Mawu a Mulungu Ndi Amoyo Ngakhale M’chinenero Chakufa

A ZAKA mazana angapo zapitazi, pafupifupi theka la zinenero zonse za padziko lapansi zinafa. Chinenero chimafa ngati anthu asiya kuchigwiritsa ntchito. N’chifukwa chake anthu amati Chilatini ndi “chinenero chakufa.” Iwo amatero ngakhale kuti pali anthu ambiri amene akuphunzirabe za chinenerochi ndiponso ngakhale kuti ku Vatican City boma linavomereza kuti anthu azilankhula chinenerochi.

Mabaibulo ena oyambirira ndiponso akale kwambiri anamasuliridwa m’Chilatini. Kodi mabaibulowa adakali “amoyo” masiku ano moti n’kuthandiza anthu? Tiyeni tione mmene nkhani yochititsa chidwi yokhudza mabaibulowa ingatithandizire kuyankha funsoli.

Mabaibulo Akale Kwambiri Achilatini

Poyamba anthu a mu mzinda wa Roma ankalankhula Chilatini. Komabe, mtumwi Paulo analemba kalata yopita kwa Akhristu a mumzindawu m’Chigiriki. * Zimenezi sizinabweretse vuto lililonse chifukwa anthu ambiri mumzindawu ankalankhula zinenero zonsezi. Anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana a mu ufumu wa Roma ankalankhula Chigiriki chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri a ku Roma anali ochokera m’dera la anthu olankhula Chigiriki ku Asia. Anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana mu ufumu wa Roma ankalankhulanso zinenero zosiyasiyana, koma ufumuwu utayamba kukula, anthu anayamba kulankhula Chilatini. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Malemba Oyera amasuliridwe kuchoka m’Chigiriki kupita m’Chilatini. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti ntchito yomasulirayi inali itayamba kale kumpoto kwa Africa m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E.

Mabuku a m’Baibulo osiyanasiyana amene anamasuliridwa m’Chilatini amapanga Baibulo lotchedwa Vetus Latina kapena kuti Baibulo Lakale la Chilatini. Masiku ano mipukutu yakale ya Baibulo lonse m’Chilatini sipezeka. Koma zidutswa za mipukutuyi ndiponso mawu ake omwe anthu ena akale olemba mabuku anawagwira mawu, amasonyeza kuti Baibulo la Vetus Latina linali m’zigawozigawo. Ndiponso zikuoneka kuti linamasuliridwa ndi omasulira ambirimbiri omwe ankagwira ntchitoyi m’malo ndiponso panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, Baibuloli si buku limodzi koma ndi mabaibulo osiyanasiyana omasuliridwa kuchokera m’Chigiriki.

Anthu ena, aliyense payekha, anayesa kumasulira mbali zina za Baibulo kuti zikhale m’Chilatini, koma zimenezi zinabweretsa chisokonezo. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 300 C.E., bishopu wina wachikatolika dzina lake Augustine ananena kuti “aliyense amene anapeza mipukutu ya Chigiriki ndiponso yemwe ankaona kuti akudziwa Chigiriki ndi Chilatini, ngakhale pang’ono pokha, anayamba ntchito yomasulira Baibulo m’Chilatini.” Augustine komanso anthu ena ankaona kuti panali mabaibulo ambiri omwe anali okayikitsa ngati anamasuliridwa molondola.

Baibulo Limene Jerome Anamasulira

Munthu amene anayesa kuthetsa vuto la kuchuluka kwa mabaibulo omasuliridwa mokayikitsa anali Jerome, yemwe nthawi zina ankagwira ntchito ngati mlembi wa Damasus, yemwe anali bishopu wa ku Roma mu 382 C.E. Bishopuyu anauza Jerome kuti aunike ndi kukonzanso mabuku a uthenga wabwino a m’Chilatini ndipo iye anamaliza ntchitoyi patangodutsa zaka zochepa chabe. Kenako anayamba kuunikanso mabuku ena a m’Baibulo la Chilatini.

Jerome anamasulira Baibulo lake pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku osiyanasiyana ndipo Baibulo limeneli linayamba kutchedwa ndi dzina lakuti Vulgate.  Iye anamasulira buku la Masalmo kuchokera m’Baibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint, lomasulira Malemba Achiheberi limene analimaliza m’zaka za m’ma 100 B.C.E. Jerome anaunikanso mabuku a mauthenga abwino ndiponso anamasulira mbali yaikulu ya Malemba Achiheberi kuchokera m’Chiheberi choyambirira. Zikuoneka kuti mbali zina za Baibulo limeneli zinakonzedwanso ndi anthu ena. Ndipo mbali zina za Baibulo la Vetus Latina zinaphatikizidwa m’Baibulo la Jerome la Vulgate.

Komabe, poyamba anthu ambiri kuphatikizapo Augustine sanasangalale ndi Baibulo la Jerome. Koma pang’ono ndi pang’ono, anthu anayamba kulikonda. M’zaka za m’ma 700 B.C.E. ndiponso 800 B.C.E., akatswiri ena amaphunziro monga Alcuin ndiponso Theodulf, anayamba kukonzanso zolakwika zimene zinali m’Baibulo la Jerome, zomwe zinalipo chifukwa cholikopera mobwerezabwereza. Akatswiri ena anagawa mabuku a m’Baibuloli m’machaputala ndipo zimenezi zinathandiza kuti anthu asamavutike kupeza ndi kuwerenga mavesi. Ndipo anthu atapanga makina otayipira, Baibulo la Jerome linali loyamba kusindikizidwa.

M’chaka cha 1546, bungwe la akuluakulu a tchalitchi cha Katolika linachita msonkhano wawo mu mzinda wa Trent ndipo anagwirizana kuti ayambe kutchula Baibulo la Jerome ndi dzina lakuti Vulgate. Pamsonkhanowu, anagwirizananso kuti Akatolika onse azigwiritsa ntchito Baibulo limeneli chifukwa anaona kuti linali “lodalirika.” Komanso anagwirizana kuti Baibuloli liunikidwenso. Anakonzanso zoti akhazikitse bungwe lapadera loti liziyang’anira ntchitoyi. Koma chifukwa chakuti Papa Sixtus Wachisanu, ankafunitsitsa kuti ntchitoyo imalizidwe mwachangu ndiponso chifukwa choti ankadzidalira kwambiri, iye  anayamba kugwira yekha ntchitoyi. Koma papayu anamwalira mu 1590, ntchito yosindikiza Baibulo lakeli itangoyamba kumene. Zitangochitika zimenezi, makadinala anaimitsa ntchito yosindikiza Baibuloli chifukwa ankaona kuti linali ndi zolakwika zambirimbiri.

Kenako mu 1592, Papa Clement wa chi 8 anatulutsa Baibulo limene pamapeto pake linadzayamba kutchedwa kuti Sixtine Clementine. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinavomereza kuti Baibulo limeneli lizigwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo anthu analigwiritsa ntchito kwa kanthawi ndithu. Baibuloli linagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika pomasulira mabaibulo a m’zinenero zina. Ena mwa mabaibulo amenewa ndi la Antonio Martini, limene analimasulira m’Chitaliyana ndipo anamaliza mu 1781.

Baibulo Lamakono M’Chilatini

Anthu ena ofufuza ngati Baibulo lamasuliridwa molondola, a m’zaka za m’ma 1900, ananena momveka bwino kuti Baibulo la Vulgate ndiponso mabaibulo ena ankafunika kuwakonzanso. Motero mu 1965, tchalitchi cha Katolika chinakhazikitsa bungwe loti limasulirenso Baibulo la Vulgate ndipo bungweli linapatsidwanso udindo wokonza Baibulo la Chilatini pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zatsopano. Ndipo anakonza zoti Baibulo latsopanoli aziligwiritsa ntchito pamapemphero a Akatolika m’Chilatini.

Mbali yoyamba ya Baibulo latsopanoli inatulutsidwa mu 1969, ndipo mu 1979, Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiwiri anavomereza kuti akatolika ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Nova Vulgata. M’Baibulo loyambirira la mtunduwu munali dzina la Mulungu lakuti Iahveh m’malo angapo kuphatikizapo Eksodo 3:15 ndi Eksodo 6:3. Ndiyeno, munthu wina yemwe anali m’bungweli ananena kuti m’mbali yachiwiri, yomwe inatulutsidwa mu 1986, “bungweli linavomereza kuti linalakwitsa ndipo . . . mawu akuti Dominus [kapena kuti ‘Ambuye’] anabwezeretsedwanso m’malo mwake n’kuchotsa mawu akuti Iahveh.”

Anthu ena kuphatikizapo akatswiri amaphunziro achikatolika, sanagwirizane ndi Baibulo  la Nova Vulgata, monga mmene sanagwirizanirane ndi Baibulo la Vulgate. Omasulira Baibuloli ankafuna kuti zipembedzo zonse zilivomereze n’kumaligwiritsa ntchito. Koma anthu ambiri anaona kuti Baibuloli silingathandize kugwirizanitsa anthu a zipembedzo zonse chifukwa choti papa anali atalamula kuti anthu onse akafuna kumasulira Baibulo lina azionera m’Baibuloli. Mwachitsanzo ku Germany, Akatolika sankagwirizana ndi Apolotesitanti chifukwa choti Apolotesitantiwo ankakana kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Nova Vulgata. Apolotesitanti nawonso ankadana ndi Akatolika chifukwa choti Akatolikawo ankaumirira zoti Baibulo latsopano la Vulgate n’chimodzimodzi ndi la Nova Vulgata.

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano anthu ambiri salankhula Chilatini, mabaibulo a Chilatini athandiza anthu ochuluka zedi. Athandizanso anthu azinenero zambiri kupeza mawu ogwiritsa ntchito pankhani ya kulambira. Mawu a Mulungu akupitirizabe kukhala a mphamvu m’zinenero zonse ndipo akusintha miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene amayesetsa kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zake za mtengo wapatali.​—Aheberi 4:12.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 23]

Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiwiri ananena kuti Baibulo la Nova Vulgata ndilo linali lovomerezeka. Baibulo loyambirira la mtunduwu linali ndi dzina la Mulungu lakuti Iahveh

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

MAWU AMENE AKUGWIRABE NTCHITO

Baibulo la Vetus Latina, lomwe linamasuliridwa kuchokera m’Chigiriki, likugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano ndipo lili ndi mawu omwe anatchuka kwambiri. Ena mwa mawuwa ndi mawu a Chigiriki akuti di·a·theʹke, omwe amatanthauza “chipangano.” (2 Akorinto 3:14) Chifukwa cha mawu amenewa, anthu ambiri masiku ano akafuna kutchula Malemba Achiheberi amati Chipangano Chakale ndipo Malemba Achigiriki amati Chipangano Chatsopano.

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

LAMULO LIMENE ANTHU AMBIRI SAGWIRIZANA NALO

Mu 2001, bungwe la ku Vatican la akuluakulu a Katolika loona za kulambira ndiponso loika malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka Misa, linatulutsa buku limene amati ndi la malamulo odalirika lotchedwa Liturgiam authenticam. Koma akatswiri ambiri a maphunziro a Chikatolika sanagwirizane ndi bukuli ngakhale pang’ono.

Bukuli limati Baibulo la Nova Vulgata ndilo lovomerezeka ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika. Choncho, anthu ena onse omasulira mabaibulo ayenera kumasulira motsatira Baibulo limeneli. Iwo ayenera kuchita zimenezi ngakhale kuti omwe ankalimasulira anasintha zinthu zina zimene zinali m’Baibulo loyambirira. Bukuli linanenanso kuti tchalitchi cha Katolika chingavomere kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo lililonse pokhapokha ngati alimasulira motsatira lamuloli. Lamuloli linati m’mabaibulo a Chikatolika, “dzina la Mulungu wamphamvu yonse, limene m’Chiheberi amalilemba ndi zilembo zinayi (YHWH),” likamalembedwa “m’chinenero chilichonse, liyenera kulembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana tanthauzo ndi mawu akuti Dominus, kapena kuti “Ambuye.” Zimenezi n’zimene zinachitika kale pamene amamasulira Baibulo lachiwiri la Nova Vulgata. Iwo anachita zimenezi ngakhale kuti m’Baibulo loyambirira anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “Iahveh.” *

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Baibulo la Chilatini la Alcuin, la m’ma 800 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

From Paléographìe latine, by F. Steffens (www.archivi.beniculturali.it)

[Zithunzi patsamba 22]

Baibulo la Vulgate, la Sixtine Clementine, la mu 1592

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Lemba la Eksodo 3:15, M’Baibulo la Nova Vulgata, m’chaka cha 1979

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© 2008 Libreria Editrice Vaticana