Ayengobani Ama-Anabaptist?

IZIVAKASHI eziqalayo ukufika enkabeni yedolobha laseMünster eWestphalia, eJalimane, cishe njalo ziyama zigqolozele amakheji amathathu ensimbi alenga embhoshongweni wesonto. Ngaphandle kokususwa izikhawu ezimbalwa, la makheji asehlale lapho iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-500. Ekuqaleni ayenezidumbu zamadoda amathathu ayehlushwe obala futhi abulawa. Lawo madoda ayengama-Anabaptist, kanti amakheji ayizinsalela zombuso wawo.

Ayengobani ama-Anabaptist? Yaqala kanjani inhlangano yawo? Zaziyini izimfundiso zawo eziyinhloko? Abulawelwani la madoda? Futhi la makheji amathathu ahlobene kanjani nombuso?

Ukwenza Inguquko Esontweni—Kodwa Kanjani?

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 nangasekuqaleni kwele-16, ukugxekwa kweSonto LamaRoma Katolika nabefundisi kwakhula. Inkohlakalo nokuziphatha okubi kwakwande kakhulu esontweni; ngakho abaningi baba nomuzwa wokuthi kwakudingeka izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngo-1517, uMartin Luther waphumela obala wafuna ukuba kube neNguquko, futhi njengoba nabanye babeyingena leyo mpikiswano, ngokushesha iNguquko YobuProthestani yaqala.

Kodwa abashisekeli bezinguquko babengenaso isimiso esisodwa salokho okwakumelwe kwenziwe noma sokuthi izinguquko zaziyokwenziwa ngezinga elingakanani. Abaningi basiqaphela isidingo sokubambelela eBhayibhelini ezindabeni zokukhulekela. Nokho, abashisekeli beNguquko abakwazanga ngisho nokuvumelana ngendlela eyodwa yokuchaza izimfundiso zeBhayibheli. Abanye baba nomuzwa wokuthi iNguquko itotoba kakhulu. Futhi kwakuphakathi kwabo laba bashisekeli beNguquko lapho kwavumbuka khona inhlangano yama-Anabaptist.

Encwadini yakhe ethi Die Täufer—Geschichte und Deutung, uHans-Jürgen Goertz wabhala: “Eqinisweni, inhlangano yamabaptist yayingeyinye; zaziziningana.” Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1521 amadoda amane ayaziwa ngokuthi abaprofethi baseZwickau abangela isiyaluyalu eWittenberg ngokushumayela izimfundiso zama-Anabaptist. Futhi ngo-1525 kwasungulwa elinye iqembu lama-Anabaptist eZurich, eSwitzerland. Imiphakathi yama-Anabaptist yaqala naseMorovia—manje eyiCzech Republic—naseNetherlands.

Ubhapathizo—Olwezingane Noma Olwabantu Abadala?

Imiphakathi eminingi yama-Anabaptist yayimincane, futhi amalungu ayo ngokuvamile ayenokuthula. Laba balandeli babengazifihli izinkolelo zabo; empeleni, babeshumayela kwabanye abantu. Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo zenkolo yama-Anabaptist zachazwa eSivumweni Sokholo SaseSchleitheim ngo-1527. Phakathi kokunye, ayekwenqaba ukuthatha izikhali, ezigcina ehlukile ezweni, exosha nabenzi bokubi. Kodwa okwakuvelele kakhulu ezinkolelweni zawo ukudlula noma yini enye, okwakuwahlukanisa ngempela ama-Anabaptist kwezinye izinkolo, kwakuyinkolelo yokuthi ubhapathizo olwabantu abadala, hhayi izingane. *

Ukubhapathizwa kwabantu abadala kwakungeyona nje indaba yemfundiso yenkolo; kwakuyindaba yamandla. Ukube umuntu wayelinda angabhapathizwa aze abe mdala—ngaleyo ndlela akwazi ukwenza isinqumo esisekelwe okholweni—abanye babengase bangabhapathizwa nhlobo. Futhi labo ababengabhapathiziwe babengeke  babe ngaphansi kokulawula kwesonto, okungenani ngokwezinga elithile. Kanti kwamanye amasonto, ukubhapathizwa kwabantu abadala kwasho ukulahlekelwa amandla.

Ngenxa yalokho, amaKatolika namaLuthela ayefuna ukuwuqeda umkhuba wokubhapathizwa kwabantu abadala. Ngemva kuka-1529, okungenani ezindaweni ezithile, labo ababebhapathiza abantu abadala noma labo ababebhapathizwa sebebadala babengase bathole isigwebo sokufa. Intatheli uThomas Seifert ichaza ithi ama-Anabaptist “ashushiswa ngonya kuwo wonke uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma weSizwe SamaJalimane.” Ushushiso lwalunzima kakhulu eMünster.

IMünster YangeNkathi Ephakathi Ifuna Ushintsho

IMünster yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayinabantu abangaba ngu-10 000 futhi yayikakwe izindonga cishe ezazingenakufohlwa, ezazithi azibe amamitha angu-90 ububanzi namakhilomitha angaba ngu-5 ukuzungeza. Nokho, isimo sangaphakathi edolobheni sasingaqinile njengezindonga zalo. Ethi The Kingdom of the Anabaptists, eyakhishwa i-City Museum of Münster, ikhuluma “ngezimpikiswano zangaphakathi zezombusazwe phakathi kwama-Aldermen Edolobha namaGuild.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zase zikhathele ukuziphatha kwabefundisi. IMünster yayamukela iNguquko, kwathi ngo-1533 yashintsha ekubeni idolobha lamaKatolika yaba elamaLuthela.

Omunye wabashumayeli beNguquko owayevelele kakhulu eMünster kwakunguBernhard Rothmann, umuntu owayenamawala. Umlobi uFriedrich Oehninger uthi “imibono [kaRothmann] ngokusobala yayingeyama-Anabaptist; yena nabanye ozakwabo benqaba ukubhapathiza izinsana.” Wasekelwa abantu abaningi eMünster, yize imibono yakhe eyeqisayo yayibasinda abanye. “Baya ngokuya banda labo ababethanda isimiso esidala abalishiya idolobha, benomuzwa wokungakhululeki nowokwesaba. Ama-Anabaptist athutheleka ngobuningi eMünster evela kuyo yonke indawo, enethemba lokubona ukugcwaliseka kwezifiso zawo.” Lokhu kugcwala kwama-Anabaptist eMünster kwaholela enhlekeleleni.

IJerusalema Elisha Liyavinjezelwa

AmaDashi amabili ayethuthele eMünster—uJan Mathys, umbhaki waseHaarlem, noJan Beuckelson, owayaziwa ngelikaJohn WaseLeiden—kamuva ayezoba neqhaza ekunqumeni okwakuzokwenzeka khona. UMathys wathi ungumprofethi, wamemezela nokuthi u-April 1534 uyisikhathi sokubuya kwesibili kukaKristu. Idolobha laseMünster kwathiwa liyiJerusalema Elisha okukhulunywa ngalo eBhayibhelini, nabantu baba nomuzwa wokusondela kwembubhiso. URothmann wanquma ukuthi zonke izimpahla kufanele zibe ezawo wonke umuntu. Abantu bakhona abadala kwadingeka ukuba benze isinqumo: Babhapathizwe noma balishiye idolobha. Kwabhapathizwa izindimbane zabantu ezazihlanganisa nalabo abacwiliswa ukuze nje bagweme ukushiya imizi nezimpahla zabo.

Eminye imiphakathi yayishaqekile njengoba yayibuka iMünster iba idolobha lokuqala lapho ama-Anabaptist aba namandla amakhulu khona enkolo nawezombusazwe. Ngokwencwadi ethi Die Täufer zu Münster, lokhu kwabangela ukuba “iMünster izondwe yiwo wonke uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma weSizwe SamaJalimane.” Isikhulu esiphakeme sendawo, iNkosana EnguMbhishobhi uCount Franz von Waldeck, saqoqa ibutho lempi ukuba liyovimbezela iMünster. Lelo butho lalakhiwa amaLuthela namaKatolika. Zombili lezi zinkolo, ezazikade zingayiboni ngaso linye iNguquko futhi ngokushesha ezazizolwa eMpini Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, zahlanganisa amabutho azo ukuze zilwe nama-Anabaptist.

 Ukuwiswa KoMbuso Wama-Anabaptist

Amandla ebutho elihlaselayo awazange abethuse labo ababevikelwe izindonga zedolobha. Ngo-April 1534, isikhathi okwakuthiwa uKristu uyobuya ngaso okwesibili, uMathys waphuma edolobheni egibele ihhashi elimhlophe, elindele ukuvikelwa uNkulunkulu. Cabanga nje ukwesaba okukhulu kwabalandeli bakaMathys njengoba babebukisisa bephezu kwezindonga bebona amasosha ayebavimbezele enquma uMathys emenza izicucu, exhoma nekhanda lakhe esigxotsheni.

UJohn WaseLeiden wangena esikhundleni sikaMathys futhi waqanjwa ngokuthi iNkosi uJan yama-Anabaptist aseMünster. Wazama ukulungisa ukungalingani kwamanani abantu—idolobha lalinabesifazane abaningi kakhulu kunabesilisa—ngokukhuthaza amadoda ukuba athathe abafazi abaningi ngokuthanda kwawo. Njengesibonelo sokweqisa embusweni wama-Anabaptist eMünster, ukuphinga nobufebe kwakunesijeziso sokufa kuyilapho isithembu sasivunyelwa, size sikhuthazwe imbala. INkosi uJan uqobo yathatha abafazi abangu-16. Lapho omunye wabo, u-Elisabeth Wandscherer, ecela imvume yokushiya idolobha, wanqunywa ikhanda phambi kwabantu.

Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwadonsa izinyanga ezingu-14, kwaze kwaba ngo-June 1535 lapho liwa ekugcineni. IMünster yacoboshiswa ngendlela engazange iphinde ibonwe kwaze kwaba ngeMpi Yezwe II. URothmann waphunyuka, kodwa iNkosi uJan nabanye abaholi ababili bama-Anabaptist babanjwa, bahlushwa futhi babulawa. Izidumbu zabo zafakwa emakhejini zabe seziphakanyiswa zalengiswa embhoshongweni weSonto LaseSt. Lambert. Lokho “kwakuzoba isixwayiso esesabekayo kubo bonke ababengase babe abaphehli bodweshu,” kuchaza uSeifert. Yebo, ukuzigaxa kwezombusazwe kwaletha imiphumela edabukisayo.

Kwenzekani kweminye imiphakathi yama-Anabaptist? Ushushiso lwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Iningi lama-Anabaptist labambelela ezimisweni zawo zokwenqaba ukubuthelwa impi, yize kwakunedlanzana elaliyizilwi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMenno Simons, owayekade engumpristi, wathatha isikhundla sokuhola ama-Anabaptist, kwathi kamuva leli qembu laziwa ngokuthi amaMennonite noma laziwa nangamanye amagama.

Amakheji Amathathu

Ngokuyisisekelo ama-Anabaptist ayengabantu benkolo ababezama ukunamathela ezimisweni zeBhayibheli. Kodwa ukweqisa eMünster kwaholela ama-Anabaptist ekubeni ayiyeke leyo mizamo, azihlanganise nezombusazwe. Lapho esezishiyile izimiso zeBhayibheli, inhlangano yawo yaba ibutho elivukelayo. Lokho kwasho inhlekelele enhlanganweni yama-Anabaptist nasedolobheni laseMünster leNkathi Ephakathi.

Izivakashi zaleli dolobha zisakhunjuzwa ngalezi zenzakalo ezinyantisayo ezenzeka cishe eminyakeni engu-500 edlule. Kanjani? Ngamakheji amathathu ensimbi alenga embhoshongweni wesonto.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

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INkosi uJan yahlushwa, yabulawa yabe isilengiswa embhoshongweni weSonto LaseSt. Lambert