Ndi Jesus Akakpa ke Cross?
Ndi Jesus Akakpa ke Cross?
N̄WED ofụri orụk ifiọk kiet ọdọhọ “ke cross ke ẹnen̄ede ẹda ẹdiọn̄ọ mme Christian.” Ẹsiwak ndiwụt nte Jesus ọkọn̄ọde ke cross ke ediwak ndise ufọkabasi. Ntak emi Christendom ẹmade cross ntem-e? Ndi Jesus akakpa ke cross?
Ediwak owo ẹdọhọ ke ibọrọ mbụme emi odu ke Bible. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, Edisana Ŋwed Abasi Ibom ọdọhọ ke mbon emi ẹkesan̄ade ẹbe ke ini ẹkekọn̄de Jesus ẹma ẹsuene enye ẹnyụn̄ ẹdọhọ enye ete: “Sụhọde ke cross.” (Matthew 27:40, 42) Ediwak Bible ẹsịn itien̄wed emi ntem n̄ko. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, Today’s English Version ọdọhọ ke ‘mbonekọn̄ ẹma ẹnyịk Simon owo Cyrene ẹte emen cross Jesus.’ (Mark 15:21) Ikọ Greek emi staurosʹ, ke ẹkabade “cross” ke itien̄wed iba emi. Edi, ndi enen ndikabade staurosʹ nte cross? Nso ke mme Greek eyo Jesus ẹkekot staurosʹ?
Ndi Enye Edi Cross?
Ataifiọk usem Greek emi ekerede W. E. Vine ọdọhọ ke staurosʹ ‘edi anyan eto oro owo mîdaha eto efen idori ibiọn̄, inyụn̄ ibietke cross oro ẹsikamade ke mme ufọkabasi, ye nte ke enye ke ẹkesida ẹkọn̄ mme anamidiọk ẹwot.’
The Imperial Bible-Dictionary ọdọhọ ke staurosʹ “ọwọrọ eto, anyan eto, eto emi ẹkemede ndikọn̄ n̄kpọ ekededi, m̀mê eto ọkọ.” N̄wed emi aka iso ete: “Idem ke otu mbon Rome, crux (ikọ Latin emi ẹdade cross ẹto) etie nte ekedi anyan eto.” Ntre, ikpaha nnyịn idem emi Catholic Encyclopedia ọdọhọde ete: “Imenen̄ede ifiọk ke cross ekedi anyan nsọsọp iso eto.”
Ikọ Greek en̄wen emi mme andiwet Bible ẹkekotde n̄kpọ emi ẹkedade ẹwot Jesus edi xyʹlon. A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament ọdọhọ ke xyʹlon edi “anyan eto.” N̄wed emi aka iso ete ke xyʹlon ye staurosʹ ọwọrọ ukem n̄kpọ, ke “enye ekedi anyan eto emi mbon Rome ẹkesikọn̄de mbon emi ẹdọhọde ke ẹkekọn̄ ke cross.”
Ndiwụt ke xyʹlon ye stauros ẹkedi nnyan eto nte n̄wed emi etịn̄de, Edisana N̄wed Abasi eke 1949 ọdọhọ ke Utom 5:30 ete: ‘Abasi mme ete nnyịn akanam Jesus, emi mbufo ẹkekọn̄de ke eto [xyʹlon] eset.’ Mme Bible en̄wen emi ẹkabarede staurosʹ nte “cross” ẹkabade xyʹlon nte “eto.” Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, Edisana Ŋwed Abasi Ibom ọdọhọ ke Utom 13:29 ete: “Ke ini mmọ ẹma ẹkenam kpukpru se ẹkewetde ẹban̄a Enye [Jesus] osu, mmọ ẹkọn̄ọde enye ke eto [xyʹlon] ẹnịm ke udi.”
Sia ikọ Greek iba emi staurosʹ ye xyʹlon ẹwọrọde anyan eto, Critical Lexicon and Concordance emi iketịn̄de iban̄a ke enyọn̄ emi ọdọhọ ete: “Ikọ emi ẹwụt ke se isikụtde ke mme ndise, m̀mê se mme owo ẹkotde cross mfịn inenke.” Emi ọwọrọ ke se mme andikewet Gospel ẹkekotde staurosʹ ibietke-biet se mme owo ẹkotde cross mfịn. Ntak emi anam Edisana N̄wed Abasi-Edikabade Eke Obufa Ererimbot esịn “eto ndutụhọ” ke Matthew 27:40-42 ye ke ebiet en̄wen ekededi emi staurosʹ odude. Ntem n̄ko ke Complete Jewish Bible onyụn̄ anam. Enye akabade staurosʹ nte “eto uwotowo.”
Nte Cross Ọkọtọn̄ọde
Edieke Bible mîdọhọke ke Jesus akakpa ke cross, ntak emi kpukpru ufọkabasi emi ẹdọhọde ke ikpep inyụn̄ itiene Bible—Catholic, Protestant, ye Orthodox—ẹdade cross ẹbana ufọkabasi mmọ ẹnyụn̄ ẹdade emi nte idiọn̄ọ ido ukpono mmọ? Cross akasan̄a didie ọwọrọ etop ntem?
Ibọrọ edi nte ke idịghe mme aka-ufọkabasi emi ẹdọhọde ke itiene Bible kpọt ẹsikpono cross, edi idem mbon emi mîkam inịmke Bible ke akpanikọ, emi ido ukpono mmọ ama okododu idem mbemiso mme ufọkabasi emi ẹdọhọde ke idi Christian, ẹtiene ẹkpono cross. Mme n̄wed oro ẹban̄ade ido ukpono ẹwụt ke ẹma ẹsikama cross ke utọ ke utọ idem mbemiso eyo ntatenyịn. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, mbon Egypt eset ẹkesiwet mme abasi mmọ nte cross emi etiede nte T ye ekara ke enyọn̄. Ẹkot enye enyene-ubọk cross, ndien ẹda enye nte idiọn̄ọ uwem. Ndien nte ini akakade, mme ufọkabasi Christian ke Egypt ye ke mme ebiet en̄wen ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndikama utọ cross enye emi.
The Catholic Encyclopedia ọdọhọ ke “etie nte ata akpa cross emi ẹkesikamade ekedi enye emi ẹkotde cross ‘gamma’ (crux gammata). Mbon Asia ye mme ọdọkisọn̄ nyom n̄kpọeset ẹnen̄ede ẹdiọn̄ọ cross enye emi nte swastika.” Mbon Hindu ke India ye mbon Buddha ke ofụri Asia ẹma ẹsikama cross enye emi ndien ke ẹsụk ẹdada enye ẹbana mme n̄kpọ ẹnyụn̄ ẹda enye nte n̄kpọ mbana.
Owo inen̄ekede idiọn̄ọ ini emi mbon emi ẹdọhọde ke idi Christian ẹketọn̄ọde ndikama cross. Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words eke Vine ọdọhọ ete: “Ke ufọt ufọt ọyọhọ isua ikie-3 A.D. mme ufọkederi ẹma ẹdianade ẹkpọn̄, mîdịghe ẹnam ndudue ke nditiene ndusụk ukpepn̄kpọ eke ido ukpono Christ. Man ẹnam ndutịm esopederi eke mbon emi ẹkekan̄de mbuọtidem ọwọrọ etop, ẹma ẹda mme okpono ndem ẹsịn ke ufọkederi, ye unana edinam mbuọtidem mmọ otịm ọfọn, ndien ẹma ẹyak mmọ, ke akamba udomo, ẹka iso ẹkama mme mbiet ye mme idiọn̄ọ ukpono ndem mmọ,” emi esịnede cross.
Ndusụk mme ewet n̄wed ẹdọhọ ke isan̄ kiet emi Constantine emi ekesikponode abasi utịn akakade ekọn̄ ke isua 312 E.N., ke enye ọdọhọ ke ima ikụt cross ke utịn ke n̄kukụt ye ikọ Latin emi “in hoc vince” (emi ọwọrọde idiọn̄ọ emi edinam fi akan). Ekem, ẹma ẹwet idiọn̄ọ “Christian” ke mme ọfọn̄ etakubom, ke mme otuekọn̄, ye ke mme n̄kpọekọn̄ esie. (Se ndise emi ke ubọk ufien.) Ẹdọhọ ke Constantine ama akabade Christian okposụkedi emi enye akanade baptism ke nna n̄kpa, ke isua 25 ama ekebe tọn̄ọ enye akakabade Christian. Ndusụk owo ẹma ẹsikere se ikanamde enye akabade Christian. N̄wed emi, The Non-Christian Cross ọdọhọ ke “Constantine iketieneke mme ukpepn̄kpọ Jesus eyen Nazareth edi ke okoyom ndikpụhọde Ido Ukpono Christ nnam edi ido ukpono ofụri owo, man mme okpono ndem emi enye akakarade ẹnyịme nditiene ndụk.”
Ini emi ke cross ọkọwọrọ edi ke utọ ke utọ. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ,The Illustrated Bible Dictionary anam ifiọk ke cross enye emi ẹkotde cross St. Anthony “ekebiet akamba T, emi ndusụk owo ẹdọhọde ke ẹkeda ẹto idiọn̄ọ abasi Tammuz [mbon Babylon]. Cross efen emi etiede nte X emi ẹkotde cross St. Andrew ama odu ye enye emi isiwakde ndikụt mfịn. Cross Latin emi ke mme owo ẹsidue “ẹkere ke enye ke Ọbọn̄ nnyịn Jesus akakpa.”
Se Akpa Mme Christian Ẹkenịmde ke Akpanikọ
Bible ọdọhọ ke ediwak mbon emi ẹkekopde n̄kpọ ẹban̄a Jesus ẹma ẹkabade ẹdi mme mbet ẹnyụn̄ ẹnyịme ke n̄kpa esie ekeme ndifak mmimọ. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, ke apostle Paul ama ọkọkwọrọ ikọ ọnọ mme Jew ke Corinth, onyụn̄ anam mmọ ẹkụt ke Jesus edi Christ, Bible ọdọhọ ke “Crispus akwa owo emi etiede ibuot ke synagogue [ama] akabade edi andinịm Ọbọn̄ ke akpanikọ, kpasụk ntre ye ofụri ufọk esie. Ndien ediwak mbon Corinth emi ẹkekopde [ikọ esie ẹma] ẹtọn̄ọ ndinịm ke akpanikọ ẹnyụn̄ ẹna baptism.” (Utom 18:5-8) Paul ikọdọhọke mme Christian emi ẹsikama mme mbiet ye idiọn̄ọ ẹkpono Abasi, edi ọkọdọhọ mmọ “ẹfehe ẹkpọn̄ ukpono ndem,” ye se ededi emi mme okpono ndem ẹsinamde.—1 Corinth 10:14.
Mme anam-ndụn̄ọde ye mme ewetmbụk eset ikwe n̄kpọ ndomokiet emi owụtde ke mme akpa Christian ẹma ẹsikama cross. Enem ndifiọk ke n̄wed emi History of the Cross ọdọhọ ke ewet n̄wed kiet ama obụp ke se ibede isua 300 idahaemi ete: “Ndi ekpenem Jesus nditie n̄kụt nte mme mbet esie ẹkponode n̄kpọ emi [ẹdọhọde nte] ẹkedade ẹsuene, ẹtụhọrede, ẹnyụn̄ ẹwot enye ke unana ntak?” Afo ekere didie?
Abasi iyomke ẹkama mme mbiet ye idiọn̄ọ ẹkpono imọ. Paul ama obụp ete: “Nso ediomi ke temple Abasi odiomi ye ndem?” (2 Corinth 6:14-16) Idụhe ebiet ndomokiet ke Bible emi owụtde ke akpana Christian akama mbiet n̄kpọ emi ẹkedade ẹwot Jesus okpono Abasi.—Men Matthew 15:3 ye Mark 7:13 domo.
Nso ndien ke ẹda ẹdiọn̄ọ ata mme Christian? Owo idaha cross m̀mê mbiet efen ekededi idiọn̄ọ mmọ, edi ẹda ima. Jesus ọkọdọhọ mme mbet esie ete: “Ami mmọnọ mbufo obufa ewụhọ, nte mbufo ẹma kiet eken; kpa nte n̄kamade mbufo, nte mbufo n̄ko ẹma kiet eken. Edieke mbufo ẹnyenede ima ke otu idem mbufo, kpukpru owo ẹyeda emi ẹfiọk ẹte mbufo ẹdi mbet mi.”—John 13:34, 35.
[Se ẹwetde ke ikpọ abisi ke page 19]
Se mme andikewet Gospel ẹkekotde staurosʹ ibietke-biet se mme owo ẹkotde cross mfịn
[Ndise ke page 18]
Ndise Lipsius “De Cruce” emi ẹkewetde n̄kpọ nte isua 400 emi ẹkebede ndiwụt nte ẹkesikọn̄de owo ke staurosʹ
[Ndise ke page 19]
Ndise ke ibibene Egypt (n̄kpọ nte isua 3,400 emi ẹkebede) ye enyene-ubọk cross emi ẹdọhọde ke edi idiọn̄ọ uwem
[Ebiet ẹdade n̄kpọ ẹto]
© DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, NY
[Ndise ke page 19]
Cross gamma ke Temple Laxmi Narayan mbon Hindu
[Ebiet ẹdade ndise ẹto ke page 20]
Ẹda ẹto n̄wed oro, The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art (1897)