Abanabatisite bari bande?

ABANTU bagendeye ari bwo bwa mbere igisagara ca Münster i Westphalia mu Budagi, barakunda guhagarara kugira bitegereze amasandugu atatu y’ivyuma yenetse ku munara w’urusengero. Uretse ko hagiye haraca ibihe bitoyi atahari, ayo masandugu aramaze hafi imyaka 500 ari aho hantu. Mu ntango yarimwo ibiziga vy’abagabo batatu basinzikarijwe ubuzima ku mugaragaro bongera baragandagurwa. Abo bagabo bari abanabatisite, kandi ayo masandugu ni ibisigarira vy’ubwami bwabo.

None abanabatisite bari bande? Uwo mugwi watanguye gute? Inyigisho zawo z’ishimikiro zari izihe? Ni kubera iki abo bagabo bishwe? Vyongeye, ayo masandugu atatu afitaniye isano gute n’ubwami?

Gutunganya busha idini, ariko gute?

Mu mpera y’ikinjana ca 15 no mu ntango y’ica 16, ivyo kunegura Ekeleziya gatolika ya Roma be n’abakuru b’idini vyarongerekanye. Ukwononekara be n’ubushegabo vyarakwiragiye mw’idini; ku bw’ivyo vyatumye benshi bumva ko hari ibintu vyinshi bikeneye guhindurwa. Mu 1517, Martin Luther yarasavye ku mugaragaro ko ibintu bitunganywa busha, kandi kubera yuko abandi babigiyemwo, ugutunganya ibintu busha kw’abaporotisanti ntikwatevye gutangura.

Ariko ntiwumve, abo bene kurondera gutunganya ibintu busha ntibahuza ku bijanye n’ivyari bikwiye gukorwa canke urugero ayo mahinduka yari akwiye gushikako. Benshi baremera yuko ukwumira kuri Bibiliya bikenewe mu bijanye no gusenga. Yamara, abo barondera gutunganya ibintu busha ntibashoboye no kwumvikana ku kuntu bosigura kumwe inyigisho za Bibiliya. Bamwebamwe babona yuko ugutunganya ibintu busha kwariko kugenda kwikwega cane. Kandi muri abo barondera gutunganya ibintu busha, ni ho havuye umugwi w’abanabatisite.

“Mu vy’ukuri, ntihariho umugwi umwe gusa w’ababatisite; hari imigwi myinshi”. Ukwo ni ko uwitwa Hans-Jürgen Goertz yanditse mu gitabu ciwe (Die Täufer—Geschichte und Deutung). Nk’akarorero, mu 1521, abagabo bane bari bazwi ko ari abamenyeshakazoza b’i Zwickau baratumye abantu basārūka bivuye ku kwigisha inyigisho z’abanabatisite mu gisagara ca Wittenberg. Mu 1525 na ho, uwundi mugwi w’abanabatisite warashinzwe i Zurich mu Busuwisi. Imigwi y’abanabatisite kandi yaratanguye muri Moraviya, ari yo Repubulika y’Abaceke ya kino gihe be no mu Buholande.

Ibatisimu, yoba igenewe abana canke abakuze?

Imigwi y’abanabatisite kenshi wasanga ari mitomito, kandi abanywanyi bayo muri rusangi bari abanyamahoro. Ntibanyegeza ivyo bemera; kukaba nkako, barigisha abandi. Inyigisho z’ishimikiro z’abanabatisite zarasobanuwe muri keredo bafundikiye i Schleitheim mu 1527. Nk’akarorero, baranka gufata ibirwanisho, bakitandukanya n’isi bakongera bagaca inkozi z’ikibi. Mugabo icaranga ukwizera kwabo kuruta ibindi vyose, kigatandukanya mu buryo butomoye abanabatisite n’ayandi madini, kwari ukwemera bashikamye yuko ibatisimu yari igenewe abakuze itari igenewe abana *.

Ukubatiza abakuze nticari ikibazo gusa cerekeye inyigisho y’idini; cari ikibazo kijanye no kugira ububasha. Baramutse baretse kubatiza abantu bakarindira gushika bakuze, gutyo bigatuma umuntu ashobora kwifatira ingingo yishimikije ivyo yemera, bamwebamwe ntibari kwigera babatizwa. Kandi abantu batabatijwe, idini ryogumye ata bubasha ribafiseko n’imiburiburi ku rugero runaka. Ku madini amwamwe, kubatiza abakuze vyasobanura ugutakaza ububasha.

Ni co gituma abagatolika be n’abaluteri bashaka  kubuza uwo mugenzo wo kubatiza abakuze. Inyuma ya 1529, n’imiburiburi mu turere tumwetumwe, ababatiza abantu bakuze canke ababatizwa bakuze, barashobora gucirwa urwo gupfa. Umumenyeshamakuru yitwa Thomas Seifert asigura yuko abanabatisite “bahamwe bimwe bibi ahantu hose Inganji nganzabami nyeranda y’Uburoma y’ihanga ry’Abadagi yatwara”. Urwo ruhamo rwari rukabije mu gisagara ca Münster.

Igisagara Münster co mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16, kirondera ko haba ihinduka

Igisagara ca Münster cabamwo abantu nka 10.000, kikaba cari gikikujwe n’uruzitiro rusa n’urutomenwa rufise intimbatimba ingana n’imetero nka 90, inkikuro yarwo na yo ikaba yareha n’ibilometero nka bitanu. Mugabo ntiwumve, imbere muri ico gisagara ibintu ntivyari bitekanye nk’uko inzitiro zaco zari zitekanye. Igitabu Ubwami bw’abanabatisite (mu congereza), casohowe n’ubushinguro bw’utwa kera bwo mu gisagara ca Münster kivuga yuko “imbere muri ico gisagara hari impari z’ivya politike hagati y’abategetsi baco be n’imihari y’abakozi”. Si ivyo gusa, ababa muri ico gisagara barashavuzwa n’inyifato y’abakuru b’idini. Igisagara ca Münster caremeye ko haba ugutunganya ibintu busha, maze mu 1533 kirahinduka gicika igisagara c’abaluteri, nticaba kikiri ic’abagatolika.

Umwe muri ba kizigenza bamamaza ivyo gutunganya ibintu busha mu gisagara ca Münster, yari Bernhard Rothmann, na we akaba yari umuntu atavyirizamwo. Umwanditsi Friedrich Oehninger asigura yuko “ivyiyumviro [vya Rothmann] vyahavuye bigaragara neza ko ari ivy’abanabatisite; we hamwe n’abandi bagenziwe baranka kubatiza inzoya”. Yarashigikiwe n’abantu benshi mu gisagara ca Münster, naho bamwebamwe babona ko ivyiyumviro vyiwe vyo guhindura ibintu, vyari birenze urugero. “Abantu benshi mu bashima ko ibintu biguma nk’uko vyari, bavuye muri ico gisagara batekewe n’ubwoba kandi bumva ko hari ikintu kibi kiraririye gushika. Abanabatisite barasegenyutse baza mu gisagara ca Münster bavuye mu mihingo itandukanye, biteze yuko ivyiyumviro vyabo vyari bigiye kuranguka”. Ukwo kwirundaniriza hamwe kw’abanabatisite kwatumye haba ikintu giteye ikinya.

Yeruzalemu nshasha ikikuzwa

Abadagi babiri b’inyambukira bari baje mu gisagara ca Münster, ari bo Jan Mathys, yamuka i Haarlem yakora akazi ko kwotsa imikate na Jan Beuckelson bita John w’i Leiden, bahavuye bagira uruhara rukomeye mu bintu vyagiye biraba aho hantu. Mathys yigize ko ari umumenyeshakazoza, maze atangaza yuko muri Ndamukiza 1534 ari ho ukuza kugira kabiri kwa Kirisitu kuzobera. Ico gisagara caciye kivugwa ko ari co ya Yeruzalemu Nshasha ivugwa muri Bibiliya, kandi abantu baho biyumva nk’aho umuhero w’isi wagira ushike. Rothmann yashinze yuko ibintu vyose abantu batunze babisangirira hamwe. Abantu bakuze bahaba bategerezwa guhitamwo kimwe: kubatizwa canke kuva muri ico gisagara. Mu masinzi y’ababatijwe harimwo abemeye kwibizwa mu mazi kugira gusa ntibave mu zabo no mu vyabo.

Iyindi migwi yarakubiswe n’inkuba no kubona Münster kibaye co gisagara ca mbere aho abanabatisite wari wo mugwi ukomeye kuruta iyindi mu vy’idini no mu vya politike. Nk’uko igitabu kimwe (Die Täufer zu Münster) kibivuga, ivyo vyatumye igisagara ca “Münster cankwa n’Inganji nganzabami nyeranda y’Uburoma y’ihanga ry’Abadagi yose”. Umunyacubahiro wo ngaho, ari we Nyakwubahwa Umuganwa Franz von Waldeck akaba n’Umusenyeri, yarakoranije ingabo kugira zikikuze igisagara ca Münster. Izo ngabo zari zigizwe n’abaluteri be n’abagatolika. Ayo madini abiri, ayari yahoze atumvikana ku vyerekeye kwa gutunganya ibintu busha kandi akaba atatevye gutana mu mitwe muri ya Ntambara y’imyaka mirongo itatu, yaciye ashira hamwe ingabo zayo kugira arwanye abanabatisite.

Itembagazwa ry’ubwami bw’abanabatisite

Ugukomera kw’izo ngabo zari zikikuje igisagara, ntikwateye ubwoba abari bakingiwe n’impome  zaco. Muri Ndamukiza 1534, aho vyari vyitezwe ko haba kwa kuza kugira kabiri kwa Kirisitu, Mathys yarasohotse mu gisagara ari kw’ifarasi y’igitare yiteze ko Imana imukingira. Iyumvire nawe ukuntu abashigikiye Mathys bumvise ikinya, igihe bitegereza bacishije hejuru y’igihome c’igisagara bakabona za ngabo zigikikuje zihimbagura Mathys, umutwe wiwe na wo zikawumanika ku giti!

John w’i Leiden ni we yaciye asubirira Mathys, baca bamwita Umwami Jan w’abanabatisite mu gisagara ca Münster. Yaragerageje gutuma abagore n’abagabo bangana mu guhimiriza abagabo kurongora abagore benshi nk’uko bashaka, kubera yuko muri ico gisagara hari abagore benshi kuruta abagabo. Icerekana ko mu bwami bw’abanabatisite bwo mu gisagara ca Münster barenza urugero, ni uko iyo umuntu arenze ibigo canke agasambana yacirwa urwo gupfa kandi ukurongora abagore benshi vyari birekuwe mbere bikanaremeshwa. Umwami Jan ubwiwe yari afise abagore 16. Igihe umwe muri bo, ari we Elisabeth Wandscherer, yasaba uruhusha rwo kuva muri ico gisagara, yaciye acibwa umutwe ishengero rikoranye.

Ico gisagara camaze amezi 14 gikikujwe, gushika aho amaherezo cafatwa muri Ruheshi 1535. Igisagara ca Münster carashikiwe n’isangangurwa kitigeze gisubira kubona gushika ku Ntambara ya kabiri y’isi yose. Rothmann yaraponyotse, mugabo Umwami Jan hamwe n’abandi banabatisite babiri baja imbere abandi barafashwe, barasinzikarizwa ubuzima, hanyuma baragandagurwa. Ibiziga vyabo vyaciye bishirwa mu masandugu maze biraduzwa kugira vyenenetswe ku munara w’urusengero rwitiriwe Lambert Mweranda. Uwitwa Seifert asigura yuko ivyo “vyari imburi yo gutera ubwoba abantu bose bashobora gutera umudurumbanyo”. Emwe, kwisuka mu vya politike vyakweze inkurikizi z’agahomerabunwa.

Iyindi migwi y’abanabatisite vyayigendeye gute? Uruhamo rwarabandanije rumara imyaka itari mike mu Buraya bwose. Benshi mu banabatisite bagumye bumiye ku ngingo ngenderwako zabo zo kuguma ari abanyamahoro, naho nyene hariho bakeyi muri bo bari abanyamahane. Mu nyuma, Menno Simons uwari yahoze ari umupatiri, ni we yaciye aba umukuru w’abanabatisite, maze amaherezo uwo mugwi urahava witwa abamenonite canke ayandi mazina.

Ya masandugu atatu

Abanabatisite mu bisanzwe bari abantu bakunda ivy’Imana, bagerageza kwumira ku ngingo ngenderwako za Bibiliya. Mugabo abantu barondera amahinduka akabije bo mu gisagara ca Münster batumye abanabatisite baheba kwumira ku ngingo ngenderwako za Bibiliya, maze bisuka muri politike. Bamaze kuzidohokako, uwo mugwi waciye uhinduka inteko ziharanira amahinduka. Ivyo vyarakwegeye akarambaraye umugwi w’abanabatisite be n’igisagara ca Münster co mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16.

Abagendera ico gisagara baguma bibutswa ivyo bintu vy’agacavutu haciye imyaka hafi 500 bibaye. Uti bavyibutswa n’iki? Bavyibutswa na ya masandugu atatu y’ivyuma yenena ku munara w’urusengero.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Amafoto ku rup. 13]

Umwami Jan yarasinzikarijwe ubuzima, aragandagurwa, aca yenenetswa ku munara w’urusengero rwitiriwe Lambert Mweranda