Ukuntu Bibiliya yadushikiriye

Kuba Bibiliya itazimanganye biratangaje cane. Haraheze imyaka irenga 1.900 ihejeje kwandikwa. Yanditswe ku bintu bishobora kwononekara ningoga, nk’impapuro zikozwe mu rufunzo n’insato z’ibikoko. Vyongeye, yanditswe mu ndimi zitakivugwa n’abantu benshi muri iki gihe. N’ikindi kandi, abantu bakomakomeye nk’abategetsi n’abakuru b’amadini baragerageje kuyizimanganya.

ICO gitabu cashoboye gute kuzigamwa ku buryo ubu gisigaye ari co gitabu kizwi n’abantu benshi? Raba ibintu bibiri gusa vyakozwe.

Hari abagiye barayimura

Abisirayeli ni bo bari babitse ibisomwa vya Bibiliya vyo mu ntango. Barazigamye bitonze imizingo vyari vyanditseko bongera baza baravyimura. Nk’akarorero, Imana yabwiye abami ba Isirayeli kwandika ‘ikopi y’itegeko bafatiye ku rijejwe abaherezi, Abalewi.’​—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 17:18.

Abisirayeli benshi barakunda gusoma Ivyanditswe, bakabona ko ari Ijambo ry’Imana. Ku bw’ivyo, igikorwa co kuvyimura cakorwa n’abimuzi bakanongoreye kandi bakabigira bavyitondeye. Umwe muri abo bimuzi ni umugabo yatinya Imana yitwa Ezira. Avugwa ko “yari umwimuzi w’umuhanga mu bijanye n’itegeko rya Musa, iryo Yehova Imana ya Isirayeli yari yaratanze.” (Ezira 7:6) Abimuye Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo, ari ryo Sezerano rya kera, kuva mu myaka ya 500 gushika mu myaka ya 900 inyuma ya Kristu ni abitwa Abamasoreti. Bobo mu kwimura baraharura indome z’igisomwa kugira ntibahave bihenda. Kuba bavyimura bavyitondeye vyaratumye ico gisomwa kitajamwo amakosa vyongera biratuma kizigamwa, gutyo Bibiliya ubwayo ntiyazimangana naho ata ko abansi batagize kugira bayizimanganye.

Nk’akarorero, mu mwaka wa 168 imbere ya Kristu, umwami w’Umusiriya yitwa Antiochus IV yaragerageje kuzimanganya amakopi yose y’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo yari mu karere ka Palestina. Amakuru y’ivya kahise k’Abayuda avuga ati: “Imizingo yose y’itegeko babona baca bayitabagura bakayiturira.” Igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The Jewish Encyclopedia) kigira giti: “Abasoda bari bajejwe igikorwa co kuzimanganya imizingo y’itegeko bagikorana umwete udasanzwe . . . Gutunga igitabu ceranda . . . vyahanishwa igihano c’urupfu.” Ariko amakopi y’Ivyanditswe ntiyazimanganye, haba mu Bayuda baba muri Palestina canke mu baba mu bindi bihugu.

Abanditsi b’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki ari ryo Sezerano rishasha bakirangiza kwandika, ivyo banditse nk’amakete, ubuhanuzi n’inkuru za kahise ntivyatevye kwimurwa no gukwiragira. Nk’akarorero, Yohani yandikiye Injili yiwe i Efeso canke hafi yaho. Ariko umuzingo w’iyo Njili, uwo abahinga bavuga ko wimuwe mu myaka idashika 50 kuva Yohani yanditse iyo Njili, wubuwe mu Misiri, ku bilometero amajana uvuye aho Yohani yawandikiye. Ivyo vyerekana ko muri iyo myaka idashika 50, Abakirisu bari mu bihugu vya kure bari bamaze kuronka amakopi y’igisomwa cahumetswe cari giherutse kwandikwa.

Kuba Ijambo ry’Imana ryarakwiragiye cane na vyo nyene biri mu vyatumye rizigamwa no mu binjana vyakurikiye inyuma y’aho Kristu asubiriye mw’ijuru. Nk’akarorero, bivugwa ko mu gatondo ka kare ko ku wa 23 Ruhuhuma mu mwaka wa 303 inyuma ya Kristu, Umwami w’abami w’Umuroma yitwa Dioclétien yahagarikiye abasoda biwe bariko baramena inzugi z’urusengero bongera baturira amakopi y’Ivyanditswe. Dioclétien yiyumvira ko ashobora kuzimanganya ubukirisu mu guhonya Ivyanditswe vyeranda. Bukeye, yaciye ategeka ko amakopi yose ya Bibiliya yoturirwa ku mugaragaro mu nganji yose y’Uburoma. Mugabo, amakopi amwamwe yararokotse maze aca asubira kwimurwa. Wanashima, hari ibice binini vy’amakopi abiri ya Bibiliya yo mu kigiriki bikiriho gushika n’ubu, bikaba bishobora kuba vyimuwe ata kiringo kirekire kirahaca Dioclétien akoze ivyo bintu. Ikopi imwe iri i Roma iyindi mu Bwongereza.

Naho ata vyandikano vy’iminwe vyo mu ntango vya Bibiliya biruburwa, haracariho amakopi ibihumbi ya Bibiliya yose canke ibice vyayo yandikishijwe iminwe. Amwamwe muri yo ni aya kera cane. None abimuye Bibiliya ntiboba barahinduye ubutumwa bwari mu vyandikano vy’iminwe vyo mu ntango? Ku vyerekeye Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo, umuhinga yitwa W. H. Green yavuze ati: “Turashobora kuvuga tutihenda ko ico ari co gikorwa cakozwe ata kwihenda kuruta ibindi vyose muri kahise.” Ku bijanye n’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu, umuhinga akomeye mu vy’ivyandikano vya Bibiliya yitwa Frederic Kenyon yanditse ati: “Uravye igihe ivyandikano vya kera vyarangiriye kwandikwa be n’igihe ikopi vyitwa ko ari iya kera yimuriwe, nta kiringo kinini kiri hagati. Amakenga yose yari asigaye ku bijanye no kumenya nimba Ivyanditswe dufise ubu bitahinduwe yararangiye. Rero, kuba ibitabu vyo mw’Isezerano rishasha ari ivy’ukuri kandi bitahinduwe, ni ntaharirizwa.” Yavuze kandi ati: “Twokwemeza tudakeka ko ubutumwa buri muri Bibiliya butagoretswe. . . . Nta kindi gitabu na kimwe kw’isi cazigamwe gutyo.”

Guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi

Ikintu kigira kabiri catumye Bibiliya imenyekana cane ni uko iboneka mu ndimi nyinshi. Ivyo birahuye n’ukugomba kw’Imana. Igomba ko abantu bo mu mahanga yose n’indimi zose bayimenya kandi bakayisenga “mu mpwemu no mu kuri.”​—Yohani 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Impinduro ya mbere izwi ni Bibiliya yitwa Septante, abayihinduye bakaba bakuye Isezerano rya kera mu giheburayo barishira mu kigiriki. Bayiteguriye Abayuda bavuga ikigiriki bataba muri Palestina. Bayirangije hasigaye nk’imyaka 200 ngo Yezu atangure igikorwa ciwe co kw’isi. Haheze ibinjana bikeyi Bibiliya yose ihejeje kwandikwa (ushizemwo Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu), yarahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi. Abategetsi n’abakuru b’amadini babwirizwa gukora ibishoboka vyose kugira abantu bose bashobore kuronka Bibiliya, ariko ivyo si vyo bakoze. Baragerageje kugumiza abanyagihugu mu mwiza mu kubuza ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu ndimi abantu bumva.

Abantu b’umutima rugabo baremeye gushira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga, barahindura Bibiliya mu ndimi abantu bumva naho abakuru b’amadini be n’abategetsi babarwanya. Nk’akarorero, mu 1530, Umwongereza yitwa William Tyndale yize kw’ishure ry’i Oxford yarahinduye ibitabu bitanu vya mbere vyo mw’Isezerano rya kera, ibikunze kwitwa Pantateki. Naho yarwanijwe bimwe bikaze, ni we yabaye umuntu wa mbere yahinduye Bibiliya ayikura mu giheburayo ayishira mu congereza. Uwo Tyndale nyene ni we yabaye umuhinduzi wa mbere w’icongereza yakoresheje izina Yehova. Incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya w’Umusupanyoli yitwa Casiodoro de Reina yarahatswe kwicwa akatari gake n’abakuru b’idini rya Gatolika igihe yariko arahindura imwe muri Bibiliya za mbere zahinduwe mu gisupanyoli. Igihe yariko arakora ico gikorwa, yaragize ingendo mu Bwongereza, Ubudagi, Ubufaransa, Ubuholande n’Ubuswise. *

Muri iki gihe, Bibiliya irabandanya guhindurwa mu ndimi nyinshi cane kandi harasohorwa amakopi imiliyoni. Kuba yararokotse ikaba n’igitabu abantu benshi bazi, birerekana ko ivyo intumwa Petero yavuze ahumekewe ari ukuri. Yavuze ati: ‘Ivyatsi biruma, ishurwe na ryo rigahunguruka, mugabo ijambo rya Yehova ryamaho ibihe vyose.’​—1 Petero 1:24, 25.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 12, 13]

Ivyandikano vy’iminwe vy’Abamasoreti

 [Ifoto ku rup. 13]

Umuzingo uriko Luka 12:7, “. . . ntimutinye; mwebwe muri n’agaciro kuruta utujuri twinshi”

[Abo dukesha amafoto ku rup. 13]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin