Abahasimonayo n’umurage basize

IGIHE Yesu yari ku isi, idini rya Kiyahudi ryari ryariciyemo ibice byinshi, byose bihatanira kugira imbaraga nyinshi muri rubanda. Iyo ni yo mimerere igaragazwa mu nkuru z’Amavanjiri kimwe no mu nyandiko z’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuyahudi witwaga Josèphe wabayeho mu kinyejana cya mbere.

Abafarisayo n’Abasadukayo bagaragara ko ari bo bari bafite imbaraga cyane, bakaba bari bafite ubwiganze muri rubanda kugeza ndetse n’aho banze kwemera ko Yesu ari we Mesiya (Matayo 15:1, 2; 16:1; Yohana 11:47, 48; 12:42, 43). Ariko kandi, nta na hamwe ibyo bice byombi byari bifite imbaraga bivugwa mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo.

Josèphe yabanje kuvuga iby’Abasadukayo n’Abafarisayo bo mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C. Muri icyo gihe, Abayahudi benshi barimo bagushwa n’amareshyo ya Hellénisme, ni ukuvuga umuco na filozofiya bya Kigiriki. Umwuka wo guhangana wari hagati y’umuco wa Kigiriki n’uwa Kiyahudi wageze ku isonga igihe abategetsi b’Abaselewuside bahumanyaga urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu, bakarwegurira Zewu. Umuyobozi w’Umuyahudi w’umunyambaraga witwaga Yuda Makabe, wakomokaga mu muryango uzwi ku izina ry’Abahasimonayo, yayoboye umutwe w’ingabo zigometse zikabohoza urusengero mu maboko y’Abagiriki. *

Imyaka yahise ikurikira ukwivumbura kw’Abamakabe no gutsinda kwabo yaranzwe n’imyifatire yo gushinga udutsiko dushingiye ku bitekerezo byari bihanganye, buri gatsiko kagahangana n’utundi kugira ngo kabone abayoboke benshi mu miryango y’Abayahudi. Ariko se, kuki haje kubaho iyo myifatire? Kuki idini rya Kiyahudi ryiciyemo ibice cyane? Kugira ngo dusubize ibyo bibazo, nimucyo dusuzume amateka y’Abahasimonayo.

Ubwigenge n’Amacakubiri Byiyongera

Yuda Makabe amaze kugera ku ntego ye yo mu rwego rw’idini yo kugarura ugusenga mu rusengero rwa Yehova, yabaye umunyapolitiki. Ku bw’ibyo, Abayahudi benshi baretse kumukurikira. Icyakora, yakomeje kurwanya abategetsi b’Abaselewuside, agirana amasezerano n’Abaroma, kandi ashaka uko yashyiraho Leta yigenga y’Abayahudi. Nyuma y’aho Yuda agwiriye mu ntambara, murumuna we Yonatani na mukuru we Simoni bakomeje imirwano. Mu mizo ya mbere abategetsi b’Abaselewuside barwanyije Abamakabe bivuye inyuma. Ariko nyuma y’igihe runaka, abo bategetsi bemereye abo bavandimwe b’Abahasimonayo ubwigenge bucagase biturutse ku mpamvu za politiki.

N’ubwo Abahasimonayo bakomokaga mu muryango w’abatambyi, nta Muhasimonayo wari warigeze aba umutambyi mukuru. Abayahudi benshi bumvaga ko uwo mwanya wagombaga guhabwa umutambyi wakomokaga kwa Sadoki, uwo Salomo yari yarashyizeho kugira ngo abe umutambyi mukuru (1 Abami 2:35; Ezekiyeli 43:19). Yonatani yakoresheje intambara n’amayeri kugira  ngo yemeze Abaselewuside ko bagomba kumushyiraho ngo abe umutambyi mukuru. Ariko kandi, Yonatani amaze gupfa, mukuru we Simoni yageze ku bindi byinshi. Muri Nzeri 140 M.I.C., iteka rikomeye ryatanzwe i Yerusalemu, ryanditswe ku bipande by’ifeza mu buryo bw’umwandiko wa Kigiriki: rikaba ryaragiraga riti ‘umwami Demetiriyo [akaba yari umutegetsi w’Umugiriki w’Umuselewuside] akomereza [Simoni] mu murimo w’ubuherezabitambo bukuru, amushyira mu ncuti ze kandi amuha icyubahiro kitagereranywa. . . . Abayahudi n’abaherezabitambo basanga ari byiza ko Simoni agirwa umutware n’umuherezabitambo iteka ryose kugeza habonetse umuhanuzi ubikwiriye.’—1 Abamakabe 14:38-41 (igitabo cy’amateka kiboneka muri bya bitabo bitari ku rutonde rwemewe rwa Bibiliya).

Nguko uko umwanya wa Simoni wo kuba umutware n’umutambyi mukuru—we n’abamukomotseho—utemejwe n’abategetsi b’Abaselewuside gusa, ahubwo wanemejwe n’ “Ikoraniro Ryose” ry’ubwoko bwe. Ibyo byaranze igihe cy’ihinduka rikomeye. Nk’uko umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Emil Schürer abivuga, igihe Abahasimonayo bari bamaze gushinga ingoma ishingiye kuri politiki, “ntibari bagihangayikishijwe mbere na mbere n’ukuntu basohoza ibivugwa muri Tora [Amategeko y’Abayahudi], ahubwo bari bahangayikishijwe n’ukuntu bakwagura ububasha bwabo bwa politiki.” Icyakora, kubera ko Simoni yitondaga kugira ngo adakomeretsa ibyiyumvo by’Abayahudi, yiyitaga “umuyobozi w’abaturage” aho kwitwa “umwami.”

Icyakora, si ko bose bari bashimishijwe n’uko Abahasimonayo bibye ubutegetsi bwo mu rwego rw’idini na politiki. Dukurikije uko intiti nyinshi zibivuga, muri icyo gihe ni bwo i Qumran hatuwe. Umutambyi wo mu muryango wa Sadoki, batekereza ko ari we inyandiko z’i Qumran zerekezaho zimwita “Umwigisha wo Gukiranuka,” yavuye i Yerusalemu maze ayobora itsinda ryarwanyaga ubutegetsi mu Butayu bw’i Yudaya bwegeranye n’Inyanja y’Umunyu. Umwe mu Mizingo yavumbuwe ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, ukaba utanga ibisobanuro ku gitabo cya Habakuki, uciraho iteka “Umutambyi Mubi wabanje kwitwa uw’ukuri agitangira, ariko igihe yari amaze gutegeka Isirayeli umutima we ugatangira kwishyira hejuru.” Intiti nyinshi zitekereza ko Yonatani cyangwa Simoni, umwe muri bo ashobora kuba ari we uvugwaho ko yari “Umutambyi Mubi” wategekaga.

Simoni yakomeje ibikorwa bye bya gisirikare kugira ngo yagure akarere yategekaga. Icyakora, ubutegetsi bwe bwaje kurangira mu buryo butunguranye igihe umukwe we Ptolémée yamwiciraga hamwe n’abahungu be babiri ubwo bari mu birori hafi y’i Yeriko. Umugambi wa Ptolémée wo kwigarurira ubutegetsi warapfubye. Jean Hyrcan, akaba ari umuhungu wa Simoni wari usigaye, yaburiwe ko hari abashakaga kumwica. Yafashe abashoboraga kumwica, maze azungura ubutware n’ubutambyi bukuru bya se.

Bakomeza Kwaguka no Gukandamiza

Mu mizo ya mbere, Jean Hyrcan yari yugarijwe bikomeye n’ingabo z’i Siriya, ariko nyuma y’aho mu mwaka wa 129 M.I.C., ingoma y’Abaselewuside yatsinzwe urugamba rukomeye yarwanye n’Abapariti. Ku birebana n’ingaruka iyo ntambara yagize ku Baselewuside, intiti y’Umuyahudi yitwa Menahem Stern yanditse igira iti “gahunda y’ubwami yose uko yakabaye yarasenyutse hafi burundu.” Muri ubwo buryo, Hyrcan “yashoboye kongera kubona ubwigenge bwa Yudaya busesuye mu bya politiki no gutangira kwagura ubwami bwe mu mpande zose.” Kandi koko yarabwaguye.

Noneho ubwo Hyrcan atari agihangayikishijwe n’igitero cya Siriya, yatangiye kwigarurira uturere tutari utwa Yudaya, aradutegeka. Abaturage bo muri utwo turere bagombaga guhindukirira idini rya Kiyahudi, bitaba ibyo imidugudu yabo igasakizwa. Kimwe mu bitero nk’ibyo cyagabwe ku baturage bo muri Idumaya (Abedomu). Ku birebana n’icyo gitero, Stern yagize ati “uburyo abaturage bo muri Idumaya bahindutsemo byari ibintu bidasanzwe, kubera ko ubwo bwoko bwose bwahindutse aho kuba abantu bake ku giti cyabo.” Mu tundi turere yigaruriye harimo Samariya, aho Hyrcan yashenye urusengero rw’Abasamariya rwari rwubatse ku Musozi Gerizimu. Mu kugaragaza ibintu bidahuye byari muri politiki y’ingoma y’Abahasimonayo yo guhindura abantu ku gahato, umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Solomon Grayzel yaranditse ati “umwuzukuru wa Matatiyasi [se wa Yuda Makabe] yari arimo arenga ku ihame rikomeye ry’umudendezo wo mu by’idini—ihame abo mu bihe byamubanjirije bari bararwaniriye bakomeje.”

Abafarisayo n’Abasadukayo Baduka

Mu gihe Josèphe yandikaga ibyerekeranye n’ingoma ya Hyrcan, ni bwo yavuze ku ncuro ya mbere ukuntu Abafarisayo n’Abasadukayo bagendaga  barushaho gukomera. (Josèphe yari yaravuze iby’Abafarisayo babayeho mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Yonatani.) Ntavuga aho bakomotse. Intiti zimwe na zimwe zibona ko ari itsinda ryaturutse ku Bahasidimu, agatsiko kibandaga ku by’idini cyane kashyigikiye Yuda Makabe mu ntego ze zo mu rwego rw’idini, ariko kakaza kumwipakurura igihe yerekezaga ibyifuzo bye kuri politiki.

Izina Abafarisayo muri rusange rifitanye isano n’igicumbi cy’ijambo ry’Igiheburayo risobanurwa ngo “abitandukanyije,” n’ubwo hari bamwe babona rifitanye isano n’ijambo “umusemuzi.” Abafarisayo bari intiti zikomoka muri rubanda rwa giseseka, badafite igisekuru cyihariye. Bitandukanyaga n’uguhumana kuvugwa mu migenzo binyuriye kuri filozofiya yo kubaha Imana mu buryo bwihariye, amategeko y’urusengero arebana no kwera kw’abatambyi bakayahuza n’imimerere isanzwe y’ubuzima bwa buri munsi. Abafarisayo bashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo gusobanura Ibyanditswe, bahimba n’igitekerezo gishya nyuma y’aho cyaje kwitwa amategeko atanditse. Ku ngoma ya Simoni bagize imbaraga nyinshi kurushaho igihe bamwe muri bo bashyirwaga muri gérousia (inama y’abakuru), nyuma y’aho ikaba yaraje kwitwa Sanhedrin (Urukiko rukuru rwa Kiyahudi).

Josèphe avuga ko Jean Hyrcan yabanje kuba umwigishwa w’Abafarisayo kandi ko yabashyigikiraga. Ariko kandi, byageze aho Abafarisayo baramucyaha kubera ko yanze kurekura umwanya w’ubutambyi bukuru. Ibyo byatumye umubano wabo uzamo igitotsi gikomeye. Hyrcan yashyizeho iteka ribuzanya imihango y’idini y’Abafarisayo. Kugira ngo abahane kurushaho, yagiye ku ruhande rw’abanzi bo mu rwego rw’idini b’Abafarisayo, ari bo Basadukayo.

Izina Abasadukayo rishobora kuba rifitanye isano n’Umutambyi Mukuru Sadoki, abamukomotseho bakaba barakoze umurimo w’ubutambyi uhereye mu gihe cya Salomo. Ariko kandi, si ko Abasadukayo bose bamukomokagaho. Dukurikije uko Josèphe yabivuze, Abasadukayo bari abantu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi bakize mu ishyanga ryabo, kandi ntibari bashyigikiwe na rubanda. Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza witwa Schiffman yagize ati “benshi muri bo . . . uko bigaragara bari abatambyi cyangwa abantu bari barashyingiranye n’imiryango y’abatambyi bakuru.” Muri ubwo buryo, bari bamaze igihe kirekire bafitanye amasano n’abantu bafite ubutegetsi. Ku bw’ibyo, kuba Abafarisayo bararushagaho kugira uruhare mu mibereho ya rubanda, hamwe n’igitekerezo cy’Abafarisayo cyo kugeza ukwera nk’ukw’abatambyi ku bantu bose, byabonwaga nk’aho ari akaga kashoboraga konona ubutware Abasadukayo bari basanganywe mu bantu. Noneho, mu myaka ya nyuma y’ingoma ya Hyrcan, Abasadukayo bongeye kugira ijambo.

Bakajije Umurego mu bya Politiki, Badohoka mu by’Idini

Umuhungu w’imfura wa Hyrcan witwaga Aristobule, yamaze ku ngoma umwaka umwe gusa arapfa. Yakomeje politiki yo guhindura abantu ku gahato, ahindura abaturage b’i Turaya, kandi yigarurira Galilaya ya ruguru itangira gutegekwa n’Abahasimonayo. Ariko kandi, ku ngoma ya murumuna we Alexandre Jannée, wategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 103 kugeza mu wa 76 M.I.C., ni bwo ingoma y’Abahasimonayo yari imaze guhama.

Alexandre Jannée yanze ya politiki ya mbere, maze atangaza  yeruye ko ari umutambyi mukuru akaba n’umwami. Ubushyamirane hagati y’Abahasimonayo n’Abafarisayo bwakajije umurego, ndetse butuma haba intambara yahitanye Abayahudi 50.000. Abari bigometse bamaze gucogozwa, mu gikorwa kitwibutsa abami b’abapagani, Jannée yafashe abantu 800 bari baramwigometseho arabamanika. Mu gihe bari barimo basamba, abagore babo n’abana babo biciwe imbere yabo, ubwo Jannée we yari mu birori ku karubanda hamwe n’inshoreke ze. *

N’ubwo Jannée yangaga Abafarisayo, yari umunyapolitiki kabuhariwe. Yabonye ko Abafarisayo bagendaga barushaho gushyigikirwa na rubanda. Igihe yendaga gupfa, yahaye umugore we Salome Alexandra amabwiriza yo kuzategekana n’Abafarisayo. Jannée yari yaramuhisemo ngo amuzungure mu bwami bwe aho guhitamo abahungu be. Yagaragaje ko yari umutegetsi ushoboye, atuma igihugu cye kiba mu gihe cy’amahoro kurusha ibindi byose byabayeho mu butegetsi bw’Abahasimonayo (76-67 M.I.C.). Abafarisayo bashubijwe mu myanya y’ubutegetsi, kandi amategeko yabuzanyaga imihango yabo y’idini araseswa.

Igihe Salome yapfaga, abahungu be Hyrcan wa II, wari warabaye umutambyi mukuru, na Aristobule wa II, batangiye kurwanira ubutegetsi. Bombi ntibari bafite ubushishozi mu bya politiki no mu bya gisirikare nka ba sekuruza babo, kandi birasa n’aho batari basobanukiwe mu buryo bwuzuye impamvu Abaroma bakomezaga kugenda baba benshi muri ako karere nyuma y’aho ubwami bw’Abaselewuside busenyukiye burundu. Mu mwaka wa 63 M.I.C., abo bavandimwe bombi bisunze umutegetsi w’Umuroma witwaga Pompée igihe yari i Damasiko maze bamusaba ko yabunga mu mpaka zabo. Muri uwo mwaka, Pompée n’ingabo ze bateye i Yerusalemu barayigarurira. Ubwami bw’Abahasimonayo bwari butangiye kugenda bugana ku iherezo. Mu mwaka wa 37 M.I.C., Yerusalemu yafashwe n’Umwami Herode Mukuru wo mu Idumaya, uwo Inama Nkuru y’Abaroma yari yemeye ko aba “Umwami wa Yudaya,” “wari ufatanyije n’Abaroma akaba n’incuti yabo.” Ubwami bw’Abahasimonayo ntibwari bukiriho.

Umurage Abahasimonayo Basize

Igihe cy’Abahasimonayo, guhera kuri Yuda Makabe kugeza kuri Aristobule wa II, cyashyizeho urufatiro rw’imimerere yo kwicamo ibice mu by’idini, imimerere yari iriho igihe Yesu yari ku isi. Abahasimonayo batangiye bafitiye ishyaka gahunda yo kuyoboka Imana, ariko iryo shyaka ryaratandukiriye rihinduka iryo gushaka inyungu zishingiye ku bwikunde hakoreshejwe urugomo. Abatambyi babo, bari bafite uburyo bwo guhuriza hamwe abaturage kugira ngo bakurikize Amategeko y’Imana, bayoboye ishyanga barigusha mu rwobo rw’intambara za politiki z’urudaca. Muri iyo mimerere, ibitekerezo byo mu rwego rw’idini bitera kwirema ibice byarasagambye. Abahasimonayo ntibari bakiriho, ariko intambara yo gushaka ubwiganze mu by’idini hagati y’Abasadukayo, Abafarisayo n’abandi ishobora kuba yararangwaga mu gihugu cyategekwaga na Herode hamwe n’Abaroma.

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(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Ingoma y’Abahasimonayo

Yuda Makabe

Yonatani Makabe

Simoni Makabe

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Jean Hyrcan

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Salome Alexandra — yashyingiranywe na — Alexandre Jannée Aristobule

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Hyrcan wa II

Aristobule wa II

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Yuda Makabe yashakiye Abayahudi ubwigenge

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Mu gihe Abahasimonayo barwaniraga kwagura ubutegetsi bwabo mu mijyi itari iy’Abayahudi

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.