Yeruzalemu ya kera yatikijwe ryari?​​—Igice ca kabiri

Mu vy’ukuri, ivyandikano vy’ibumba vyerekana iki?

Iki ni ica kabiri mu biganiro bibiri vyo mu nomero zikurikirana z’Umunara w’Inderetsi bica irya n’ino ibibazo vy’ubushakashatsi bijanye n’igihe Yeruzalemu ya kera yatikizwa. Ico kiganiro c’ibice bibiri kiratanga inyishu zagiriwe ubushakashatsi bushika kure kandi zishingiye kuri Bibiliya z’ibibazo vyazazaniye abasomyi bamwebamwe.

Igice ca mbere carerekanye neza ibi bikurikira:

▪ Abatohozakahise bakunze kuvuga ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C. *

▪ Urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya rwerekana neza ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C.

▪ Abatohozakahise bo mu gihe ca none bisunga ivyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse be n’urutonde rwa Ptolémée.

▪ Bimwebimwe mu vyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse birimwo amakosa akomeye kandi ntivyama bihuza n’ivyanditse ku vyandikano vy’ibumba. *

BIBILIYA ivuga yuko Abayuda bogizwe imbohe bakajanwa ari inyagano i Babiloni, bakagumayo “gushitsa [baha]maze imyaka mirongwirindwi” kugira ngo “ijambo Uhoraho yavugiye mu kanwa ka Yeremiya rishike.” None barekuwe ryari? Barekuwe mu “mwaka wa mbere Kuro umwami w’i Buperesi agiye ku ngoma.” (2 Ngoma 36:21, 22, Bibiliya Yera) Inkuru za kahise zo muri Bibiliya be n’iz’abatohozakahise ziremeza yuko Abayuda bagumye mu bunyagano i Babiloni gushika igihe Kuro yigarurira Babiloni akabarekura, bagasubira i Yeruzalemu mu 537 B.G.C. Ko Bibiliya ivuga itomora yuko ubwo bunyagano bwamaze imyaka 70, butegerezwa rero kuba bwatanguye mu 607 B.G.C.

Ariko rero, abahinga benshi bavuga ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C. Ivyo vyoca bisobanura yuko ubwo bunyagano bwamaze imyaka 50. None uwo mwaka bawuharura gute? Baharura bishimikije ivyandikano vya kera vyo muri ya nyandiko ya kera yitwa cunéiforme bitanga amakuru ku bijanye na Nebukadinezari wa kabiri be n’abamusubiriye ku ngoma.¹ Vyinshi muri ivyo vyandikano vyanditswe n’ababayeho mu gihe c’ugutikizwa kwa Yeruzalemu canke mu gihe cegeranye n’ukwo gutikizwa. Ariko ivyo biharuro bishikana ku mwaka wa 587 B.G.C. vyoba koko ata mahinyu birimwo? Mu vy’ukuri, ivyo vyandikano vyerekana iki?

Kugira uronke inyishu y’ivyo bibazo, reka turabe ubwoko butatu bw’ivyandikano abo bahinga bafatirako: (1) ivyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana inkuru z’ivyabaye, (2) ivyandikano vy’ubudandaji, be (3) n’ivyandikano bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere.

 ● Ivyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana inkuru z’ivyabaye.

Ni iki? Ni ivyandikano vyigana ibintu nyamukuru vyagiye biraba muri kahise ka Babiloni.²

Abahinga babivuzeko iki? R. H. Sack, umuhinga akomeye mu vy’ivyandiko vyo mu nyandiko ya kera, avuga ko ivyo vyandikano vy’i Babiloni bidatanga amakuru akwiye ku bijanye n’ibintu bihambaye vyagiye biraba. * Yanditse yuko abatohozakahise bakwiye gusuzuma bitonze mu “yandi masôko . . . kugira bamenye ivyabaye koko.”

Ivyo vyandikano vyerekana iki? Inkuru za kahise zo mu vyandikano vy’i Babiloni, ziri n’agahaze.³ (Raba urwo ruzitiro ruri aho hepfo.) Ikibazo gica rero kivyuka ni iki: Ivyiyumviro vyashitsweko hishimikijwe izo nkuru ziri n’agahaze twovyizigira ukungana iki?

● Ivyandikano vy’ubudandaji.

Ni iki? Vyinshi mu vyandikano vy’ubudandaji vyo mu gihe c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni ni amaresi (ni ukuvuga ivyemezo) yemewe n’amategeko. Ivyo vyandikano biriko amagenekerezo vyandikiweko bafatiye ku musi, ukwezi n’umwaka vy’umwami yaba ari ku ngoma. Nk’akarorero, icandikano kimwe kivuga yuko hari ivy’urudandaza vyabaye ku kwezi kwa “Nisani, igenekerezo rya 27, umwaka ugira 11 Nebukadirezari [uwitwa kandi Nebukadinezari wa kabiri], umwami wa Babiloni.”⁴

Igihe umwami yaba apfuye canke akombowe maze uwundi mwami akaja ku ngoma, amezi yaba asigaye y’uwo mwaka yafatwa ko ari wo mwaka uwo mwami mushasha agiriye ku ngoma. *⁵ Mu yandi majambo, ukubisikanya kw’abami babiri kwaba mu mwaka umwe, twisunze ikirangamisi c’Abanyababiloni. Bica vyumvikana rero ko ivyandikano vyo mu mwaka umwami mushasha yaba yagiriyeko ku ngoma bibwirizwa kuba vyanditswe mu mezi akurikira ukwezi kwa nyuma kw’umwami yaba yasubiriwe.

Abahinga babivuzeko iki? R. H. Sack yarasuzumye ivyandikano vy’ubudandaji vyinshi vyo mu kiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni. Mu 1972, Sack  yanditse yuko ibisomwa bishasha bitarasohorwa yahawe uburenganzira bwo gusuzuma vyo muri bwa Bushinguro bw’utwa kera bwo mu Bwongereza (British Museum) “vyavuguruje rwose” ivyiyumviro vyari vyarashitsweko ku bijanye n’ibisikanya rya Nebukadinezari wa kabiri n’umuhungu wiwe Ameli-Maraduki (uwitwa kandi Evili-merodaki).⁶ Uti gute? Sack yari azi ko ivyandikano vyerekana yuko Nebukadinezari wa kabiri yari akiri ku ngoma mu kwezi kwa gatandatu kw’umwaka wiwe wa nyuma (ari wo mwaka ugira 43). Mugabo ivyo vyandikano bishasha vyasuzumwe vyo mu mwaka umwami Ameli-Maraduki yamusubiriye yagiriyeko ku ngoma, vyabonetse ko ari ivyo mu kwezi kugira kane n’ukugira gatanu yo mu mwaka abahinga bari bamaze igihe babona ko ari uwo mwaka nyene ugira 43.⁷ Biribonekeza ko hari ukuvuguruzanya.

Ivyo vyandikano vyerekana iki? Hariho n’ubundi burorero bw’ukuvuguruzanya ku bijanye n’ibisikanya ry’abami. Nk’akarorero, icandikano kimwe cerekana ko Nebukadinezari wa kabiri yari akiri ku ngoma mu kwezi kugira cumi, kandi bivugwa yuko ico gihe uwamusubiriye yari amaze amezi atandatu atanguye kuganza.⁸ Ukuvuguruzanya nk’ukwo kurigaragaza no mu bijanye n’ibisikanya rya Ameli-Maraduki na Nerigulisari.⁹

Kubera iki none ukwo kuvuguruzanya guhambaye? Nk’uko twari twabivuze, kuba inkuru zo mu vyandikano vy’i Babiloni ziri n’agahaze vyerekana yuko twoba tudafise amakuru akwiye y’ivyagiye biraba.¹⁰ Hoba hari abandi batwaye hagati y’ingoma z’abo bami? Ari ukwo biri, muri ca kiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni hoca hongerwamwo iyindi myaka. Rero, vyaba ivyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana ivyagiye biraba canke ivyandikano vy’ubudandaji, nta na kimwe muri ivyo cotuma twemeza ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C. *

● Ivyandikano bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere.

Ni iki? Ni ivyandikano bidondora aho izuba, ukwezi, imibumbe n’inyenyeri vyaba biherereye kw’igenekerezo rinaka, bigatanga n’amakuru ku bijanye n’umwaka umwami kanaka yaba ari ku ngoma. Nk’akarorero, urwandiko rujanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere ubona aho hepfo ruravuga ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi bwabaye mu kwezi kwa mbere kw’umwaka wa mbere w’ingoma y’Umwami Mukini-zeri.¹¹

Abahinga babivuzeko iki? Abahinga barahuriza ku ciyumviro c’uko Abanyababiloni bari barahinguye ivyegeranyo birimwo amakuru menshi kugira berekane igihe vyoshobotse rwose ko haba ubwirakabiri.¹²

Mugabo none, Abanyababiloni boba bari gushobora guharura basubira inyuma kugira bamenye ibihe ubwirakabiri bwari bwarabereyeko muri kahise? Umuhinga John Steele avuga yuko “mu kwerekana amagenekerezo ubwirakabiri bumwebumwe bwa kera cane bwari kuberako, bishoboka ko baharuye basubira inyuma bafatiye ku bicapo igihe igisomwa catunganywa.” (Ni twe dushimitse.)¹³ Umuhinga David  Brown, uno akaba abona ko mu bicapo bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere harimwo ivy’ubwirakabiri bwavuzwe hasigaye igihe gito ngo bube, aremera ko bishoboka yuko amwamwe mu magenekerezo y’ubwo bwirakabiri yaba ari ayo “abanditsi bo mu kinjana ca kane Imbere ya Kristu no mu binjana vyo mu nyuma baba baraharuye basubira inyuma.”¹⁴ Nimba rero ayo magenekerezo bayatoye mu guharura basubira inyuma, yoba vy’ukuri ari ayo kwizigirwa hamwe ata bindi bimenyamenya biyashigikira vyoba biriho?

Naho hoba harabaye vy’ukuri ubwirakabiri kw’igenekerezo kanaka, vyoba bisobanura ko amakuru ya kahise uwanditse nya candikano atanga ku bijanye n’iryo genekerezo aba atagiramwo amakosa? Si ngombwa. Umuhinga R. J. van der Spek asigura ati: “Abatororokanije nya makuru bari abatohoza ivy’inyenyeri, ntibari abatohozakahise.” Avuga ko ibihimba bimwebimwe vy’ivyandikano birimwo amakuru ya kahise “ari ibidahambaye cane,” agaca avuga ko “umuntu akwiye kwiyubara igihe akoresha” mwene ayo makuru y’ivya kahise.¹⁵

Ivyo vyandikano vyerekana iki? Fata nk’akarorero icandikano citwa VAT 4956. Umurongo wa mbere waco uvuga uti: “Umwaka wa 37 wa Nebukadinezari umwami wa Babiloni.”¹⁶ Gica gitanga amakuru y’ido n’ido adondora aho ukwezi n’imibumbe vyari biherereye ugereranije n’inyenyeri be n’imigwi y’inyenyeri bitandukanye. Kiravuga kandi ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi bumwe bwabaye. Abahinga bavuga yuko ivyo vyose vyabaye mu mwaka wa 568 ushira uwa 567 B.G.C. Umwaka ugira 18 w’ingoma ya Nebukadinezari wa kabiri, ari na wo mwaka yatikijemwo Yeruzalemu, woca rero uhurirana n’umwaka wa 587 B.G.C. Mugabo none, ibimenyamenya vyoba vyerekana ko mu mwaka wa 568 ushira uwa 567 B.G.C. ari ho honyene ibisyo vyo mu kirekire vyari vyifashe gutyo?

Ico candikano kiravuga ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi ibiharuro vyerekanye ko bwabaye ku musi ugira 15 w’ukwezi kwa gatatu kw’Abanyababiloni kwitwa Simanu. Ni ivy’ukuri yuko habaye ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi kuri iryo genekerezo ry’ukwo kwezi kwo mu 568 B.G.C., irihuye n’igenekerezo rya 4 Mukakaro (hisunzwe ikirangamisi citiriwe Jules). Ariko kandi, hari ubwirakabiri bwabaye imyaka 20 imbere y’aho, kw’igenekerezo rya 15 Mukakaro 588 B.G.C.¹⁷

Nimba umwaka wa 588 B.G.C. uhuye n’umwaka ugira 37 Nebukadinezari wa kabiri ari ku ngoma, umwaka ugira 18 w’ingoma yiwe woca uhurirana n’umwaka wa 607 B.G.C., wa mwaka nyene Yeruzalemu yatikijwemwo twisunze urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya! (Raba  urukurikirane rw’imyaka ruri aho hepfo.) None ca candikano VAT 4956 coba gitanga ibindi bimenyamenya biza bishigikira uwo mwaka wa 607 B.G.C.?

Turetse ubwo bwirakabiri duhejeje kuvuga, kuri ico candikano haravuga ivy’incuro 13 abatohozamibumbe bihweje ukwezi, n’incuro 15 bihweje imibumbe. Ivyegeranyo bagize biradondora aho ukwezi canke imibumbe vyari biherereye ugereranije n’inyenyeri zinaka canke imigwi y’inyenyeri yinaka.¹⁸ Barihweje n’ibiringo umunani vyagiye birahaca hagati y’amaseruka n’amarenga vy’izuba n’ukwezi.^18a

Kubera ko ibibanza ukwezi kuba guherereyemwo mu bihe bitari bimwe usanga bidahindagurika, abashakashatsi barasuzumye bitonze izo ncuro 13 zivugwa muri ico candikano VAT 4956, aho abatohozamibumbe bihweje ahantu ukwezi kwari guherereye. Nya bashakashatsi barasuzumye amakuru babifashijwemwo n’ubuhinga bwa orodinateri bushoboye  kwerekana aho ibisyo vyo mu kirere vyari biherereye kw’igenekerezo rinaka muri kahise.¹⁹ None ni ibiki babonye? Ivyo bibanza ukwezi kwari guherereyemwo si vyose basanze bihuye n’umwaka wa 568 ushira uwa 567 B.G.C., mugabo baharuye bakoresheje ubwo buhinga bwa orodinateri basanze ivyo bibanza 13 vyose bihuye n’ibibanza ukwezi kwari guherereyemwo imyaka 20 imbere yaho, ni ukuvuga mu mwaka wa 588 ushira uwa 587 B.G.C.

Hariho ibibanza basanze ivyo bihweje ku bijanye n’ukwezi bihuye neza na neza n’umwaka wa 588 B.G.C. kuruta umwaka wa 568 B.G.C. Kimwe muri vyo kirerekanwa kuri iyo foto y’icandikano iri kuri izi mpapuro. Ku murongo wa 3 w’ico candikano, havuga yuko mw’“ijoro ryo ku wa 9 [Nisanu]” ukwezi kwari guherereye ahantu kanaka. Yamara, abahinga batanguye kuvuga ko ico kintu cabaye mu 568 B.G.C. bariyemereye yuko mu 568 B.G.C. (ushira uwa 567 hisunzwe ibiharuro bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere), ukwezi kwari aho hantu “kw’igenekerezo rya 8 Nisanu aho kuba ku rya 9.” Kugira bashigikire ivy’uko ngo ico candikano ari ico mu 568 B.G.C., bavuze yuko ngo uwavyanditse yihenze akandika “9” aho kwandika “8”.²⁰ Mugabo ahantu uwo murongo wa 3 uvuga ko ukwezi kwari guherereye, harahuye neza na neza n’igenekerezo rya 9 Nisanu umwaka wa 588 B.G.C.²¹

Biribonekeza neza ko menshi mu makuru ajanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere yo ku candikano VAT 4956 ahuye n’umwaka wa 588 B.G.C., ari wo rero mwaka ugira 37 w’ingoma ya Nebukadinezari wa kabiri. Ivyo bica vyemeza yuko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C., nk’uko Bibiliya ivyerekana.

Kubera iki twokwizigira Bibiliya?

Muri kino gihe, benshi mu batohozakahise babona ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C. Ariko rero, abanditsi ba Bibiliya Yeremiya na Daniyeli baravuga badakikiriza yuko Abayuda bamaze imyaka 70 mu bunyagano, si imyaka 50. (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11; 29:10; Daniyeli 9:2) Ayo majambo arerekana neza ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C. Nk’uko ibimenyamenya twabonye bivyerekana, hariho amakuru atari ayo muri Bibiliya ashigikira uwo mwaka.

Abahinga baravyuye akatari gake ibibazo ku bijanye n’uko Bibiliya yoba ivuga vyo. Yamara, igihe cose habonetse ibimenyamenya bishasha, Bibiliya yama iboneka ko ivuga ukuri. * Abizigira Bibiliya barafise imvo yumvikana yo kuyizigira. Bishimikiza ibimenyamenya vyerekana yuko Bibiliya ivuga amakuru atagira amahinyu ku bijanye na kahise na siyansi be n’ubuhanuzi. Ivyo bituma bemera ko ivyo Bibiliya ivuga yuko yahumetswe n’Imana ari ukuri. (2 Timoteyo 3:16) Ubona gute wisuzumiye ukavyirabira? Wosanga nawe ushitse kuri ico ciyumviro.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/​Igicapo ku rup. 23]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

INKURU ZO MU VYANDIKANO VY’I BABILONI ZIRI N’AGAHAZE

Mu myaka y’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni, bikaba bisanzwe bivugwa ko yamaze imyaka 88, inkuru za kahise zo mu vyandikano vy’i Babiloni zivuga gusa ivyabaye mu myaka 33.

UMWAKA UDAFISE ICANDIKANO CIGANA IVYAWUBAYEMWO

UMWAKA UFISE ICANDIKANO CIGANA IVYAWUBAYEMWO

BM 21901

BM 21946

BM 35382

IKIRINGO C’INGANJI YA KABIRI YA BABILONI

ABAPERESI

Nabopolasari

Nebukadinezari wa 2

Ameli-Maraduki

Nabonide

Nerigulisari

Labashi-Maraduki

BM 25127

BM 22047

BM 25124

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

BM 21901 na BM 35382: Ifoto dukesha British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Uruzitiro/​Ifoto ku rup. 24]

URWANDIKO RUJANYE N’IBISYO VYO MU KIRERE BM 32238

Urwo rwandiko ruravuga ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi bwagiye buraba; mugabo rwatunganijwe inyuma y’ubwirakabiri bwa nyuma bwabaye haciye imyaka 400 ubwa mbere bubaye. Kubera ko uwarwanditse atabonye ubwo bwirakabiri bwose, ashobora kuba yarakoresheje ibiharuro kugira amenye igihe ubwo atabonye bwagiye buraberako. Hatabonetse ibindi bimenyamenya bishigikira ivyo yashitseko, mwene ivyo biharuro nta wobironderamwo amakuru yo kwizigirwa y’ukuntu ibintu vyagiye birakurikirana.

[Abo dukesa ifoto ku rup. 24]

© The Trustees of the British Museum

 [Uruzitiro/​Ifoto ku rup. 26, 27]

MU VY’UKURI, ICANDIKANO VAT 4956 KIVUGA IKI?

Kubera iki giteye impari? Umurongo ugira gatatu w’ico candikano uvuga ko mw’“ijoro ryo ku wa 9” w’ukwezi kwa mbere (Nisanu/Nisani), “ukwezi kwari guherereye kw’itambwe 1 ry’ukuboko uciriye mu nkokora imbere y’urunyenyeri Virginis ß.” Ariko rero, mu 1915 Neugebauer na Weidner banditse ku bijanye n’umwaka wa 568 B.G.C. (uwoca werekana ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C.) yuko “ukwezi kwari guherereye kw’itambwe 1 imbere y’urwo runyenyeri ku wa 8 Nisani, si ku wa 9 Nisani.” (Ni twe dushimitse.) Yamara, mu 588 B.G.C. ku wa 9 Nisani ni ho ukwezi kwari neza na neza kw’itambwe 1 imbere y’urunyenyeri Virginins ß, bigaca vyerekana ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C.

Ryoba ryari igenekerezo rya 9 canke rya 8?

(1) Nk’uko vyerekanywe kuri iyo foto, akamenyetso k’abanya Akadi gakoreshwa mu kwandika igiharuro 9 karibonekeza neza.

(2) Igihe Neugebauer na Weidner bariko bakura ico gisomwa mu nyandiko y’utumenyetso bagishira mu nyandiko isanzwe imenyerewe, barahinduye igiharuro “9” bagira “8.”

(3) Akajambo k’epfo ni ko konyene kerekana ko mu gisomwa co mu ntango hari “9.”

(4) N’igihe bashira nya gisomwa mu kidagi, bashizeho “8.”

(5) Mu 1988, Sachs na Hunger barasohoye ico gisomwa nk’uko nyene kivuga, kirimwo igiharuro “9.”

(6) Igihe bariko bashira ico gisomwa mu congereza bagumijeho ico giharuro 9, yamara bavuga ngo “igenekerezo rya 9” ni “ikosa ahubwo ko hari kwandikwa igenekerezo rya 8.”

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

bpk / Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Olaf M. Teßmer

 [Uruzitiro ku rup. 28]

Ayandi makuru y’ikiganiro “Yeruzalemu ya kera yatikijwe ryari?​—Igice ca kabiri”

1. Inyandiko yitwa cunéiforme ni ubwoko bw’inyandiko aho umwanditsi yashira utumenyetso dutandukanye kw’ibumba ricoroshe akoresheje akuma gafise isonga rikarishe rimeze nk’itindo.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, ca A. K. Grayson, casohowe mu 1975, gisubira gucapurwa mu 2000, urupapuro rwa 8.

3. Ikiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni catanguye mu kinjana c’indwi B.G.C., igihe abami b’Abakaludaya batwara Inganji ya Babiloni. Umwami wa mbere yabaye Nabopolasari, se wa Nebukadinezari wa kabiri. Ico kiringo carangiye igihe Nabonide umwami wa nyuma yatembagazwa na Kuro umwami w’Ubuperesi mu 539 B.G.C.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, ca Ellen Whitley Moore, casohowe mu 1935, urupapuro rwa 33.

5. Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” ca John M. Steele, casohowe mu 2000, urupapuro rwa 36.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.​—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, ca Ronald H. Sack, casohowe mu 1972, urupapuro rwa 3.

7. Ivyandikano BM 80920 na BM 58872 ni ivyo mu kwezi kugira kane n’ukugira gatanu kw’umwaka Evili-merodaki yagiriyeko ku ngoma. Vyasohowe na Sack mu gitabu Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.​—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, urupapuro rwa 3, 90, 106.

8. Icandikano (BM 55806) co mu Bushinguro bw’utwa kera bwo mu Bwongereza (British Museum) ni ico mu kwezi kugira cumi kwo mu mwaka ugira 43.

9. Ivyandikano BM 75106 na BM 61325 ni ivyo mu kwezi kw’indwi n’ukw’icumi kw’uwiyumvirwa ko ari umwaka wa nyuma (ugira kabiri) w’ingoma ya Evili-merodaki. Ariko rero, icandikano BM 75489 bivugwa ko ari ico mu kwezi kugira kabiri kw’umwaka uwamusubiriye, ari we Nerigulisari, yagiriyeko ku ngoma.​—Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Igitabu ca 3, (Tablets From Sippar 3) ca Erle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, na C.B.F. Walker, casohowe mu 1988, urupapuro rwa 25, 35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Igitabu ca 7, (Tablets From Sippar 2) ca Erle Leichty na A. K. Grayson, casohowe mu 1987, urupapuro rwa 36.

Neriglissar​—King of Babylon, ca Ronald H. Sack, casohowe mu 1994, urupapuro rwa 232. Ukwezi kuri kuri ico candikano ni Ajaru (ukwezi kugira kabiri).

10. Fata akarorero ka Nerigulisari. Hari ivyandiko vy’i bwami bimwerekeye bivuga yuko yari “umuhungu wa Beli-shumi-ishikuni,” “umwami w’i Babiloni.” (Ni twe dushimitse.) Ibindi vyandiko vyita Beli-shumi-ishikuni “umuganwa w’inkerebutsi.” Ijambo ryo mu ntango ryahinduwe ngo “umuganwa,” ari ryo rubû, ni izina ry’icubahiro risobanura kandi “umwami, umutware.” Kubera ko vyibonekeza neza ko hari ukuvuguruzanya hagati y’ivy’ingoma ya Nerigulisari n’uwatwaye imbere yiwe, ari we Ameli-Maraduki, uwo “mwami w’i Babiloni” Beli-shumi-ishikuni yoba kumbure ari we yatwaye hagati y’abo babiri? Umuhinga R. P. Dougherty yaravuze yuko “ata wokwirengagiza ibimenyamenya vyerekana ko Nerigulisari yakomoka mu banyacubahiro.”​—Nabonidus and Belshazzar​—A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ca Raymond P. Dougherty, casohowe mu 1929, urupapuro rwa 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Igitabu ca 5, caryohowe na Hermann Hunger, gisohorwa mu 2001, urupapuro rwa 2-3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Igitabu ca 2, No. 4, 1948, “A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period,” ca A. Sachs, urupapuro rwa 282-283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Igitabu ca 5, urupapuro rwa 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, ca David Brown, casohowe mu 2000, urupapuro rwa 164, 201-202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1/2, Januari-Maart, 1993, “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid and Seleucid History,” ca R. J. van der Spek, urupapuro rwa 94, 102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Igitabu ca 1, ca Abraham J. Sachs, carangijwe congera kiryohorwa na Hermann Hunger, gisohorwa mu 1988, urupapuro rwa 47.

 17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, ca Peter J. Huber na Salvo De Meis, casohowe mu 2004, urupapuro rwa 186. Twisunze ca candikano VAT 4956, ubwo bwirakabiri bwabaye ku wa 15 w’ukwa gatatu kw’Abanyababiloni, ivyo bikerekana ko ukwezi kwa Simanu kwatanguye imisi 15 imbere y’aho. Nimba ubwo bwirakabiri bwabaye ku wa 15 Mukakaro 588 B.G.C. dufatiye ku kirangamisi citiriwe Jules, igenekerezo rya 1 rya Simanu ryohurirana n’irya 30 Ruheshi rishira irya 1 Mukakaro 588 B.G.C. Rero, ukwezi kwa mbere kw’Abanyababiloni (Nisanu) kwoba ari kwo kwatanguye umwaka mushasha amezi abiri imbere y’aho, ni ukuvuga kw’igenekerezo rya 2 rishira irya 3 Rusama. Naho mu bisanzwe umwaka wabayemwo ubwo bwirakabiri woba watanguye kw’igenekerezo rya 3 rishira irya 4 Ndamukiza, icandikano VAT 4956 kivuga ku murongo waco wa 6 yuko hari ukundi kwezi kwongeweko inyuma y’ukwezi kwa 12 (Adaru, ari na kwo kwa nyuma) kw’umwaka w’imbere yaho. (Ico candikano kivuga giti: “Igenekerezo rya 8 ry’ukwezi kwa XII₂ [ukwezi kugira 13].”) Ivyo vyatumye rero uwo mwaka mushasha utangura koko kw’igenekerezo rya 2 rishira irya 3 Rusama. Gutyo, rya genekerezo ryo mu 588 B.G.C. ubwo bwirakabiri bwabereyeko rirahuye neza n’amakuru ari kuri ico candikano.

18. Twisunze ivyegeranyo bimwe (Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig); Igitabu ca 67; 1 Rusama 1915; mu kiganiro kimwe (“Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II”), ca Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, urupapuro rwa 67-76, abatohozamibumbe barihweje ukwezi incuro 13 barerekana aho kwari guherereye ugereranije n’inyenyeri yinaka canke umugwi w’inyenyeri munaka. Barihweje n’imibumbe incuro 15. (Urupapuro rwa 72-76) Naho akamenyetso ko mu nyandiko ya cunéiforme kerekana ukwezi gatomoye kandi kadateye amadidane, tumwetumwe mu tumenyetso dukoreshwa mu kwerekana amazina y’imibumbe be n’aho iherereye twotwo ntidutomoye. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy​—Astrology, ca David Brown, casohowe mu 2000, urupapuro rwa 53-57) Ivyo bituma ivyo bihweje ku bijanye n’imibumbe bishobora gutangwako ivyiyumviro n’insobanuro vyinshi bitandukanye. Kubera ko abatohozamibumbe bashobora gukurikirana bitagoranye ingendo ukwezi kwagiye kuragira muri kahise, umuntu arashobora kumenya ata kwihenda cane aho ivyo bisyo bindi vyo mu kirere bivugwa ku candikano VAT 4956 kandi bifitaniye isano n’ukwezi vyari biherereye kw’igenekerezo rinaka.

18a. Ivyo biringo vyagiye biracamwo hagati (ivyitwa “inyabutatu z’ukwezi”) ni umwanya baharura, nk’akarorero kuva izuba rirenze gushika ukwezi guserutse ku musi wa mbere w’ukwezi no mu bindi bihe bibiri vyo muri ukwo kwezi. Abahinga barahuje iyo myanya n’amagenekerezo yo ku kirangamisi. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” ca F. R. Stephenson na David M. Willis, mu gitabu Under One Sky​—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, caryohowe na John M. Steele na Annette Imhausen, gisohorwa mu 2002, urupapuro rwa 420-428) Kugira ngo abihweji ba kera bagere iyo myanya, vyasaba ko baba bafise ikintu kimeze nk’isaha. Izo ngero ntizari izo kwizigirwa. (Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” ca John M. Steele, casohowe mu 2000, urupapuro rwa 65-66) Ariko ivyo guharura aho ukwezi kwaba guherereye ugereranije n’ibindi bisyo vyo mu kirere vyo vyagirwa bizigiye cane ko ata kwihenda kujamwo.

19. Bagize uwo mwihwezo bifashishije ubuhinga bwa orodinateri bujanye n’ivy’imibumbe bwitwa TheSky6™. Barifashishije kandi ubuhinga bwa orodinateri bwa gusa bwitwa Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) be n’ubuhinga bahawe n’ikigo kimwe co muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cihweza ivy’imibumbe (U.S. Naval Observatory) bufata amagenekerezo bukayahindura mu bundi buryo bwo guharura amagenekerezo. Kubera yuko utumenyetso two muri ya nyandiko ya cunéiforme twakoreshejwe mu kwerekana vyinshi mu bibanza imibumbe yari iherereyemwo dushobora gutangwako ivyiyumviro n’insobanuro vyinshi bitandukanye, muri iryo tohoza ivyo bibanza ntivyisunzwe mu kugenekereza umwaka urwo rwandiko rujanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere rwaba rushaka kwerekana.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig; Igitabu ca 67; 1 Rusama 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” ca Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, urupapuro rwa 41.

21. Icandikano VAT 4956 kivuga ku murongo wa gatatu giti: “Ukwezi kwari guherereye kw’itambwe 1 ry’ukuboko uciriye mu nkokora [canke dogere 2] imbere y’urunyenyeri Virginis ß.” Wa mwihwezo twavuga wasozereye werekana ko ku wa 9 Nisanu ukwezi kwari ku dogere 2 n’iminuta 4 imbere y’urunyenyeri Virginis ß no ku dogere 0 munsi y’urwo runyenyeri. Basanze bihuriranye neza.

[Igicapo ku rup. 25]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

ICANDIKANO VAT 4956 CEREKANA KO YERUZALEMU YATIKIJWE RYARI?​​—MU 587 B.G.C. CANKE MU 607 B.G.C.?

◼ Ico candikano kiradondora ibintu bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere vyabaye mu mwaka ugira 37 w’ingoma y’Umwami Nebukadinezari wa kabiri.

◼ Nebukadinezari wa kabiri yatikije Yeruzalemu mu mwaka ugira 18 w’ingoma yiwe.​—Yeremiya 32:1.

Nimba umwaka ugira 37 w’ingoma ya Nebukadinezari wakabiri ari 568 B.G.C., bica bisobanura ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C.

610 B.G.C.

600

590

580

570

560

Nimba umwaka ugira 37 w’ingoma yiwe ari 588 B.G.C., bica bisobanura ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C. nk’uko Bibiliya ivyerekana.

◼ Urwandiko VAT 4956 ruratanga ibimenyamenya vyerekeza cane ku mwaka wa 607 B.G.C.

[Picture Credit Line on page 22]

Ifoto dukesha British Museum