkina, pinbu avai panmadangil perugina endru avargal ninaikkiraargal. indha “saadhaarana” mūla selgalilirundhē (ondru alladhu adharku mērpatta selgalilirundhē) būmiyilulla anaitthu uyirinangalum tharcheyalaai thōndriyadhaaga avargal nambugiraargal.
aanaal, parinaamatthai nambugira vērusila prabala vinnyaanigalō idhai otthukkolvadhillai. mudhal selgalō avatrin mukkiya kūttupporutkalō vinveliyilirundhu būmikku vandhirukkalaam ena avargal ūgikkiraargal. ēn? evvalavudhaan muyarchi seidhaalum uyiratra mūlakkūrugalilirundhu uyir tharcheyalaai uruvaaga mudiyum enbadhai avargalaal nirūbikka mudiyavillai. uyir eppadi thōndriyadhu enbadhan pēril nilavum indha kulappatthai 2008-il uyiriyal pēraasiriyar aleksaandrē meinas edutthukkaattinaar. kadandha 50 aandugalukkum mēlaaga “seiyappatta parisōdhanaigalil, mūlakkūru kalavaiyilirundhu būmiyil uyir thaanaagavē thōndriyadhu endra ūgatthai nirūbippadharku endha atthaatchiyum kidaikkavillai; ariviyalil ērpattulla viyatthagu valarchiyumkūda indha mudivukku valinadatthuvadhillai”1 ena andha pēraasiriyar kurippittaar.
atthaatchi enna kaattugiradhu? kulandhai eppadi pirakkiradhu endra kēlvikkaana badhil sarchaikku idamindri thelivaaga nirūbikkappattulladhu. ērkenavē irukkum ōr uyirilirundhudhaan matroru uyir thōndra mudiyum. appadiyirukkumpōdhu, kōdikkanakkaana aandugalukku munbu mattum indha adippadai vidhi maariyirukkumaa? uyiratra rasaayanangalilirundhu uyir thaanaagavē thōndra mudiyumaa? appadi nigalvadharku ēdhaavadhu vaaippu irukkiradhaa?
oru sel uyirvaala kuraindhadhu mūndru sikkalaana mūlakkūrugal orunginaindhu seyalpada vēndum, adhaavadhu DNA (tiaaksi raibō niyūklik amilam), RNA (raibō niyūklik amilam) matrum prōttīngal (puradhangal) orunginaindhu seyalpada vēndum, enbadhai aaraaichiyaalargal kandupiditthirukkiraargal. uyiratra rasaayana kalavaiyilirundhu mulu valarchipetra uyir sel tharcheyalaai thōndriyadhu ena indrulla anēga vinnyaanigal solla maattaargal. appadiyendraal, RNA alladhu prōttīngal tharcheyalaaga thōndruvadharku ēdhaavadhu vaaippu irukkiradhaa? *
staanli millar, 1953
uyir tharcheyalaaga thōndriyirukkalaam endru anēga vinnyaanigal nambuvadharku kaaranam 1953-il seiyappatta oru sōdhanaiyē. andha varudatthil staanli el. millar sila aminō amilangalai, adhaavadhu prōttīngalai uruvaakkuvadharku thēvaiyaana adippadai rasaayana kūrugalai, undaakkinaar. palangaalatthil būmiyin vinveliyil irundhadhaaga ūgikkappatta vaayu kalavaikkul minsaaratthai selutthi ivatrai undaakkinaar. adhan piragu aminō amilangal vinkal ondril iruppadhaagavum kandupidikkappattana. indha kandupidippugalai vaitthu uyirin ellaa adippadai kūrugalum sulabamaayum tharcheyalaayum vandhirukkum endru sollivida mudiyumaa?
niyu yaark palgalaikkalagatthai sērndha raabart shappairō endra ōivupetra vēdhiyiyal pēraasiriyar kūruvadhaavadhu: “millar seidhadhai pōndra parisōdhanaigalin mūlam uyirin ellaa adippadai kūrugalaiyum undaakka mudiyum... avai vinkarkalilum irukkindrana... endru sila elutthaalargal ninaitthukkondaargal. aanaal, idhu unmai illai.”2 *
ippōdhu RNA mūlakkūrai edutthukkollungal. adhu niyūkliyōtaidugal ena alaikkappadum sirusiru mūlakkūrugalaal aanadhu. indha niyūkliyōtaidu aminō amilatthilirundhu maarupatta oru mūlakkūru, adhēsamayatthil adhaivida satrē sikkalaanadhu. “endha vagai niyūkliyōtaidugalum minsaaratthai selutthiyadhan mūlam aaivukkūdatthil undaakkappattadhaagavō vinkarkalil irundhadhaagavō idhuvarai arikkai seiyappadavillai”3 endru shappairō solgiraar. * adhōdu, thannaiyē irattippaakkum RNA mūlakkūru adippadai rasaayana kūrugal niraindha oru kulatthilirundhu edhēchaiyaaga undaavadharkaana vaaippu “vegu vegu aridhu; appadiyē indha prabanjatthil thappitthavari undaanaalkūda adhu ēdhō adhirshtavasamaanadhu endrē solla vēndum”4 endru shappairō mēlum kūrugiraar.
prōttīngal uruvaaga RNA (1) thēvai, adhēsamayam RNA uruvaavadharku prōttīngal (2) thēvai. avatril ondrukūda tharcheyalaaga uruvaaga vaaippillaadhapōdhu avai irandum eppadi tharcheyalaaga uruvaaga mudiyum? raibōsōmgalai (3) patri 2-aam paagam alasum.
prōttīn mūlakkūrugalai patri enna sollalaam? aminō amilangalai miga thulliyamaana varisai gramatthil ondrinaippadhan mūlam prōttīn mūlakkūrugalai undaakka mudiyum; idharku kuraindhabatcham 50 aminō amilangalilirundhu adhigabatcham pallaayiram aminō amilangalvarai thēvaippadum. oru “saadhaarana” sellil ulla saraasari prōttīnil 200 aminō amilangal ullana. atthagaiya selgalilkūda prōttīngal aayirakkanakkaana vagaiyil irukkindrana. 100 aminō amilangalai konda orēvoru prōttīnkūda edhēchaiyaaga indha būmiyil uruvaavadharku kōdi... kōdi... vaaippugalil oru vaaippukkūda aridhudhaan.
ōr aaivukkūdatthil sikkalaana mūlakkūrugalai uruvaakka thirambatta oru vinnyaani thēvai endraal, sellilulla miga miga sikkalaana mūlakkūrugal mattum thaanaaga thōndriyirukka mudiyumaa?
parinaamatthai aadharikkira hūbart pi. yaakki endra aaraaichiyaalar innum orupadi mēlē sendru ivvaaru solgiraar: “‘mudhanmudhalil prōttīn uruvaanadhu,’ pinbu adhilirundhu uyir thōndriyadhu endru sollavē mudiyaadhu.”5 ēnendraal, prōttīngal uruvaavadharku RNA thēvai; adhēsamayatthil RNA uruvaavadharku prōttīngal thēvai. appadiyendraal, prōttīngalum RNA mūlakkūrugalum orē idatthil, orē samayatthil tharcheyalaai thōndra mudiyumaa? adhuvum appadi nadappadharku konjamkūda saatthiyam illaadhapōdhu avvaaru thōndra mudiyumaa? oruvēlai appadiyē thōndriyirundhaalum, andha mūlakkūrugal orunginaindhu seyalpattu ōr uyiriyai uruvaakka mudiyumaa? adhuvum thannaiyē irattippaakkugira... edhanmīdhum saarndhiraamal thaanaagavē vaalgira... ōr uyiriyai uruvaakka mudiyumaa? “ippadi tharcheyalaaga nigalvadharkaana vaaippu (adhaavadhu, prōttīngalum RNA-vum thaanaagavē orunginaindhu seyalpaduvadharkaana vaaippu) miga miga kuraivu” ena ‘naasaa’-vin vinnuyiriyal (Astrobiology) thuraiyai sērndha daaktar kēral kilelantu solgiraar. * avar thodarndhu solvadhaavadhu: “būmiyil palamperum kaalatthil prōttīngal alladhu RNA eppadi thaanaagavē uruvaayina enbadhai purindhukondaal pōdhum, avai orunginaindhu seyalpattirukkum vidhatthai kuritthu kavalaippada vēndiyadhillai, adhu eppadiyō tharcheyalaaga nadandhirukkum endru aaraaichiyaalargal palar ninaikkiraargal.” uyirin indha adippadai kūrugal thaanaaga vandhirukkalaam endra tharpōdhaiya kōtpaadugalai kuritthu kēral solgiraar: “idhellaam eppadi nadandhadhu enbadharku andha kōtpaadugal edhuvumē thirupthiyaana vilakkam alikkavillai.”6
ōr aaivukkūdatthil sikkalaana mūlakkūrugalai uruvaakka thirambatta oru vinnyaani thēvai endraal, sellilulla miga miga sikkalaana mūlakkūrugal mattum thaanaaga thōndriyirukka mudiyumaa?
indha unmaigal ēn mukkiyam? uyir tharcheyalaai thōndriyadhena nambugira aaraaichiyaalargal edhirppadum savaalai satru ennippaarungal. uyir selgalil kaanappadum aminō amilangal silavatrai avargal kandupiditthirukkiraargal. gavanamaai thittamittu olungamaippudan seiyappatta parisōdhanaigalilirundhu avatraivida sikkalaana matra mūlakkūrugalai avargal aaivukkūdangalil undaakkiyirukkiraargal. idhēpōl, oru “saadhaarana” sellai uruvaakkuvadharku thēvaiyaana matrellaa paagangalaiyum thayaaritthuvidalaam ena avargal nambugiraargal. ivargaludaiya nilaimaiyai pinvarum vinnyaanikku oppidalaam: ivar iyarkaiyil kidaikkira thanimangalai stīl, plaastik, silikkaan, vayar pōndra porulgalaaga maatrugiraar; pinnar adhai vaitthu oru rōbōttai undaakkugiraar. pinbu, andha rōbōt thannai pōlavē pala rōbōttugalai uruvaakkum vidhatthil andha vinnyaani adhai prōgraam seigiraar. appadi seivadhan mūlam avar edhai nirūbikkiraar? butthikkūrmaiyulla oruvaraaldhaan malaikkavaikkum ōr iyandhiratthai uruvaakka mudiyum enbadhaiyē nirūbikkiraar!
appadiyē oruvēlai vinnyaanigal oru sellai undaakkinaalkūda, unmaiyilēyē adhu oru saadhanaiyaagatthaan irukkum, aanaal andha sel tharcheyalaai thōndra mudiyumena avargalaal nirūbikka mudiyumaa? avargal edhai nirūbikka vēndum endru ninaikkiraargalō adharku mutrilum nērmaaraana ondraiyē nirūbippaargal, allavaa?
nīngal enna ninaikkirīrgal? uyir ērkenavē irukkum ōr uyirilirundhudhaan thōndra mudiyum enbadhaiyē idhuvarai kidaitthulla vinnyaanappūrva atthaatchigal anaitthum suttikkaattugindrana. “saadhaarana” selkūda uyiratra rasaayanangalilirundhu tharcheyalaai thōndriyadhena oruvar nambuvadharku asaatthiya nambikkai vēndum.
unmaigalai alasippaarttha pinbum, uyiratra rasaayanangalilirundhu “saadhaarana” sel thōndriyadhu enbadhai namba nīngal thayaaraai irukkirīrgalaa? indha kēlvikku badhil solvadharku munbu, sel vadivamaikkappattulla vidhatthai unnippaai gavaniyungal. appadi unnippaai paarkkumpōdhu, uyir engirundhu thōndriyadhu enbadhai kuritthu vinnyaanigal silar karpikkira kōtpaadugal nyaayamaaga irukkindranavaa alladhu kulandhaigal eppadi pirakkiraargal enbadharku petrōrgal silar solgira kadhaigal pōl irukkindranavaa enbadhai purindhukolvīrgal.
^ DNA thaanaagavē thōndruvadharku vaaippugal irukkindranavaa enbadhai patri “kattalaigal engirundhu vandhana?” endra 3-aam paagatthil sindhikkappadum.
^ uyir padaikkappattadhu endru pēraasiriyar shappairō nambuvadhillai. idhuvarai mulumaiyaaga purindhukollappadaadha ēdhōvoru vidhatthil uyir tharcheyalaaga thōndriyadhu endrē avar nambugiraar.
^ 2009-il, ingilaandhil, maanchestar palgalaikkalagatthai sērndha vinnyaanigal niyūkliyōtaidugal silavatrai aaivukkūdatthil uruvaakkiyadhaaga therivitthaargal. endraalum, shappairō enna solgiraar endraal, “RNA-vin ulagatthirkul sella naan vagutthirukkum alavugōlai [avargaludaiya parisōdhanai murai] thuliyum ettuvadhillai.”
^ uyir padaikkappattadhu endru daaktar kilelantu nambuvadhillai. idhuvarai mulumaiyaaga purindhukollappadaadha ēdhōvoru vidhatthil uyir tharcheyalaaga thōndriyadhu endrē nambugiraar.
