Kunyange Mumutauro Wakafa Bhaibheri Ibenyu

NGUVA inopfuura mazana emakore akapfuura, hafu yemitauro yepasi rose yakatsakatika. Mutauro unofa kana pasisina vanhu vorudzi rwunoutaura. Mupfungwa iyi, chiLatin chinonzi “mutauro wakafa,” kunyange zvazvo chichiri kudzidzwa uye chichiri kunyanya kushandiswa kuVatican City.

Mutauro wechiLatin wakashandiswawo mushanduro dzokutanga-tanga dzeBhaibheri. Shanduro idzodzo dzomumitauro isingachanyanyi kushandiswa dzingabatsira here vanhu vanoda kuverenga Bhaibheri nhasi? Nhoroondo dzakaitika dzeshanduro idzodzo dzinotibatsira kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo.

Shanduro Dzekare Zvikuru dzechiLatin

ChiLatin ndicho mutauro wokutanga muRoma. Zvisinei, muapostora Pauro paakanyorera vaKristu vaigara muguta iroro akavanyorera muchiGiriki. * Izvozvo hazvina kumbomutsa dambudziko, nokuti zvaiva zvakajairika kuti vanhu vaiva ikoko vataure mitauro yacho iri miviri. Sezvo vakawanda vaigara muRoma vaibva munzvimbo dzomuAsia Minor dzaitaurwa chiGiriki, zvinonzi vanhu vomuguta iri vakanga vava kutevedzera tsika dzechiGiriki. Mutauro waitaurwa muumambo hweRoma waisiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo, asi sezvo umambo hwacho hwaikura chiLatin chakaguma chave kutaurwa nevanhu vakawanda. Somugumisiro, Magwaro Matsvene akashandurwa kubva muchiGiriki kuenda muchiLatin. Kushandura uku kunoita sokuti kwakatanga muzana remakore rechipiri C.E. kuNorth Africa.

Shanduro yakabudiswa inozivikanwa seVetus Latina, kana kuti Old Latin. Iye zvino hakusisina manyoro ekare atingawana eshanduro yakazara yechiLatin yeMagwaro. Zvikamu zvatinogona kuwana uye zvikamu zvaitorwa mashoko nevanyori vekare zvinoratidza kuti Vetus Latina yakanga isingori bhuku rimwe chete. Asi, rinofanira kunge rakashandurwa nevashanduri vakawanda vakashanda panguva nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Saka pane kuti rive bhuku rimwe chete, ishanduro dzaibva muchiGiriki dzakaunganidzwa.

Vamwe vanhu vakazvimiririra vakaedza kushandurira Magwaro muchiLatin uye zvakaita kuti zvinhu zviite manyama amire nerongo. Zana remakore rechina C.E. rava kunopera, Augustine, mufundisi weChechi yeRoma, aidavira kuti “munhu wose aikwanisa kuwana manyoro echiGiriki achifunga kuti aiziva mitauro yacho miviri kunyange aiziva zvishoma aiedzawo kushandurira” muchiLatin. Augustine nevamwewo vaifunga kuti kwaiva neshanduro dzakawanda dzaivapo uye vaifunga kuti shanduro idzodzo dzakanga dzisina kururama.

Shanduro yaJerome

Murume akaedza kugadzirisa dambudziko rokuva neshanduro dzakawanda aiva Jerome, aimboshanda somunyori waDamasus, mufundisi weChechi yeRoma, muna 382 C.E. Mufundisi wacho akakumbira Jerome kuti adzokorore kushandura mabhuku echiLatin eEvhangeri, uye Jerome akapedza basa racho mumakore mashomanana. Akabva atanga kushandurazve mamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri akanga amboshandurirwa muchiLatin.

Shanduro yaJerome, yakazonzi Vulgate, yaibva pashanduro dzakasiyana-siyana. Jerome akashandura Mapisarema achishandisa Septuagint, shanduro  yechiGiriki yeMagwaro echiHebheru yakanga yapedzwa muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. Akashandurazve mabhuku eEvhangeri uye akashandurawo chikamu chakati kurei cheMagwaro Matsvene kubva muchiHebheru chepakutanga. Zvimwe zvikamu zveMagwaro matsvene zvingangove zvakazoshandurwazve nevamwe. Zvikamu zveVetus Latina zvakazoguma zvabatanidzwazve muVulgate yaJerome.

Shanduro yaJerome haina kufarirwa nevakawanda pakutanga. Kunyange Augustine akaishora. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kuonekwa seBhaibheri rakanaka pamaBhaibheri aiva abatanidzwa kuva bhuku rimwe chete. Muzana remakore rechisere uye rechipfumbamwe, nyanzvi dzakadai saAlcuin naTheodulf dzakatanga kugadzirisa mutauro uye zvimwe zvikanganiso zvakanga zvaitika pakunyora mushanduro yaJerome nemhaka yokudzokorora kukopa. Vamwe vakabva vakamura zvinyorwa zvacho vachizviisa muzvitsauko, kuitira kuti zvive nyore kuvhura Magwaro. Muchina mutsva wokudhinda pawakagadzirwa, shanduro yaJerome ndiyo yakatanga kudhindwa.

Chechi yeRoma yakatanga kudana shanduro yaJerome kuti Vulgate padare rakaitwa muna 1546 reCouncil of Trent. Dare racho rakati Bhaibheri racho “rakarurama,” zvichiita kuti rive iro rinonyanya kushandiswa nevanopinda Chechi yeRoma. Panguva imwe chete, dare racho rakakumbira kuti shanduro yacho idzokororwe. Basa iri raifanira kutarisirwa nematare epamusoro, asi Pope Sixtus V akasarudza kupedza basa racho ari oga, nokuti akanga anonokerwa uye akanyanya kuzvivimba. Shanduro yake  yakanga ichangotanga kudhindwa pakafa papa muna 1590. Vafundisi vakakurumidza kuramba shanduro yacho vachiti yakanga yakanganiswa zvikuru, uye vakaramba kuti iparadzirwe.

Shanduro itsva yakabudiswa muna 1592 panguva yaPope Clement VIII ndiyo yakazonzi Sixtine Clementine. Shanduro iyi yakaramba ichishandiswa neChechi yeRoma kwenguva yakati rebei. Sixtine Clementine Vulgate yakatanga kuzoshandiswa paishandurwa dzimwe shanduro dzeChechi yeRoma, dzakadai seshanduro yaAntonio Martini yomuchiItalian, yakapedzwa muna 1781.

Bhaibheri Remazuva Ano muchiLatin

Kuongorora kwakaitwa manyoro muzana remakore rechi20 kwakaita kuti zvive pachena kuti Vulgate yaifanira kushandurwa zvakare sezvaifanira kuitwa dzimwe shanduro. Kuti zvidaro, muna 1965 Chechi yeRoma yakaita kuti pave nedare reCommission for the New Vulgate uye yakapa dare racho basa rokudzokorora shanduro yeLatin pachishandiswa ruzivo rwainge ruchangowanika. Shanduro iyi yaizoshandiswa paminamato yeRoma muchiLatin.

Chikamu chokutanga cheshanduro itsva iyi chakavapo muna 1969, uye muna 1979 Pope John Paul II akabvumira Nova Vulgata kuti ishandiswe. Shanduro yokutanga yaiva nezita raMwari rokuti Iahveh mundima dzinoverengeka kusanganisira Eksodho 3:15 uye 6:3. Sokutaura kunoita mumwe wedare racho, dare rakaona sokuti vakanga ‘vakanganisa kuisa zita rokuti, Iahveh ndokudzorera rokuti Dominus [Ishe]’ mushanduro yechipiri yakabudiswa muna 1986.

Nova Vulgata yakatsoropodzwa kunyange nenyanzvi dzeChechi yeRoma, sezvakanga zvaitwa Vulgate mazana emakore akanga apfuura. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga yaionekwa seshanduro yaizobatanidza zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoti ndezvechiKristu, vakawanda vakaiona seyaitadza kubatanidza zvitendero izvi sezvo yainge  yasarudzwa napapa seyaifanira kushandiswa kupfuura shanduro dzemimwe mitauro dzakanga dzichangobva kubudiswa. MuGermany, vechechi dzakabva muRoma neveChechi yeRoma vakaitirana gakava chaizvo panyaya yokudzokororwa kweshanduro iyi yeNova Vulgata kuti yaizoshandurwa sei zvaizoita kuti vose vaigamuchire. Vechechi dzakabva muRoma vaipa mhosva veChechi yeRoma vachiti shanduro itsva iyi yaingova yakafanana neNova Vulgata.

Kunyange zvazvo chiLatin chisingachanyanyi kutaurwa, Bhaibheri rechiLatin rakabatsira zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga mamiriyoni akawanda evanhu vakariverenga. Mashoko anoshandiswa muzvitendero zvakawanda anobva muBhaibheri iri. Saka, pasinei nokuti rinobudiswa mumutauro upi, Shoko raMwari riri kuramba richiva nesimba, richichinja upenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu vanoteerera vanoedza kuita maererano nedzidziso dzaro dzinokosha.—VaHebheru 4:12.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 23]

Pope John Paul II akabvuma kuti shanduro yeNova Vulgata ishandiswe. Shanduro yokutanga yaiva nezita raMwari rokuti, Iahveh

[Bhokisi riri papeji 21]

SHANDURO DZAKAMBOITA MUKURUMBIRA

Shanduro inonzi Vetus Latina, yakashandurwa kubva muchiGiriki, yaiva nemashoko akawanda akamboita mukurumbira. Rimwe racho ishoko rechiGiriki rokuti di·a·theʹke, rinoreva kuti “sungano,” iro rakanzi testamentum, kana kuti “testamende.” (2 VaKorinde 3:14) Pamusana peizvi, vanhu vakawanda vachiri kudana Magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki vachiti, Testamende Yekare uye Testamende Itsva.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 23]

MURAYIRO WAKAMUTSA GAKAVA

Muna 2001, Dare repamusoro reChechi yeRoma rapedza makore mana richishanda, rakabudisa murayiro unonzi Authentic Liturgy. Murayiro wacho wakatsoropodzwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzeChechi yeRoma.

Maererano nomurayiro uyu, sezvo Nova Vulgata iri iyo shanduro yakabvumirwa nechechi, ndiyo inofanira kutevedzerwa nedzimwe shanduro dzose, kunyange zvazvo ichichinja zvinowanika mumanyoro epakutanga. Vatungamiriri veChechi yeRoma vanongogamuchira Bhaibheri kana richibvumirana nomurayiro uyu. Murayiro uyu unoti mushanduro dzeChechi yeRoma, “zita raMwari wemasimba ose rinomiririrwa nemabhii mana echiHebheru anonzi tetragrammaton (YHWH)” rinofanira kushandurwa “mumutauro chero upi zvawo neshoko rinoreva zvakafanana” nerokuti Dominus, kana kuti “Ishe” sezvinongoita shanduro yechipiri yeNova Vulgata—kunyange zvazvo shanduro yokutanga yakashandisa rokuti “Iahveh.” *

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]

Alcuin’s version of the Latin Bible, 800 C.E.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Zvakabva muPaléographìe latine, naF. Steffens (www.archivi.beniculturali.it)

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 22]

Sixtine Clementine Vulgate, 1592

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Eksodho 3:15, Nova Vulgata, 1979

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© 2008 Libreria Editrice Vaticana