Cyril Lucaris—Umuntu Uwakatamike Baibolo

Bushiku bumo mu lusuba lwa mu 1638, abalondo pali Bemba wa Marmara mupepi na Constantinople (pali lelo e ku Istanbul), umusumba ukalamba mu bufumu bwa Ottoman, balipapile ilyo bamwene icitumbi cileeleela pa menshi. Ilyo balolekeshe, balitulumwike lintu basangile ukuti cilya citumbi ica muntu uwakaminwe pa mukoshi cali ca kwa shikofu mukalamba uwa mu Constantinople, uwali mukalamba we calici lya Orthodox. Iyo e mfwa yabipisha iyafwile Cyril Lucaris, uwalumbwike mu fya mapepo mu myaka ya ba 1600.

PANTU alifwile bwangu, Lucaris tamweneko ukufikilishiwa kwa buyo bwakwe ubwa kufumya ubupilibulo bwa Malembo ya Bwina Kristu mu ciGriki yaweyawe. Ubuyo na bumbi ubwa kwa Lucaris ubwa kumona icalici lya Orthodox Church ukutendeka “ukubile mbila nsuma mu kwanguka” tabwatalile abufikilishiwa. Uyu muntu ali nani? Mafya nshi akumenye muli ilya mibombele?

Ukukanasambilila Kwalimutulumwishe

Cyril Lucaris afyelwe mu 1572, mu Candia uwaletekwa na Venice (pali lelo e ku Iráklion), ku Crete. Pa kuba uwalamuka, asambilile ku Venice na ku Padua mu Italy kabili lyene aendawike muli cilya calo na mu fyalo fimbi. Pa kukalifiwa ku kukansana kwali mu calici na pa kongolwa ku tubungwe utwalefwaya ukwalula imipepele mu Bulaya, nalimo alileko ku Geneva, ukwali abakonshi ba kwa John Calvin abengi.

Ilyo aile ku Poland, Lucaris amwene ukuti bumupashi bwa bashimapepo na bantuuntu fye aba mu calici lya Orthodox bwalibipile sana pa mulandu wa kukanasambilila. Kumfwa ku Alexandria na ku Constantinople, kwena alipapile sana pa kusango kuti mu macalici yamo balifumishemo fye na bapulupeti ba kubelengelapo Amalembo!

Mu 1602, Lucaris aile ku Alexandria, uko ailepyana lupwa lwakwe, Shikofu Meletios, pali bushikofu. Lyene atendeke ukulembeshanya na basoma ifya mapepo abalefwaya ukwalula imipepele mu Bulaya. Muli umo uwa bakalata alembele, alandile ukuti icalici lya Orthodox lyalisungilila ifibelesho ifingi ifyalubana. Muli bakalata bambi, alandile ukuti icalici lyalekabila ukuleka ukutiina imipashi no kutendeka “ukubile mbila nsuma mu kwanguka” no kushintilila fye pa bulashi bwa Malembo.

Lucaris alitulumwike na lintu amwene ukuti ubulashi bwa ku mupashi ubwa Bakalemba ba fye Calici bwalemonwa ngo bwalingana na mashiwi ya kwa Yesu na batumwa. Alembele ati:  “Nshilefwaya ukutwalilila ukumfwa abantu abalando kuti ifyebo fya cishilano ca bantunse fyalilingana na Malembo.” (Mateo 15:6) Alundilepo ukuti, ukulingana na fintu atontonkanya ukupepa ifipasho kwalibipa. Alandile ukuti, ukupepa ukupitila mu “batakatifu” kwalesaalula Kawikishanya, Yesu.—1 Timote 2:5.

Ukushitisha Icifulo ca Bushikofu Mukalamba

Isho mfundo, ukusanshako na fintu apatile icalici lya Katolika, fyalengele baJesuit na bamo mu calici lya Orthodox abalefwaya ukwikatana na baKatolika bapate Lucaris no kumupakasa. Te mulandu na fintu balemulwisha, mu 1620, Lucaris alisalilwe ukuba shikofu mukalamba uwa mu Constantinople. Pali ilya nshita Ubufumu bwa Ottoman e bwaleangalila shikofu mukalamba uwe calici lya Orthodox. Ubuteko bwa Ottoman nga babulipila indalama bwalefumyapo shikofu mukalamba no kubikapo umbi.

Abalwani ba kwa Lucaris, maka maka baJesuit ne cilonganino ca kwa papa icakwatishe ubulashi kabili icaletiinwa sana ica kwa papa ica Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), balikonkenyepo ukuseebanya Lucaris no kupanga ukumufumyapo. Icitabo ca Kyrillos Loukaris citila: “Pa kufikilisha ubu buyo, baJesuit babomfeshe inshila shonse pamo ngo bucenjeshi, ukumubepesha, ukumutasha bufi bufi, kabili maka maka babomfeshe amafisakanwa, ayali cibombelo cabombele bwino ku kulenga bakateka [ba Ottoman] babatemwe.” E ico, mu 1622, Lucaris bamutamfishe ku cishi ca Rhodes, kabili Gregory uwa ku Amasya ashitile icifulo ca bushikofu pa mutengo wa ndalama sha silfere 20,000. Nangu cibe fyo, Gregory takumanishe ukulipila shonse ishalekabilwa, e ico Anthimus uwa ku Adrianople e washitile ici cifulo, lelo aishileleka pa numa. Ku ca kupapa, Lucaris balimubweseshe pali bushikofu mukalamba.

Lucaris apampamine pa kubomfya bwino ili shuko lipya ku kusambilisha bashimapepo na bantuuntu fye aba mu calici lya Orthodox ukupitila mu kusabankanya ubupilibulo bwa Baibolo na matrakiti aya fya mapepo. Pa kucite ci, ateyenye ukuti mashini wa kupulintila engaletwa ku Constantinople ukubomfya umwiminishi wa calo ca England. Nangu cibe fyo, ilyo ulya mashini afikile mu June 1627, abalwani ba kwa Lucaris bamupeele umulandu wa kubomfya uyu mashini mu fya bupolitiki, na kuli pele pele balyonawile wene. Lucaris nomba abomfeshe bamashini ba kupulintila aba ku Geneva.

Ubupilibulo bwa Malembo ya Bwina Kristu

Apantu Lucaris alicindikishe Baibolo no bulashi bwa iko ubwa kusambilisha, calengele ukuti apampamine pa kupayanishisha abantu yaweyawe ifyebo fya iko. Alimwene ukuti abantu yaweyawe tabaleumfwikisha ululimi lwa kutendekelako ulwabomfiwe muli bamanyuskripiti ba Baibolo aba ciGriki abapuutwamo. E co ibuuku ilyo Lucaris abalilepo ukulemba lyali bupilibulo bwa Malembo ya Bwina Kristu mu ciGriki ca mu nshiku shakwe. Maximus Callipolites, umushimbe mwaume uwa fya mapepo uwasoma, atendeke uyu mulimo mu March 1629. Abengi mu calici lya Orthodox batontonkenye ukuti tacalinga ukupilibula Amalembo, te mulandu nangu fye bakabelenga tabaleyomfwikisha. Pa kubatalaliko mutima, Lucaris apulintile amalembo ya kutendekelako mu mukululo umo e lyo na mu ubiye apulintilemo ubupilibulo bupya, alundileko fye ifyebo ifinono. Apantu Callipolites afwile pa numa fye ya kupwisha manyuskripiti, Lucaris umwine e wapitulwikemo ukubelenga. Ubo bupilibulo bwapulintilwe pa numa fye ya mfwa ya kwa Lucaris mu 1638.

Nangu ca kuti Lucaris talefwaya ukubakalifya, bashikofu abengi tabatemenwe bulya bupilibulo. Mu musapu wa bulya bupilibulo bwa Baibolo calimoneke apabuuta ukuti Lucaris alitemenwe Icebo ca kwa Lesa. Alembele ukuti nga Amalembo yalembwa mu lulimi ulo abantu balanda, yaba “bukombe bushaiwamina, ubo twapeelwa ukufuma ku muulu.” Akonkomeshe abantu “ukwishiba no kubelesha fyonse ifyaba [mu Baibolo]” kabili alandile ukuti iyo e nshila fye yeka iya kusambililamo “ifintu ifilanda mu kulungika pa citetekelo . . . ifipususha ukupitila mwi Landwe lya bulesa kabili ilyashila.”—Abena Filipi 1:9, 10.

Lucaris alisenwike sana abalebinda ukusambilila Baibolo, na balekaana ukuti amalembo ya kutendekelako yapilibulwe. Atile: “Nga tulelanda nelyo tulebelenga ifishileumfwika, ninshi cili kwati tulelandila mumbilibili.” (Linganyeniko 1 Abena Korinti 14:7-9.) Mu kusondwelela umusapu, alembele ati: “Ilyo bonse mulebelenga ili Landwe lya bulesa kabili ilya mushilo mu lulimi lwenu, munonkelemo mu kubelenga lyene, . . . kabili shi Lesa  natwalilile ukulabalikila inshila yenu ku kumuletela ubusuma.”—Amapinda 4:18.

Ulupapulo lwa Confession of Faith

Ilyo atendeke ukupilibula Baibolo, Lucaris alibombele mu kushipa umulimo na umbi. Mu 1629 asabankenye ulupapulo lwa Confession of Faith. Lwali lupapulo lwa fisumino ifyo alefwaya icalici lya Orthodox ukusuminamo. Ukulingana ne citabo ca The Orthodox Church, ulupapulo lwa Confession “lulangilila ukuti icifundisho ica bushimapepo ne milapo ye calici lya Orthodox tacabamo ubupilibulo, lutila ukushinshimuna ifipasho no kupepa ukupitila mu batakatifu yaba misango ya kupepo tulubi.”

Mu lupapulo lwa Confession mwaba ifipande 18. Icipande ca bubili citila Amalembo yalipuutwamo na Lesa kabili ubulashi bwa yako bwalicila ubulashi bwe calici. Cisoso kuti: “Twasumina ukuti Amalembo ya Mushilo yalipeelwa na Lesa . . . Twasumina ukuti ubulashi bwa Amalembo ya Mushilo bwalisumbuka ukucila ubulashi bwe Calici. Ukusambilishiwa no Mweo Mutakatifu kwalipusana sana ku kusambilishiwa no muntunse.”—2 Timote 3:16.

Ifipande fyalenga 8 na 10 filando kuti Yesu Kristu fye e ka e Kawikishanya, Shimapepo Mukalamba, kabili Umutwe wa cilonganino. Lucaris alembele ati: “Twasumina ukuti Shikulwifwe Yesu Kristu aikala ku kwa kulyo kwa kwa Wishi kabili E utulandilako, wene fye eka e shimapepo mukalamba uwa cine kabili uwa mwi funde kabili e kawikishanya.”—Mateo 23:10.

Icipande calenga 12 cisoso kuti icalici kuti lyalufyanya, kuti lyamona ubufi nge cine, lelo ulubuuto lwa mupashi wa mushilo kuti lwapususha lyene ukupitila mu kupikintika kwa batumikishi ba busumino abe calici. Mu cipande 18, Lucaris atila icifundisho ca mutwala ca kwelenganya fye, atile: “Nacimoneka apabuuta ukuti tatulingile ukusumina mu cifundisho ca kwelenganya ica Mutwala.”

Mu fyebo fyalundwako ifya mu lupapulo lwa Confession mwaba ifipusho ne fyasuko ifyafulilako.  Mulya e mo Lucaris akomailapo intanshi ukuti Amalembo yalingile ukubelengwa no muntu onse uwa busumino no kuti Umwina Kristu uushibelenga Icebo ca kwa Lesa kuti camubipila. Lyene alundapo ati amabuuku ayashapuutwamo tayalingile ukubelengwa.—Ukusokolola 22:18, 19.

Icipusho calenga bune ca kuti: “Ni shani tulingile ukumona Ifipasho?” Lucaris ayasuko kuti: “Tusambilishiwa mu Malembo ya Bulesa kabili Ayashila, ayalanda mu kulungatika, ati, ‘Wilacita akalubi, nelyo icipasho ca cintu conse ca mu muulu, nangu ca pano isonde, wilafishinshimuna, nangu kufibombela; [Ukufuma 20:4, 5]’ pantu tatulingile ukupepa ifibumbwa, lelo tulingile ukupepa fye Kabumba kabili Kalenga wa muulu na pano isonde, kabili Wene epela eo tuleshinshimuna. . . . Tatupepa kabili tatubombela [ifipasho], nga fintu cabindwa . . . mu Amalembo Yashila, tulakaana, epali twalaba twalapepa ifimoneka, ne fikope, ne fibumbwa mu cifulo ca kupepa Kabumba kabili Kalenga.”—Imilimo 17:29.

Nangu cingati Lucaris tailwike ifilubo fyonse mu nkulo ya mfifi ya ku mupashi iyo aikelemo, * alibombeshe ku kulenga Baibolo itungulule ififundisho fye calici no kusambilisha abantu pa lwa fisambilisho fya iko.

Ilyo fye afumishe ulupapulo lwakwe ulwa Confession, abantu bamo batendeke na kabili ukulwisha Lucaris. Mu 1633, Cyril Contari, shikofu uwa ku Beroea (nomba e ku Aleppo), uwali mulwani wa kwa Lucaris kabili uwaleafwilishiwa na baJesuit, aeseshe ukushita icifulo ca bushikofu mukalamba kuli bakateka ba Ottoman. Nangu cibe fyo, ili pange talyabombele lintu Contari afililwe ukulipila indalama. Lucaris alitwalilile pali bushikofu mukalamba. Umwaka wakonkelepo Athanasius uwa ku Thessalonica ashitile ici cifulo pa mutengo wa ndalama sha silfere 60,000. Lucaris balimufumishepo na kabili. Lelo mu mweshi fye umo balimwitile no kumubwesesha pali bushikofu. Pali iyo nshita ninshi Cyril Contari alifwailapo indalama sha silfere shalifika kuli 50,000. Uno muku Lucaris bamutamfishe ku cishi ca Rhodes. Pa numa ya myeshi 6, abanankwe balimwafwile ukubwelela pali bushikofu.

Nangu cibe fyo, mu 1638 baJesuit mu kubombela pamo na bamo mu calici lya Orthodox bapeele Lucaris umulandu wa kwimina Ubufumu bwa Ottoman. Pali uno muku kateka apingwile ukuti epaiwe. Baikete Lucaris, kabili pa July 27, 1638, bamusendele mu kabwato kwati bamutamfya mu calo. Ilyo fye akabwato kafikile pali bemba, balimukamine pa mukoshi. Icitumbi cakwe bacishikile mupepi no lulamba, pa numa balicishikwile no kucipoosa pali bemba. Abalondo e bacisangile e lyo abanankwe balicishikile na kabili.

Ifyo Twingasambililako

Uwasoma umo atila: “Tatulingile ukusuula icishinka ca kuti bumo pa mabuyo yakalamba aya kwa [Lucaris] bwali bwa kushilimuna no kusambilisha bashimapepo no mukuni, abashali abasambilila mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16 na ku kutendeka kwa mwanda wa myaka walenga 17.” Kwali ifingi ifyalengele ukuti Lucaris afilwe ukufikilisha ubuyo bwakwe. Bamufumishe imiku isano pa cifulo ca bushikofu mukalamba. Ilyo afwile papita ne myaka 34, aba mu cilye ce calici mu Jerusalem balandile ukuti ku fisumino fyakwe alisangukile ifisumino fye calici. Babilishe ukuti Amalembo “tayalingile ukubelengwa no muntu uuli onse, lelo yalingile ukubelengwa fye na bantu abengalengela mu fyashika ifya mupashi pa numa ya kusapika mu kulinga”—e kutila, yalingile ukubelengwa fye na bashimapepo abasoma.

Na kabili, intungulushi she calici shanyanyantile abalefwaya ukupayanishisha umukuni wabo Icebo ca kwa Lesa. Shacitile ulukaakala ukupitila mu kukaanya abasokolwele ifilubo fyali mu fisumino fyabo ifishili fya mu Baibolo. Bailangile apabuuta ukuti bali balwani babipisha abalelwisha amaipepele ne cine. Ku ca bulanda, na lelo line imibele ya musango yo icilipo. Ici citucinkulako ifingafumamo lintu bashimapepo batungilila amatukuto ya kulesha amailandile.

[Futunoti]

[Amashiwi pe bula 29]

Lucaris alibombeshe ku kulenga Baibolo itungulule ififundisho fye calici no kusambilisha abantu pa lwa fisambilisho fya iko

[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 28]

Lucaris na Codex Alexandrinus

Cimo ica fintu fyaumo mutengo mu British Library caba ni Codex Alexandrinus, manyuskripti ya Baibolo iya mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga isano C.E. Pa mabula 820 yakwete, amabula 773 yalisungwa.

Lintu Lucaris ali shikofu mukalamba mu Alexandria, ku Egypt, alikwete imiina ya mabuuku. Lintu aishileba shikofu mukalamba mu Constantinople, asendele Codex Alexandrinus. Mu 1624 ukupitila mu waleimininako icalo ca Britain ku Turkey apeele uyu codex nge ca bupe ku Mfumu James l, iya ku England. Ilyo papitile imyaka itatu balipeele impyani yakwe, Charles l.

Mu 1757 icalo ca Britain balicipeele laibrare wa Mfumu uwa Royal Library, kabili pali nomba mu muputule wa John Ritblat Gallery mu laibrare ipya iya British Library balatambisha uyu codex ushaiwamina.

[Abatusuminishe]

Gewerbehalle, Vol. 10

Ukufuma muli The Codex Alexandrinus iya Fikope Fyacefiwako ifya Facsimile, 1909

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 26]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève