Amangalo ya Kale ne fyo Ukucimfya Kwacindeme

“ONSE uulecimfyanyako amangalo alailama muli fyonse.” “Umuntu nga acimfyanya . . . mu mangalo, tafwikwa icilongwe kano acimfyanya na bo umwabela amafunde.”—1 Abena Korinti 9:25; 2 Timote 2:5.

Amangalo ayo umutumwa Paulo alandilepo yali lubali lwa mikalile ya baGriki ba pa kale. Cinshi tusanga mu milandu ya kale pali aya mangalo ya kucimfyanya ne fyalecitikako?

Nomba line kwali ukulangisha amangalo ya baGriki mu Cikuulwa ca mangalo icaba mu Roma. Uku kulangisha balekwita ati Nike—Il gioco e la vittoria (“Ukwangala Ubwangalo bwa Nike no Kucimfya”). * Ifyo balelangisha fyapeele amasuko yamo kuli ilyo lipusho kabili fyalengele kube ukutontonkanya pa fyo Abena Kristu bamona amangalo.

Amangalo ni Kale Yatendeke

Icalo ca Greece te cabalilepo ukucita amangalo. Na lyo line, nalimo cali ni mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 8 B.C.E., e mo Homer kashika wa nshintu umuGriki alondolwele abantu  abaletontonkanya fye pa kuba impalume no kucimfyanya kabili abacindamike nga nshi ubushilika na mangalo. Ifyo balelangisha fyalangile ukuti ukusefya kwa baGriki ukwa kubalilapo kwali fye kwati mapepo ya kucindika imilungu ilyo kuli ukuloosha impalume. Ku ca kumwenako, icitabo ca kwa Homer icitwa Iliad, icakokola sana pa fitabo fyonse ifya ku Greece, calondolola ifyo abakalamba ba fita, abanankwe ba kwa Achilles, batuulile ifyanso no kwamba ukupupa imfwa ya kwa Patroclus kabili batendeke ukucimfyanya mu mangalo ya nkonya, ukushashala, ukufwinta, ukupoosa imifwi, no kutamfyanya kwa maceleta pa kuti bengamona uwashipa.

Ukusefya kwa musango yu kwakumene icalo conse ica Greece. Icitabo ca bulangisho catile: “Ukusefya kwapeele abaGriki ishuko lya kuleka ukukansana kwa mutatakuya kabili ukwakaluka no kutendeka ukucimfyanya amangalo ya mutende. Balecita ifi pa kulanga umucinshi ku milungu yabo.”

Amabumba ya bantu abalefuma mu misumba yalekanalekana batampile ukulakumana lyonse pa cifulo ca kupepelapo ku kupa umucinshi ku milungu yabo ukupitila mu kucimfyanya mu mangalo. Mu kupita kwa nshita, kwali ukusefya kune ukwaba ngo ku, ukusefya kwa mangalo ya Olympic no kusefya kwa ku Nemea. Uku kusefya kubili kwali kwa kwa Seu, kabili ukusefya kwa ku Delphi na Isthmus, kwali kwa kwa Apolo na Poseidon. Ukusefya konse uku kwalicindeme ica kuti abaGriki bonse balesefyako. Kanshi aba kucimfyanya balefuma mu ncende shonse isha calo ca Greece. Pa kusefya kwaleba ukutuula amalambo no kupepa kabili baleshinshimuna ne milungu ukupitila mu kucimfyanya kwa kapela makufi mu mangalo na mu fya kupangapanga.

Ukusefya kwakokola sana no kulumbuka pali uku konse, batila kwatendeke mu 776 B.C.E. kabili kwalecitilwa mu Olympia pa numa ya myaka ine ku kushinshimuna Seu. Kumbi kwali kusefya kwa Delphi. Uku kusefya kwalecitilwa mu Delphi mupepi no lufuba balesefya sana, apa na po paleba amangalo. Lelo pa kucindika Apolo, umukalamba wa bakashika wa nshintu ne nyimbo, balebika sana amano ku nyimbo no kucinda.

Amangalo Yaliko

Takwali amangalo ayengi nge fyo yali pali leelo kabili baume fye e baleyangala. Ilingi line tayalecila pa mangalo 10. Mu cikuulwa ca bulangisho mwali fye ifimpashanya, ifya kubasa, ifintu ifyo bapanga no tuntu twa malangi yalekanalekana ne fipe fye bumba ifyalengwapo.

Kwali ulubilo lwa kucimfyanya ulwa ntamfu shitatu, intamfu ya kubalilapo yalepele bamita nalimo 200; iyakonkelepo yali bamita 400 nga filya fine ne leelo yaba; iyalepeshe yali bamita nalimo 4,500. Pa kubutuka na pa kuiteyanya takwali ukufwala akali konse. Kwali ukucimfyanya mu mangalo yasano: ulubilo, ukutoloka, ukufwinta, ukupoosa imifwi, no kushashala. Kwali ubwangalo bwa nkonya no bwangalo bwa nkonya no kushashala. Balondolwele ukuti ubwangalo bwa nkonya no kushashala bwali “ubwabipisha pantu takwali ukufwala amakalapushi pa kulwa.” Lyena kwali ukucimfyanya kwa pa maceleta ukwa bamita 1,600. Balebuula ifya kwendelapo ifyayanguka ifya cipampamwa ifyakwete mipeto inono no kufikakila ku maceleta ayo balekulika ku twana twa mpunda tubili nelyo tune nelyo kuli bakabalwe abakalamba.

Mu bwangalo bwa nkonya mwali ulukaakala ulwine lwine kabili kwaleba no kwipayana. Ku makofi balefwikako impapa shakosa isho bafyantikemo  utufyela. Uyu e mulandu walengele ukuti Stratofonte, kapoosa wa nkonya, alube icinso cakwe ilyo aloleshe mu cilola pa numa ya kulwa ama-awala yane. Ifimpashanya fya kale e lyo ne fintu balepanga ku tuntu twa malangi ayengi filanga ukuti ifinso fya bakapoosa wa nkonya fyaleonaika sana.

Mu bwangalo bwa kushashala, amafunde yasuminishe fye ukwikata ku filundwa fya ku muulu, kabili uwalecimfya untu wabalilapo ukufutula umubiye imiku itatu. Lelo mu bwangalo bwa nkonya no kushashala baleikata apali ponse. Balepantana, ukupoosa amakofi, no kunyongotola umwasuntinkanina amafupa. Ifyo bakeenye fye kulobola ilinso, ukufonda amala, no kusuma ameno. Icalekabilwa kufutula uo mulelwa nankwe no kumutitikisha pa kuti acimbe. Bamo batile ubu e bwangalo “abena Olympia bonse batemenwe ukutamba.”

Cashimikwa ukuti ubwangalo bwa nkonya no kushashala ubwalumbuka sana ni bulya bwacitike ku Olympia mu 564 B.C.E. Ilyo Arrhachion bamufinine pa mukoshi, tapupumine lelo alitekenye no kunyongotola akakondo ka mulwani wakwe. Uwaleshashala na Arrhachion aumfwile ubukali sana ica kuti alicimbile ilyo fye Arrhachion ashilaleka umweo. Abalelolekesha pa lubuli bapingwile ukuti icitumbi ca kwa Arrhachion e cacimfishe!

Ukucimfyanya kwa maceleta kwalilumbwike sana pa mangalo yonse kabili bakanabesa balitemenwe sana ubu bwangalo, pantu uwalecimfya te ulya uwale-ensha amaceleta leelo mwine wa maceleta na bakabalwe. Pa kutendeka ulubilo caleyafya, pantu iceleta lyali no kulapita fye mu nshila ya liko, kabili apabipile sana pantu baleyalukila apo bashimpile ifimuti ku mbali shonse shibili. Nga umo alufyanya nelyo atobe funde kwaleba amasanso, aya yene masanso e yalengele ukuti abantu batemwe ukutamba ubu bwangalo.

Icilambu

Umutumwa Paulo atile: “Ababutuka ulubilo babutuka bonse, lelo umo fye e upokelela icilambu.” (1 Abena Korinti 9:24) Icacindeme kucimfya. Takwali kacimfya wa bubili nelyo uwa butatu. Abali ku bulangisho batile “ukucimfya, nelyo ‘Nike’ e calefwaikwa epela, pantu kwalelanga ifyo umuntu aba, ifyo atontonkanya, no ko ekala kwalecindikwa.” Amashiwi yalembele Homer aya kuti “nasambilile ukuba kacimfya lyonse” yalasupula bwino imibele abantu bakwete.

Icilambu balepeela uwacimfya mu mangalo ya baGriki cali fye cimpashanya—icilongwe ca mabuula. Paulo acitile ati “icilongwe icingabola.” (1 Abena Korinti 9:25) Na lyo line, ici cilambu calicindeme sana. Caleimininako amaka yapulamo ayalengele umuntu ukucimfya. Uwacimfya pa mulandu wa kubombesha kwakwe, ninshi nasenaminwa ku milungu. Fimo ifyali ku bulangisho fyalangile ifyo bakabasa na bakalenga bale-elenganya ukumoneka kwa kwa Nike ninshi alepeela icilambu ku ucimfishe. Uyu Nike ali mulungu wanakashi uwa baGriki uwakwete amapindo kabili uwalelenga ukucimfya. Ku Olympia e kwali ukucimfya kwa kapeleko mu mangalo yonse.

Ifilongwe balepeela ku Olympia fyalepangwa na mabuula ya muolife wa mpanga—umuti wa pine uwa ku Isthmus, umuti wa ku Delphi e lyo na makaroti ya mpanga aya ku Nemea. Abaleteyanya amangalo baleshitikapo  indalama nelyo ifilambu fimbi pa kongola bakalapashi mu mangalo ya kucimfyanya. Ifingi ifipe ifyali pali bulya bulangisho fyali filambu bapeele abacimfishe pa mangalo ya baGriki, aya ku Atena ku kucindika umulungu wanakashi uwa uku kwine ku Atena. Muli ifi fipe pa kubala mwali amafuta ya muolife ayalefuma ku citungu ca Attica. Ku lubali lumo ulwa cipe balengeleko icaleimininako umulungu wanakashi na mashiwi yaleti “icilambu ca kucimfyanya kwa mu Atena.” Lubali lumbi kwalengelwe ubwangalo, ubo ilingi line umo acimfishemo.

Abaleikala mu misumba ya mu Greece balelumbukila kwi shina lya ba mangalo. Uwa mangalo nga acimfya kwaleba ukutantama pa kumupokelela ku mushi ku mwakwe. Balebemikila ifimpashanya ku kutasha imilungu—umucinshi uo bashalepeela cipelepele—kabili balebembila ne nyimbo sha kubatatakula pa kushipa kwabo. Lyena balebapa ififulo fya bantu abakata ilyo balesefya pa cintubwingi kabili balebapa ne ndalama sha mwabombeni isho balefumya ku bekala calo.

Ifikuulwa fya Mangalo na Baleyangalilamo

Amangalo ya kucimfyanya yali kwati e nshila ya kusangushishamo abekala calo ukuba abashilika. Imisumba ya baGriki yonse yalikwete ifikuulwa fya mangalo, umo balekanshisha abalumendo no kubasambilisha ukucenjela na mapepo. Balekuula ifikuulwa fya mangalo ukushingulusha icifulo icikulu ico baletukushishapo umubili, kwali no lukungu ulwashingulwike ififulo fimbi ifya mitenge umo balebelengela no kusambilila. Kwaleya abantu abengi kuli ifi fikuulwa, lelo abaleyako sana balumendo abafumine mu ndupwa sha ndalama abengapoosa inshita yabo ku kusambilila ukucila ukubomba incito. Kulya e ko aba mangalo baleikala inshita itali pa kuti abalebasambilisha babakanshe sana mu mangalo, balebeba ifyo bafwile ukulya no kubalesha ukulaala na banakashi.

Ubu bulangisho bwali ku Roma bwalengele kube ishuko ku batandashi ukumona ifyo amangalo ya kale yali, ifingi ifyo balangishe ni filya abaGriki abene babashile. Apo abaGriki ba kale baletontonkanya ukuti ifimoneka umuntu ninshi e fyo ne mibele yakwe yaba no busambashi bwakwe, kanshi imibili ya bakacimfya yaleimininako abantu ba mano. Abena Roma balicindikishe ifya kubasa, ifingi fintu baleyemfeshako ne fibansa, umwa kusambila, amayanda ya bakankaala, na masano.

Abena Roma batemenwe sana ukutamba ulukakaala, kanshi pali fyonse ifyo abaGriki batambishe mu Roma, abena Roma batemenwe sana ukutamba inkonya, ukushashala, no bwangalo bwa nkonya no kushashala. Abena Roma tabalemona amangalo ya musango yu ukuti kucimfyanya kwa bantu abalingana pa kuti bamone umo cila muntu acenjela, lelo balemona fye ukuti musamwe. Balabile umulandu kwabelele amangalo, uwa kuti bonse abafumine mu ndupwa ishikankaala balingile ukwangalako pa nshita ya kusambilila. Abena Roma bena balisuulile amangalo no kuyamona kwati cintu ca kwangalako fye ilyo umo ali  mupepi no kusamba nelyo ukuti bali no kutambako fye ilyo abantu yaweyawe baleyangala. Amangalo yali ngo lubuli lwa kucimfyanya.

Ifyo Abena Kristu Bamona Amangalo

Ifi ifya mapepo fyaingile mu mangalo e mulandu umo Abena Kristu ba mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo batalukileko, pantu “kuli ukusuminishanya nshi kwi tempele lya kwa Lesa no tulubi?” (2 Abena Korinti 6:14, 16) Nge leelo, bushe amangalo yali shani?

Ca cine, amangalo ya nomba tayabelako ku kucindika imilungu ya basenshi. Lelo, bushe amangalo yamo tayaba fye nge mipepele, nga filya yali kale? Kabili, ukulingana ne fyo bashimika pali ndakai, aba mangalo bamo pa kucimfya babomfya imiti iileta amafya ku butuntulu bwabo no bumi bwabo.

Abena Kristu tabacindamika sana ukulunduluka kwa ku mubili. Imibele ya ku mupashi iya “muntu wabelama uwa mu mutima” e itulenga ukuba abayemba mu menso ya kwa Lesa. (1 Petro 3:3, 4) Twalishiba ukuti te bonse aba mangalo abafwaisha ukucimfyanya, lelo abengi e fyo bafwaya. Bushe ilyo tuleyangala na bo tukomfwila ukukonkomesha kwa Malembo ukwa ‘kukanacita icintu nangu cimo ku lubuli nelyo ku matutumuko, lelo ukuba no bupete?’ Nelyo bushe uko kwangala kukaleta “ubulwani, ifikansa, akalumwa, icipyu, ulubuli, amalekano”?—Abena Filipi 2:3; Abena Galatia 5:19-21.

Mu mangalo ya nomba ayengi umuba ukukumyanya kuti mwatula ulukaakala. Onse uwatemwa amangalo ya musango yu afwile ukwibukisha amashiwi yaba pa Amalumbo 11:5, ayatila: “Yehova alengulo mulungami; apato mubifi no watemwo [lukakaala, NW].”

Nga ca kuti ukwangala nakulinga, kuti mwaipakisha ukutukusha umubili, pantu umutumwa Paulo atile ‘ukutukusho mubili kulaafwa panono.’ (1 Timote 4:7-10) Lelo, ilyo Paulo alelanda pa mangalo ya mu Greece, akumisheko fye pa kulondolola ifyo cacindama ku Bena Kristu ukuba ne mibele ya kuilama no kushipikisha. Ico Paulo alefwaisha, pali fyonse, kupokelela “icilongwe” ca mweo wa muyayaya ukufuma kuli Lesa. (1 Abena Korinti 9:24-27; 1 Timote 6:12) Muli ici, atushilile ica kumwenako.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 31]

Pa Numa ya Kulwa Umuku na Umbi

Ici cela capala umukuba ica mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 4 B.C.E., cilelanga ifyabipa ifyaletumbuka mu bwangalo bwa nkonya. Ukulingana ne citabo ca bena Roma ica mutande wa fyo balangisha, catile “kapoosa wa nkonya uwaleibikilishako ukulwa imbuli na shimbi isha kunasha, umo abaletambako balebilikisha abati ‘icilonda pa cilonda,’ alecindikwa nga nshi ukuti ca kumwenako cisuma.” Amashiwi yakonkanyapo ayati, “ulubuli nga lwapwa ifilonda ifipya fyalelunda pali filya ifya kale.”

[Icikope pe bula 29]

Ukucimfyanya kwa maceleta e kwalumbwike sana pa kucimfyanya konse ukwa kale

[Icikope pe bula 30]

Abapanga ifya kupangapanga baelengenye Nike, umulungu wanakashi uwa mapindo, ninshi ulepeela icilongwe kuli kacimfya