Icikuko ca Black Death—Ica mu Nkulo sha pa Kati ku Bulaya

Ku ulemba Loleni! ku France

Umwaka wa 1347 icikuko cali nacipayaula kale abantu ba ku fyalo fya ku Far East. Lelo casukile cafika na mu mipaka ya ku kabanga ka Bulaya.

ABENA Mongolia balesansa itauni lya malinga ilya makwebo ilya Kaffa ilya bena Genoa, ilitwa nomba ati Feodosiya, ku ncende ya Crimea. Abena Mongolia balilekele ukusansa pantu balefwa ku bulwele bwabulo kwishiba bwino. Lelo ilyo bashilaleka, bashile basansa mu nshila iyabipisha. Babomfeshe ifya kulashilako ifikalamba ku kufwinta imibili yakaba iya balwele mu musumba ukucilusha ifibumba. Lintu abena Genoa bamo abalecingilila itauni baninine ifimaato fyabo no kufulumuka mwi tauni lyatebelelwe ne cikuko, bayambukishe bambi pa cabu conse bapitile.

Mu myeshi fye inono, abantu balefwa mpanga yonse ku Bulaya. Tacakokwele ukufika na ku fyalo fyabela ku kapinda ka ku kuso aka Africa, ku Italy, Spain, England, France, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, ne ncende ya Baltics. Nalimo mu myaka fye ibili, icakaniko cimo pali fine ica bantu ku Bulaya balifwile. Nalimo amamilioni 25 balifwile ku cikuko ca Black Death ico batila “caipeye impendwa ya bantu ukucila akayofi konse akatala akepaya abantu.” *

Icalengele Abantu Ukufwa Sana

Te bulwele fye bwa Black Death bwalengele ukuti abantu bafwe sana. Fingi fyalengele. Kabili cimo pali ifi fya mipepele. Ica kumwenako cimo cili cifundisho ca mutwala. Jacques le Goff, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umwina France, atile: “Icifundisho ca mutwala cali mpanga yonse lintu ba 1200 bapwile.” Ku kubangilila kwa ba 1300, Dante alembele The Divine Comedy umo alondolwele ifyaba helo no mutwala. Ici calengele abantu bapate sana ici icikuko no kuba abafuupulwa, pantu balemona kwati ni Lesa uwalebakanda. Nga fintu twalamona, uku kutontonkanya kwabulamo isubilo e kwalengele ukuti ubulwele bube mpanga yonse. Icitabo calembwa na Philip Ziegler ica The Black Death, citila: “Takwali cimbi ukucila pali ici calengele ukuti ici cikuko cisalangane.”

Ubwafya na bumbi bwalengelwe ne filimwa ifyo ilingi line fishalekula bwino mu mabala ya ku Bulaya. E co impendwa ya bantu iyalekulilako ku Bulaya tabalelya ifyakumanina kabili imibili yabo tayali na maka ya kulwisha ubulwele.

Icikuko Casalangana

Dokota wa kwa Papa Clement VI, Guy de Chauliac atile imisango ibili iya cikuko e yaishile  ku Bulaya, e kuti ukufimba bapwapwa no kufimba mu maapa na mu matanta. Alilondolwele bwino ifyo aya malwele yali kabili alembele ati: “Ubwa kubalilapo bwapwile imyeshi ibili kabili bwalekafya umubili ukwabulo kuleka no kulenga umuntu ukuluka umulopa. Kabili bwaleipaya umuntu mu nshiku shitatu. Ubwa bubili bwalikokwele, kabili bwalekafya umubili ukwabulo kuleka no kulenga ifipute ne filonda ifya ku tumbatumba pa mubili maka maka mu maapa na mu matanta. Bwaleipaya umuntu umo mu nshiku shisano.” Badokota balifililwe ukucincintila ici cikuko.

Abengi balifulumwike mu munsokwe no kusha abalwele abengi. Na kuba, pa babalilepo ukufulumuka pali abakankaala ne ncenshi. Nangu cingati bashimapepo bamo balifulumwike, aba fya mapepo abengi balibeleme mu fikuulwa fya bashimbe aba fya mapepo pa kuti beambula ubulwele.

Ilyo kucili uyu munsokwe, papa atile umwaka wa 1350 wali Mwaka wa Mushilo. Aba nyendo sha fya mapepo abali no kuya ku Rome bali no kupeelwa insambu sha kuya ku paradise ukwabula ukupita mu mutwala! Imintapendwa ya ba nyendo sha fya mapepo balyumfwilile ifyo abebele, kabili ilyo bali pa lwendo baile balatandanya ubulwele.

Bafilwa Ukupwisha Icikuko

Balifililwe ukupwisha Black Death pantu tapali uwaishibe bwino bwino ifyo yaleambukila. Abengi baishileishiba ukuti ubulwele bwaleambukila nga bakumyanya no mulwele nangu ku fya kufwala fyakwe. Bamo baletiina fye no kubalolekesha ku mulwele! Lelo abekashi ba mu Florence, ku Italy, batile ici cikuko cafumine kuli bapushi ne mbwa. Balipeye ishi nama ukwabulo kwishiba ukuti e lintu balelenga bakwindi ukucililako ukutandanya ubulwele.

Ilyo abantu bacililemo ukufwa, bamo bafwaile ukwafwilishiwa na Lesa. Abaume na banakashi bapeele icalici fyonse ifyo bakwete, no kusubila ukuti Lesa kuti abacingilila ku bulwele, nelyo ukubalambula pa kubasenda mu kuyaikala ku muulu. Ici calengele icalici ukunonka sana. Balebomfya ne fipuuta fye shuko, ifipasho fya kwa Kristu, ne mpinga. Bambi nabo batendeke ukutiine mipashi, ukubomfya amalele, no muti wa bufi ku kuyundapa. Kwali no kutungo kuti pefyumu, viniga, no muti waibela fyalecingilila ubulwele. Balitemenwe no kuifumya umulopa mu mubili pa kuti bondapwe. Abasoma pa University of Paris batile icalengele icikuko mapulaneti yalesela mu fifulo yendela! Lelo ukulondolola kwa bufi no kundapa kwa bufi, fyalifililwe ukucincintila ici cikuko icaipeye abengi.

Ifyafuminemo Fyalishele

Ilyo papitile imyaka isano, camoneke kwati Black Death yalipwile. Lelo ilyo umwanda wa myaka taulapwa, bwali no kubwela na kabili imiku ine. E mulandu wine ifyafumine muli Black Death fyalinganishiwa ku Nkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo. Icitabo ca mu 1996 ica The Black Death in England citila: “Abalemba ilyashi lya kale aba ndakai tabakansana nakalya ukuti ifyafumine muli ici cikuko fyalyonawile ubunonshi na bekashi pa numa ya 1348.” Ici cikuko calipeye abengi, kabili palipitile imyaka iingi pa kuti abantu bafule na kabili mu ncende shimo. Apo ababomfi balicepele, balekabila ukulipilwa indalama ishingi. Abali kale abene mpanga abakankaala tabakwate ne ndalama. Kabili balilekele ukusuminisha umuntu ukwikala pa mpanga yabo ilyo alebabombela nga malipilo, nge fyo cali mu Nkulo sha pa Kati.

E co icikuko calyalwile sana ifya mapolitiki,  imipepele na bekashi. Ku England, abasoma balelanda iciFrench ilyo icikuko tacilaisa. Lelo lintu bakafundisha ba ciFrench abengi bafwile, iciNgeleshi e lulimi lwatendeke ukulandwa sana ku Britain ukucila iciFrench. Imipepele nayo yalyalwike. Jacqueline Brossollet, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umwina France atile “amacalici yalesonta abatuutu kabili abashatemenwe ukuba bashimapepo” pantu aba kuba bashimapepo balyafishe ukusanga. Brossollet atile “icalengele amacalici yaluke cali kubongoloka kwa fifulo fya [macalici] ifya kusambililapo no kupepelapo.”

Cine cine, Black Death yalyalwile ifya kulenga, kabili abantu ilingi balelenga ifikope pa lwa mfwa. Ifikope pa lwa mfwa ifyaishibikwa sana, kabili ilingi ifyalelangisha ifyo abantu baleshala imisakalala ne fitumbi fyaishileba cishibilo caseekele ica fyo imfwa yaba na maka. Apo tabaishibe ifyali no kucitika ku ntanshi, abengi abapuswike ku cikuko baitumpile mu mibele ya kuipoosaika. E co kwali imibele ye shiku. Icitabo ca The Black Death cisosa ukuti “abantu ba mu nkulo sha pa kati batile icalici lyalibalekeleshe” pantu lyalifililwe ukucingilila icikuko ca Black Death. Ilyo Black Death  yapwile, abalemba ilyashi lya kale bamo batila ukwaluka mu bekashi ukwafuminemo kwalengele babe na bukaitemwe ne mibombele ya fya makwebo kabili kwalyalwile icibi ubwikashi ne fya bunonshi. Ni muli ifi e mwafumine kapitolizimu.

Black Death yalengele amabuteko yasange nshila shakusungilamo incende isha busaka. Ilyo ubulwele bwacepeneko, baliwemye imisebo ya musumba wa Venice. Imfumu John II iya ku France, iyainikwe ati Umusuma, yakambishe abantu ukuwamya imisebo pa kulwisha ubulwele. Yacitile ici ilyo yaishibe ifyo dokota wa kale umuGriki apuswishe abantu ku cikuko cimo ku Athens pa kuwamya no kusamfya imisebo. Baliwenye imisebo iingi iya nkulo sha pa kati, iyali ne mipaipi iyakulisha iyatulaika.

Bushe Ubulwele Bwalipwa?

Mu 1894, Alexandre Yersin, sayantisiti wa tushishi tuleta amalwele umwina France, asangile akashishi kaleta Black Death. Kainikwe ishina lyakwe ati Yersinia pestis. Ilyo papitile imyaka ine, umwina France na umbi, Paul-Louis Simond, asangile ukuti impantila (kuli bakwindi) shilasalanganya ubulwele. Umuti walisangilwe lelo tawalebomba sana.

Bushe ici cikuko calipwa? Awe. Calipeye abantu nalimo 50,000 mu citungu ca Manchuria pa kapepo ka mu 1910. Kabili cila mwaka icipani ca World Health Organization cilapokelela impendwa ya balwele iikalamba, kabili icili ilekulilako. Balisanga imisango imbi iya bulwele bwa Black Death iyayafya ukundapa. Nga bantu basuula ubusaka, bacili mu busanso bwa kulwala. E ico, icitabo capitulwikwemo na Jacqueline Brossollet na Henri Mollaret ica Pourquoi la peste? Le rat, la puce et le bubon (Mulandu nshi ubulwele bwaishile? Bakwindi, impantila, no kufimba mu maapa na mu matanta) cisondwelela ukuti “ku ca bulanda, ubulwele tabwaliko fye kale ku Bulaya mu Nkulo sha pa Kati, . . . napamo ubulwele bukabwela ku ntanshi.”

[Futunoti]

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Abaume na banakashi bapeele icalici fyonse ifyo bakwete, no kusubila ukuti Lesa kuti abacingilila ku bulwele

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Icakaniko Cabaleifopaula

Bamo baeseshe ukunasha ubukali bwa kwa Lesa ukupitila mu kuifopaula abene pantu baletontonkanya ukuti Lesa alebakandila ku bulwele. Aba mu Cakaniko ca Kuifopaula, abali nalimo 800,000, baishibikwe sana ilyo kwali Black Death. Amafunde ya cakaniko yalikenye ukusosha abanakashi, ukusamba, no kufula ifya kufwala no kufwala fimbi. Baleifopaula imiku ibili cila bushiku pa cintubwingi.

Icitabo ca Medieval Heresy cisosa ukuti: “Ukuifopaula e nshila abantu abali no munsokwe balepwishishamo umwenso.” Abaleifopaula balikoselepo ukusuusha bashimapepo ba macalici no kusuusha ukuyebelela amasambi kuli bashimapepo ukwaleletela icalici indalama ishingi. Te ca kupapa ukuti mu 1349 papa alisenwike ici cakaniko. Lelo mu kuya kwa nshita, calipasaukile icine ceka ilyo Black Death yapwile.

[Icikope]

Aba mu cakaniko ca baleifopaula baeseshe ukutalalikako ubukali bwa kwa Lesa

[Abatusuminishe]

© Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles

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Icikuko mu musumba wa Marseilles, ku France

[Abatusuminishe]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Icikope pe bula 17]

Alexandre Yersin, asangile akashishi kaleta icikuko

[Abatusuminishe]

Ifikope fya ba Culver