Tete Nkuku A Abubu Foa Bible Kyerɛwtohɔ So

BIBLE yɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm a wɔnam ne honhom so kyerɛwee. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Nea ɛka fa nnipa, mmeae, nyamesom ne amanyɔsɛm a na ɛwɔ hɔ tete ho no yɛ nokware. Ɛmfa ho sɛ tetefo nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu foa Bible no so anaa ɛma ntease a yɛwɔ wɔ ho no mu da hɔ no, ɛnyɛ eyi so na nokware a Kyerɛwnsɛm no yɛ no gyina.

Nneɛma a wɔn a wɔatutu mmeae a na ɛwɔ hɔ tete no ahu no mu dodow no ara yɛ nkuku a abubu. Wɔfrɛ nkuku a abubu yi nso kyɛmfɛre. Wɔ aman a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Apuei fam mmeae pii te sɛ Misraim ne Mesopotamia no, na nkuku a abubu yɛ ade a ne bo nyɛ den a wɔkyerɛw so. Ná wɔkyerɛw adwuma ho nhyehyɛe, sikasɛm, adetɔn, ne nea ɛkeka ho ho nsɛm wɔ so te sɛ nea ɛnnɛ wɔkyerɛw wɔ nkrataa so no ara pɛ. Ná wɔtaa de adubiri na ɛkyerɛw, na na ebetumi ayɛ asɛmfua biako anaa nsɛm pii.

Wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu wɔ Israel no ahu kyɛmfɛre pii a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ Bible mmere mu no. Nneɛma abiɛsa a wohui a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ bɛyɛ mfe 2,600 ne 2,700 a atwam ni no ho hia paa, efisɛ ɛfoa abakɔsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no so. Ɛno ne Samaria kyɛmfɛre, Arad kyɛmfɛre, ne Lakis kyɛmfɛre. Ma yɛnhwehwɛ emu biara mu nhwɛ.

Samaria Kyɛmfɛre

Ná Samaria yɛ Israel mmusuakuw du ahemman a ɛwɔ atifi fam no ahenkurow kosi sɛ Asiriafo sɛe no wɔ afe 740 A.Y.B. mu. Bible ka sɛnea ɛyɛe a wɔkyekyee Samaria ho asɛm wɔ 1 Ahene 16:23, 24 sɛ: “Yuda hene Asa afe a ɛto so aduasa biako [947 A.Y.B.] so na Omri bedii Israel so hene . . . Na ɔkɔtɔɔ Samaria bepɔw, Semer hɔ, maa dwetɛ dwetikɛse abien, na ɔkyekyee bepɔw no so kurow, na . . . [ɔtoo] kurow a ɔkyekyee no din Samaria.” Ná kurow no wɔ hɔ wɔ Romafo bere so, na saa bere no na wɔsesaa ne din yɛɛ no Sebaste. Bɛyɛ mfe 1,500 a atwam ni na kurow no bɔe koraa.

Bere a wɔn a wotutu fam tutuu baabi a na Samaria wɔ wɔ afe 1910 mu no, wohuu kyɛmfɛre ahorow bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ bɛyɛ mfe 2,700 a atwam ni no. Ná wɔakyerɛw ngo ne nsa a na nkurow a ɛbemmɛn Samaria de kɔ Samaria no ho nsɛm wɔ so. Nhoma bi ka nneɛma yi a wohui no ho asɛm sɛ: “Wobu kyɛmfɛre 63 a wohui wɔ afe 1910 mu no . . . sɛ tete Israel nneɛma a wɔakyerɛw a ɛho hia paa a ɛda so wɔ hɔ no mu biako. Ɛnyɛ nsɛm a ɛwɔ Samaria kyɛmfɛre no so no na ɛma ɛho hia paa, . . . na mmom edin a na Israelfo toto, abusua din, ne mmeae a wɔtrae a wɔayɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ pii wɔ so no na ɛma ɛho hia.” (Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World) Ɔkwan bɛn so na edin ahorow yi foa Bible kyerɛwtohɔ so?

Bere a Israelfo no ko faa Bɔhyɛ Asase no na wɔkyekyɛɛ mu maa mmusuakuw no, na baabi a Samaria da no wɔ Manase abusuakuw asase so. Sɛnea Yosua 17:1-6 ka no, wɔnam Manase banana Gilead so twitwaa asase a ɛwɔ saa beae yi bi maa Manase asefo du. Ná wɔn din ne Abieser, Helek, Asriel, Sekem, ne Semida. Ná ɔbarima a ɔto so  asia, Hefer nni mmanana a wɔyɛ mmarima nanso na ɔwɔ mmanana baanum a wɔyɛ mmea—Mahla, Noa, Hogla, Milka, ne Tirsa. Wɔn mu biara nyaa asase no bi.—Numeri 27:1-7.

Abusuakuw yi mufo baason din da so ara wɔ Samaria kyɛmfɛre no so—Gilead mmabarima baanum no nyinaa ne Hefer mmanana baanu a wɔyɛ mmea, Hogla ne Noa. Bible ho nhoma bi ka sɛ, “Abusua din a ɛda so ara wɔ Samaria Kyɛmfɛre no so no yɛ biribi foforo a ɛfoa Manase asefo ne baabi a Bible kyerɛ sɛ wɔtrae no so.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Enti, nsɛm a ɛwɔ kyɛmfɛre yi so no foa Israel abusuakuw yi ho abakɔsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no so.

Ɛte sɛ nea Samaria kyɛmfɛre no nso foa nyamesom a na ɛwɔ Israel a Bible ka ho asɛm no so. Bere a wɔkyerɛw Samaria kyɛmfɛre no, na Israelfo som Yehowa, na na wɔsan som Kanaanfo nyame Baal. Hosea nkɔmhyɛ a wɔkyerɛw no bɛyɛ mfe 2,700 a atwam ni no nso kae sɛ bere bi bɛba a na Israelfo benu wɔn ho afrɛ Yehowa sɛ “Me kunu,” na wɔrenka sɛ “Me Baal” bio. (Hosea 2:16, 17) Ná nkurɔfo din a ɛwɔ Samaria kyɛmfɛre no so no bi kyerɛ “Baal yɛ m’agya,” “Baal to dwom,” “Baal wɔ ahoɔden,” “Baal kae,” ne nea ɛtete saa. Ná Baal som abu so ara ma sɛ woyi edin a na Israelfo toto a na Yehowa din fã bi pue wom mpɛn 11 biara a, na “Baal” nso din fã bi pue wom mpɛn 7.

Arad Kyɛmfɛre

Ná Arad yɛ tete kurow a ɛda baabi a osu ntɔ papa a wɔfrɛ hɔ Negeb a ɛwɔ Yerusalem anafo fam. Mmeae a wotutui wɔ Arad no ma wohuu Israel abannennen asia a wosisii no nnidiso nnidiso fi Salomo nniso (1037-998 A.Y.B.) so besi bere a Babilonfo sɛee Yerusalem wɔ afe 607 A.Y.B. no. Wɔn a wotutuu fam no huu kyɛmfɛre a ɛdɔɔso paa fi Bible mmere so wɔ Arad. Nea wohui no bi ne nneɛma bɛboro 200 a wɔakyerɛw so a ɛwɔ Hebri, Aram, ne kasa afoforo mu no.

Arad kyɛmfɛre no bi foa asɔfo abusua ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔakyerɛw asɛm “Kora mma” a Exodus 6:24 ne Numeri 26:11 ka ho asɛm no wɔ kyemfɛre biako so. Dwom 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, ne 88 atifi asɛm no ka pefee sɛ “Kora mma” na wɔtoo nnwom yi. Pashur ne Meremot yɛ asɔfo mmusua afoforo a wɔkaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ Arad kyɛmfɛre no so.—1 Beresosɛm 9:12; Esra 8:33.

Susuw nhwɛso foforo ho hwɛ. Wɔ abannennen bi a adan amamfo a wosii no bere tiaa bi ansa na Babilonfo resɛe Yerusalem mu no, wɔn a wotutu fam no huu kyɛmfɛre bi a wɔakyerɛw abannennen no sahene din wɔ so. Nhoma bi ka sɛ: “De kɔma me wura Elyashib. Yahweh [Yehowa] mma ensi wo yiye. . . . Ɛdefa asɛm a wode ho mmara maa me ho no: seesei biribiara rekɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ: ɔte Yahweh asɔrefie.” (The Context of Scripture) Animdefo pii susuw sɛ asɔrefie a wɔkaa ho asɛm yi yɛ Yerusalem asɔrefie a wodii kan sii wɔ Salomo bere so no.

 Lakis Kyɛmfɛre

Ná tete Lakis kurow a ɛyɛ den no wɔ Yerusalem anafo atɔe fam, na efi hɔ rekɔ Yerusalem yɛ akwansin 27. Bere a wotutuu fam wɔ afe 1930 mu no, wohuu kyɛmfɛre bi a wɔaboa ano, ná emu bɛyɛ 12 yɛ nsɛm a wɔde dii nkitaho a wɔka ho asɛm sɛ “na ɛho hia paa . . . efisɛ ɛkyerɛkyerɛ amanyɔsɛm ne basabasayɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Yuda, bere a na wɔrehwɛ kwan sɛ [Babilon Hene] Nebukadnesar bɛba abɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so no mu.”

Ná nsɛm a ɛho hia paa no ne nea wɔakyerɛw a Yaosh a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɔyɛ ɔsahene wɔ Lakis no ne obi a ɔhyɛ n’ase de dii nkitaho no. Kasa a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm no ne nea odiyifo Yeremia de kyerɛw ne nsɛm saa bere no di nsɛ. Susuw sɛnea nsɛm yi mu abien foa sɛnea Bible kyerɛkyerɛ saa bere a na emu yɛ den no mu no ho hwɛ.

Wɔ Yeremia 34:7 mu no, odiyifo no ka bere a “Babel hene dɔm ne Yerusalem ne Yuda nkurow a aka a ɛne Lakis ne Aseka no nyinaa reko; na ɛnonom ne nkurow a ɛyɛ den a aka, Yuda nkurow mu” no ho asɛm. Ná ɛte sɛ nea onii a ɔkyerɛw Lakis Nsɛm no mu biako reka asɛnkoro yi ara ho asɛm. Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Yɛrehwɛ sɛ yebehu Lakis [ogya] ahyɛnsode [frankaa] no . . . , efisɛ yɛrentumi nhu Azeqah.” Nhomanimfo pii gye di sɛ eyi kyerɛ sɛ Babilonfo dii Azeqah anaa Aseka so nkonim, na na Lakis na edi hɔ a wobedi wɔn so nkonim. Ade a ɛho hia wɔ asɛm yi mu no ne “ogya ahyɛnsode” a wɔkaa ho asɛm no. Yeremia 6:1 nso ka ɔkwan a ɛte saa a wɔfaa so dii nkitaho no ho asɛm.

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Lakis Asɛm foforo a wɔakyerɛw nso foa nea adiyifo Yeremia ne Hesekiel ka faa mmɔden a Yuda hene bɔe sɛ obenya mmoa afi Misraim de ako atia Babilon no ho asɛm. (Yeremia 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Hesekiel 17:15-17) Lakis Asɛm no ka sɛ: “Seesei w’akoa ate asɛm yi: Elnatan ba Konyahu a ɔyɛ ɔsahene de n’ani akyerɛ anafo fam rekɔ Misraim.” Nhomanimfo taa kyerɛ ade a ɔyɛe yi ase sɛ ɛyɛ mmɔden a ɔbɔe sɛ obenya mmoa afi Misraim asraafo hɔ.

Lakis kyɛmfɛre no nso bobɔ edin ahorow bi a ɛwɔ Yeremia nhoma no mu. Edin no ne Neria, Yaasania, Gemaria, Elnatan, ne Hosaia. (Yeremia 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Yɛrentumi nsi no pi nka sɛ ɛyɛ nnipa koro no ara na wɔbobɔɔ wɔn din wɔ Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu. Nanso esiane sɛ Yeremia traa ase saa bere no nti, ebetumi aba sɛ ɛyɛ nkurɔfo koro no ara.

Ade a Ɛda Adi wɔ Ne Nyinaa Mu

Samaria, Arad, ne Lakis kyɛmfɛre no foa Bible mu nsɛm pii so. Eyinom mu bi ne mmusua din, mmeae a nnipa trae, ne nsɛm a ɛfa nyamesom ne amanyɔsɛm a na ɛrekɔ so saa bere no ho. Nanso, ade a ɛho hia bi da adi wɔ kyɛmfɛre abiɛsa no nyinaa mu.

Wohuu nsɛm bi te sɛ “Yehowa mma wo asomdwoe” wɔ Arad ne Lakis kyɛmfɛre ahorow no so. Wɔbɔ Onyankopɔn din mpɛn 11 wɔ nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw wɔ Lakis kyɛmfɛre no mu ason so. Bio nso Hebrifo din pii a wohui wɔ kyɛmfɛre abiɛsa no nyinaa so no kura Yehowa din no fã bi. Enti kyɛmfɛre yi nyinaa foa so sɛ na Israelfo a wɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no bɔ Onyankopɔn din da biara da.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 13]

Kyɛmfɛre a wohui wɔ Arad amamfo so a ɔbarima bi a wɔfrɛ no Elyashib din wɔ so

[Asɛm Fibea]

Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 14]

Lakis Asɛm bi a Onyankopɔn din wom

[Asɛm Fibea]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum