Icipangano ca Mutende ico Bapanganine mu Westphalia—Ca-alwile Ifintu mu Bulaya

“TACASEEKA ukumona intungulushi sha fyalo fya mu Bulaya ukukumana pamo nga fintu cili leelo.” Roman Herzog, uwali kateeka wa calo ca Federal Republic of Germany, e wasosele aya mashiwi mu October 1998. Pa balongene ilyo asosele aya mashiwi, pali imfumu shine, ba namfumu bane, abana ba mfumu babili, cilolo mukalamba, na bakateeka abengi. Uku kukumana e kwacindamishe mu myaka 50 iya mitekele ya bena Germany iya ndakai, kabili ibumba lya Balashi ba ku Bulaya e lyalengele ukuti uku kukumana kubeko. Bushe mulandu nshi intungulushi shakumanine?

Mu October 1998 e lyo imyaka 350 yakumene ukutula apo bapanganine Icipangano ca Mutende ku Westphalia. Pa fipangano fya mutende palaba ukusuminishanya ukucita fimo ifyalula ifintu. E mulandu wine Icipangano cabelele ku Westphalia cacindamine sana. Ukusaina cilya cipangano mu 1648 kwalengele Inkondo Balwile pa Myaka 30 ukupwa kabili kwalengele ifyalo fya ku Bulaya ukutendeka ukuiteka.

Imitekele Yasuulwa

Mu myaka ya ba500 C.E. ukufika muli ba1500 C.E., utubungwe twakwatishe amaka mu Bulaya twali Licalici lya Roma Katolika no Buteko bwa Mushilo ubwa Roma. Ubu buteko bwakwete ifitungu ifingi ifyapusene ubukulu kabili fyali ni ncende nomba apaba ifyalo pamo nga Austria, Czech Republic, amasamba ya France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands ne ncende shimo shimo isha calo ca Italy. Apo ifitungu fya mu Germany e fyafulilemo, ubu buteko bwaishileishibikwa ati Ubuteko bwa Mushilo ubwa Roma ubwa Calo ca Germany. Icitungu cimo cimo caletekwa na cilolo. Imfumu ya ubu buteko yalepepa ku Katolika kabili yafumine mu lupwa lwa bena Habsburg aba ku Austria. Kanshi Ubulaya bonse bwaletungululwa na baKatolika pantu ba papa ne mfumu e bakwatishe amaka.

Lelo, mu myaka ya ba1500 na ba1600, iyi mitekele yalisuulilwe. Mu Bulaya monse abantu tabatemenwe ukukanailama kwa baKatolika. Abaume aba-alwile ifya mapepo pamo nga Martin Luther na John Calvin balelanda pa lwa kutendeka ukukonka ifipimo fya Baibolo na kabili. Abantu abengi balitemenwe sana ifyalelanda Luther na Calvin, kabili ifi e fyalengele kube mipepele ya Reformation ne ya baProtestanti. Imipepele ya Reformation yalengele ubuteko ukwakanikana mu macalici yatatu—ilya baKatolika, ilya baLutheran, ne lya baCalvinist.

BaKatolika tabacetekele baProtestanti, e lyo baProtestanti na bo balisuulile sana baKatolika. Ici calengele ukuti utubungwe tubili tupangwe mu kutendeka kwa ba1600, e kutila akabungwe ka Protestant Union na ka Catholic League. Bacilolo bamo aba mu buteko baingile mu kabungwe ka Protestant Union, e lyo bambi mu ka Catholic League. Mu Bulaya maka maka mu buteko, abantu baletwishikana ica kuti ukukalifiwa fye panono kwali no kulenga inkondo. Na mu kulekeleshako ilyo abantu bakalifiwe fye panono, baimishe inkondo iyo balwile pa myaka 30.

 Ukukalifiwa fye Panono Kwalenga mu Bulaya Mube Inkondo

Intungulushi sha baProtestanti shalyeseshe ukupatikisha baKatolika abena Habsburgs ukuti basuminishe sana amaipepele. Lelo baleshimunuka ukucite co, kabili mu 1617-18, amacalici aya baLutheran yabili aya mu Bohemia (Czech Republic) baliyesele. Ici cakalifye intungulushi sha baProtestanti, ishaileingila bukali bukali mwi sano lya mu Prague no kwikata abalashi ba mu Katolika batatu, kabili shabapoosele pa nsolokoto ya cikuulwa ca ntunti. Ici e calengele mu Bulaya mube inkondo.

Nangula baleitunga ukuba abasambi ba kwa Cilolo wa Mutende, Yesu Kristu, abali mu mipepele yalelwishanya batendeke ukwipayana. (Esaya 9:6) Mu bulwi baleita ati Battle of White Mountain, akabungwe ka Catholic League kacimfishe akabungwe ka Protestant Union kabili aka kabungwe kalibongolweke. Intungulushi sha baProtestanti bashiipaile pa mushiika mu Prague. Mu Bohemia monse, baProtestanti abalekaana ukuleka ifisumino fyabo balebapoka ifipe fyonse no kwakanya baKatolika. Icitabo ca 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—Inkondo no Mutende mu Bulaya) cilondolola uku kupoka ifipe ati “e kukalamba ukwabala akucitikapo mu fyalo fya pa kati ka Bulaya.”

Ukukansana kwatendekele mu mipepele ya mu Bohemia kwasangwike inkondo iya kulwila ukuteeka ifyalo fimbi. Mu myaka 30 iyakonkelepo, ifyalo fya Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, na Sweden na fyo fyali-ipooselemo muli ubu bulwi. Intungulushi sha baKatolika na baProtestanti, maka maka ishali no bufunushi no kufwaisha ukuteeka, shalelwisha ukulateka ifyalo fimbi no kuba na maka pa fya makwebo. Iyi Nkondo Balwile pa Myaka 30 yalyakanishiwa mu fiputulwa, kabili ifi fiputulwa bafiinika amashina ya fyalo ifyalwishishe sana kateeka. Ifitabo ifingi fyalanda pa fiputulwa fine ifya nkondo, e kutila Bohemia na Palatine War, Danish-Lower Saxony War, Swedish War, na French-Swedish War. Imiku iingi ubulwi bwalebela mu fitungu ifyo Buteko bwa Mushilo ubwa Roma bwaleteka.

Ifyanso balebomfya pali ilya nshita fyali ni mfuti ishikalamba ne mfuti ishinono ishalepangwa sana ku Sweden. BaKatolika na baProtestanti e balelwa. Abashilika baleeya mu bulwi balepunda ati “Santa Maria” nelyo “Lesa ali na ifwe.” Ifita fyalyonawile ifitungu fya mu German, kabili fyalemona abekala calo na balwani kwati ni nama. Inkondo yalibipile nga nshi. Ala mwandini ifyo balecita fyalipusana sana no kusesema kwa mu Baibolo ukutila: “Uluko talwakasumbwile ku luko lunankwe ulupanga, nangu kusambilila kabili ubulwi”!—Mika 4:3.

Abena German abengi bakushiwe mu nkondo, kabili abekala calo bonse balefulukisha umutende. Umutende nalimo nge ko wali nga ca kuti intungulushi tashalelwila ukuteeka. Ubulwi ubwatendekele mu macalici nomba bwaishilealuka bulwi pa fya mitekele. Icapapwishe ca kuti uwalengele ukuti ubu bulwi bwaaluke ali ne cifulo icikulu mwi Calici lya Katolika.

 Shikofu Richelieu Abomfya Amaka

Armand-Jean du Plessis e o baleita ati Shikofu de Rechelieu. Richelieu ali ni cilolo wa ku France ukufuma mu 1624 ukufika mu 1642. Alefwaya France ukuba na maka ukucila ifitungu fyonse mu Bulaya. Pa kuti engacita ifi, aeseshe ukuceefya amaka ya baKatolika banankwe, aba mu lupwa lwa bena Habsburgs. Bushe acitile shani ifi? Abulile indalama no kupeela abashilika ba baProtestanti aba mu fitungu fya German, Denmark, Netherlands, na Sweden. Ifi fitungu fyonse fyalelwisha ulupwa lwa bena Habsburgs.

Mu 1635, Richelieu atumine ifita fya ku France mu bulwi pa muku wa kubalilapo. Icitabo ca vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Shi Umutende Nautwalilile!) cilondolola ati mu kulekelesha “Inkondo Balwile pa Myaka 30 yalekele ukuba ubulwi bwa macalici. . . . Inkondo yaishileba bulwi ubwa fyalo fyalelwila ukuteeka mu Bulaya.” Ubulwi ubwali pali baKatolika na baProtestanti nomba bwa-alwike ubulwi umo baKatolika baleafwa baProtestanti ukulwisha baKatolika banabo. Muli ba1630 amaka ya kabungwe ka Catholic League yalicepele kabili mu 1635 kalibongolweke.

Ukukumana kwa Kupanga Umutende Ukwabelele mu Westphalia

Ubulaya bwalitebelelwe na malwele, ukwipaya, ukuulunganya abanakashi no kupoke fipe ku maka. Ilyo baleya baleiluka ukuti takwali nangu umo uwali no kucimfya muli ubu bulwi, batendeke ukufulukisha umutende. Icitabo ca vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! citila “ku kupwa kwa myaka ya ba1630, bacilolo abalelwa bailwike ukuti inkondo tayali na kubafwa ukunonka ifyo balefwaya.” Lelo nga ca kuti bonse balefwaya umutende, bushe wali no kubako shani?

Kateeka wa Buteko bwa Mushilo ubwa Roma Ferdinand III, Imfumu ya ku France Louis XIII, na Christina, Namfumu wa ku Sweden, basuminishenye ukuti kukabe ukukumana kwa ntungulushi sha fitungu fyonse ifyalelwa ku kulanshanya pa mutende. Basalile imisumba ibili iya mu citungu ca Westphalia ica mu German iya kukumaninamo, ne yi misumba yali ni Osnabrück na Münster. Basalile iyi misumba pantu e yali pa kati ka misumba ikalamba iya fitungu fya Sweden na France. Ukutendeka mu 1643, abantu mupepi na 150—bamo abali ne mpanda mano ishingi—baishile kuli iyi misumba ibili, intumi sha baKatolika shalongene mu Münster, e lyo abeminishi ba baProtestanti balongene mu Osnabrück.

Pa kubala, babikileko ifunde ilya kubafwa ukupeela intumi amalumbo ne fifulo, ukubalangilila ifya kwikala, ne fyo bali no kukonka. Lyene ukulanshanya kwalitendeke, bakawikishanya e baleya mu kweba ibumba limbi ifyalanda ibumba limo. Ilyo papitile imyaka mupepi na 5—ninshi inkondo icili iletwalilila—balisaine ifipangano fya mutende. Mu Cipangano cabelele ku Westphalia mwali ifingi ifyo basainishenyepo. Abasainishenye icipangano cabelele mu musumba wa Osnabrück ni Kateeka Ferdinand III ne citungu ca Sweden. Kabili aba ku France na kateeka basainine icipangano mu musumba wa Münster.

Ilyo abantu baumfwile ili lyashi batendeke ukusefya kabili mu misumba iingi balepuulisha ifyaleaka mu muulu. Indibu sha pa macalici shalililile, balishishe imfuti sha kusuminisha icipangano, kabili abantu bale-enda mu misebo baleimba inyimbo. Bushe aba ku Bulaya bali no kwenekela umutende ubelelela?

Bushe Umutende Ubelelela Ukabako?

Mu Cipangano cabelele ku Westphalia basuminishenye ukuti ifitungu fileiteka ifine. Ici cilepilibula ukuti bonse abasangilweko ku kukumana balisuminishenye ukuti bakulacindika insambu sha fyalo fimbi na kabili tabali na kulaipoosa mu milandu ya banabo. Ifi e fyatendeke Ubulaya bwabako na pali nomba umo ifyalo fi-iteeka ifine. Pali ifi fine fyalo, fimo fyalinonkelemo sana mu cipangano ukucila fimbi.

Icalo ca France e caishileba na maka sana, kabili ifyalo fya Netherlands na Switzerland na fyo  fyalipokele ubuntungwa. Aba mu fitungu fya mu German, icipangano tacabawamine sana pantu ifitungu ifingi fyalyonawilwe mu nkondo. E co ifyalo fimbi e fyali no kupingula ifyo cali no kuba ku fitungu fya mu Germany. Icitabo ca The New Encyclopædia Britannica cisoso kuti: “Ifyalewamina ifyalo fyakwatishe amaka, e kutila France, Sweden na Austria, e fyalepima nampo nge fintu fyali no kuwamina bacilolo ba mu German nelyo iyo.” Ukucila ukwikatana no kupanga icalo cimo, ifitungu fya mu German fyatwalilile fye ukuba ifya-akanikana. Kabili ifyalo fimbi e fyatendeke ukutungulula ififulo fimo ifya mu Germany, maka maka ififulo fyapalamina ku mimana ikalamba iya mu Germany, e kutila umumana wa Rhine, uwa Elbe, no wa Oder.

Imipepele ya baKatolika, baLutheran, ne ya baCalvinist yonse yaishilesuminishiwa mwi funde. Lelo te bonse batemenwe ici. Papa Innocent X ena tatemenwe ifyo basainishenye kabili atile ici cipangano ca fye. Lelo pa myaka 300 takwali ukwaluka sana mu fyo ififulo fya-akanikene mu fya mapepo. Nangula abantu bali bacili tabalakwata ubuntungwa bwa kupepa, ifintu fyaleya filewaminako.

Icipangano calengele Inkondo Balwile pa Myaka 30 ukupwa, kabili ici calengele ukukansana kucepeko. Iyi nkondo yali e ikalamba iyalekelesheko pa nkondo amacalici yalwile mu Bulaya. Inkondo tashapwile, lelo nomba icalelenga inkondo ukubako cali mapolitiki na makwebo, te macalici iyo. Lelo ici tacilolele mu kuti amacalici tayaleipoosamo mu fikansa fya mu Bulaya. Mu Nkondo shibili isha Calo, iya Kubalilapo ne ya Bubili, abashilika ba mu German bafwele imishipi iyakwete ifyakumangilako ifyo balembelepo ati “Lesa Ali Na Ifwe.” Muli ilya nkondo ya kutiinya, baKatolika na baProtestanti bakungene pamo na kabili ku kulwisha baKatolika na baProtestanti bambi.

Kwena, Icipangano cabelele ku Westphalia tacaletele umutende ubelelela. Lelo abantu bacumfwila bakaipakisha uyu mutende nomba line fye. Yehova Lesa akaleta umutende ubelelela pa bantunse ukubomfya Ubufumu bwa buMesia ubwa Mwana wakwe, Yesu Kristu. Ilyo bulya bufumu bukalateka, ukupepa kwa cine kumo fye e kukekatanya abantu bonse, tapakabe malekano iyo. Takwakabe abakalalwa inkondo pa mulandu wa kupusana imipepele nelyo fye pa milandu imbi. Ala mwandini tukelululwa icine cine ilyo ubu Bufumu bukatendeka ukuteka icalo conse kabili “ku mutende, takwakabe mpela!”—Esaya 9:6, 7.

[Amashiwi pe bula 21]

Ubulwi ubwali pali baKatolika na baProtestanti nomba bwa-alwike ubulwi umo baKatolika baleafwa baProtestanti ukulwisha baKatolika banabo

[Amashiwi pe bula 22]

Abashilika baleeya mu bulwi balepunda ati “Santa Maria” nelyo “Lesa ali na ifwe”

[Icikope pe bula 21]

Shikofu Richelieu

[Icikope pe bula 23]

Icikope icalengelwe mu myaka ya ba1500 icilelangilila ukukansana kwali pali Luther, Calvin, na papa

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 20]

Ukufuma mu citabo ca Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Ifikope pe bula 23]

Bashimapepo balelwishanya: Ukufuma mu citabo ca Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; mapu ifumine muli: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck