Chize Mbimbiliya Yaheta Kuli Yetu

Hi chikomokeso ko chize Mbimbiliya yakunduluka ni kuheta ndo kuli yetu. Hikwapalika miaka 1.900 chize haze ahwishile kuyilumbununa. Mbimbiliya yapwile kulumbununa mu yikwata yikalu ngwe ma papilo akulinga ni papiro ni kupu lia kashitu. Chikwo nawa, limi litangu lize alumbunwine Mbimbiliya, atu anji musono kanyingikine kulihanjika. Chikwo nawa, malunga a ndundo ni mangana a mu mayingeleja kazangile kwenyeka Mbimbiliya.

Shina Mbimbiliya yakundulukile ndo ha mashimbu jetu hanga upwe mukanda uze atu eswe manyingika? Tutalenu yikuma yaali.

Mbimbiliya Jinji Jakufunga Maliji Waze Apwile mu Yisoneko Yitangu

A-Izalele waze apwile ni kufunga kanawa yisoneko yitangu ya Mbimbiliya, kafungile mikanda yitangu ya Mbimbiliya ni kuyisonejeka yisuho yinji. Chakutalilaho, mianangana a mu Izalele kaahele usongwelo wa kusoneka ‘shimbi yino mu mukanda umwe jize te machiza maliji ku mukanda uli kumeso ja asasendote, A-Levi.’—Shimbi Yamuchiali 17:18.

A-Izalele anji kapwile ni kuwahilila ha kutanga Mbimbiliya ni kutayiza ngwo liapwa Liji lia Zambi. Kashika, alongeshi a shimbi asele shindakenyo ni kusonejeka kanawa Mbimbiliya. Umwe wa kuli lunga wacho kali Ezera yoze avuluka ngwo “longeshi ya Shimbi wa kujama mu milimo ya Shimbi ja Mose jize ahanyine Yehova Zambi ya Izalele.” (Ezera 7:6) Ku sekulu VI (6) ni ku sekulu X (10) malunga avuluka ngwo Masoretes waze asonejekene Mbimbiliya mu limi lia Hepreu hanji ngwetu “Usendo Ukulu,” kakawile sona jeswe ja mu Mbimbiliya hanga ahone kulimbianda. Shindakenyo yize o asele ha kusonejeka kanawa Mbimbiliya, yakwashile kupwa ni Mbimbiliya yalita chipwe ngwe akwa-kole kazangile kuyenyeka.

Chakutalilaho, ha mwaka 168 M.J. umwe nguvulu avuluka ngwo, Sirio Antioco IV (4) kafupile kwenyeka Mbimbiliya jeswe jize japwile kusonejeka mu Usendo Ukulu mu chifuchi cha Palestina. Sango jimwe ja mu Yundeya jambile ngwo: “Kamukanda keswako ka Mbimbiliya kaze te mawana ku chihela cheswacho, kapwile ni kukasua ni kukocha.” Enciclopedia Judaica yinambe ngwo: “Maswalale kononokene shimbi ja ya kufupa-fupa mukanda weswawo wa mu Mbimbiliya ni kuwenyeka . . . O kapwile ni kushiha mutu mweswawo te akuwana ni mukanda usandu.” Chipwe chocho, mikanda yimwe ya Mbimbiliya yize asonejekene kuli A-Yunda yakundulukile mu chifuchi cha Palestina ni ku yihela yikwo.

Muze akwa-kusoneka Yisoneko ya Ngregu ya Akwa-Kristu, hanji ngwetu “Usendo Waha” ahwishile mulimo wo, mikanda yimwe yize asonejekene ngwe uprofeto ni sango, kayokesele. Chakutalilaho, Yoano kasonekene mukanda wenyi wa Evangelu hakamwihi hanji mu mbonge ya Efwesu. Alioze, akwa-kuhengwola kakwamba ngwo, kamukanda kamwe ka Evangelu kacho kaze asonejekene ha miaka 50 hanji mushi chize haze Yoano asonekene Evangelu yacho, kakawanyine kusuku ni mbonge ya Engitu. Kuhengwola chacho chasolwele ngwo chipwe akwa-Kristu waze apwile mu yihunda yisuku, kapwile ni yisoneko yimwe ya Mbimbiliya yize yapwile kusonejeka ha shimbu likehe wika.

Mumu lia kutuhwisa ni kuhana chinji Mbimbiliya, chino chakwashile hanga Mbimbiliya yikunduluke ndo ku sekulu jikwo kuhiana mashimbu a Kristu. Chakutalilaho, ha tangwa 23 ha mandemba kakweji wa Fevereiro wa mwaka 303 M.J, nguvulu wa ku Roma Diocleciano kamwene maswalale jenyi kanayi ni kupuzula mapito a yimwe yingeleja ni kwocha Mbimbiliya jeswe jize japwile kusonejeka. Diocleciano kamwene ngwe te mahasa kuhwisa ni uwayilo weswe nyi te mocha yisoneko yeswe yisandu. Mukwachako, iye yahana utowezo kuli A-Roma eswe ngwo, katamba kwocha Mbimbiliya jeswe jize apwile najo ha mbunga. Alioze Mbimbiliya jimwe jize japwile kusonejeka jakundulukile ni kujiwezela cheka. Kwamba umwenemwene, Mbimbiliya jaali jize asonejekene mu limi lia Ngregu jize kota japwile kusonejeka ha mashimbu akehe wika muze Diocleciano azangile kwocha yisoneko yeswe, jakundulukile ndo musono. Mbimbiliya yimwe yili mu Roma, yikwo yili mu Biblioteca Britanica mu Londres, Inglaterra.

Chipwe ngwe kanda achiwana mikanda ya Mbimbiliya yitangu yize asonekene, nihindu Mbimbiliya jinji hanji chihanda jize japwile kusonejeka jakunduluka ndo ha mashimbu jetu. Jimwe hijapwa jikulu chinji. Alioze, shina sango jize asonekene mu Mbimbiliya yitangu jalumukine muze apwile ni kusonejeka jeka? Umwe mukwa-mana avuluka ngwo William Henry kambile hakutwala ku Yisoneko ya Hepreu ngwenyi: “Munguhasa kwamba ni shindakenyo yeswe ngwami, kukushi mulimo ukwo uze alingile ku mashimbu akunyima ni ulite weswe ngwe kusonejeka cha Mbimbiliya.” Hakutwala ku Yisoneko ya Ngregu ya Akwa-Kristu umwe lunga mulemu watala ha mulimo wa kuhengwola Mbimbiliya avuluka ngwo Frederic Kenyon, yasoneka ngwenyi: “Chize asonekene Mbimbiliya yitangu ni chize asonejekene Mbimbiliya yaha, kuheshi kalisa munene. Kashika kutushi kuyambashana ngwetu, Yisoneko yeswe yapwile kusonejeka kanawa ndo ha mashimbu jetu ngwe chize asonekene yitangu. Mulali uze asonejekene Usendo Waha wakusolola ngwo, akwa-kusonejeka kasele shindakenyo ni kushishika kanawa ha yikuma yeswe.” Iye yawezela nawa ngwenyi: “Mutuhasa kwamba ni shindakenyo yeswe ngwetu, akwa-kusonejeka kashishikile ni kufunga ulite weswe wa Mbimbiliya . . .” Kashika kukushi mukanda ukwo hano hashi uze unalifu ni mukanda uno.”

Kulumbununa cha Mbimbiliya

Chikuma chikwo chilemu chize chakwashile hanga Mbimbiliya yipwe mukanda wa atu eswe, uli uhashi wa kuulumbununa mu malimi anji. Chikuma chino chinalite ni upale wa Yehova wakwamba ngwo atu a ku mavungu eswe ni ku malimi eswe mazanga kunyingika ni kuwayila Yehova “mu uspiritu ni mu umwenemwene.”—Yoano 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Mbimbiliya yitangu yize alumbunwine mu Yisoneko ya Hepreu yapwile septuaginta mu limi lia Ngregu. Kayiluliekele ni kuyituhwisa mumu lia A-Yunda waze te atwama haze lia chifuchi cha Palestina, alioze kapwile ni kuhanjika limi lia Ngregu. Chikwo nawa, Mbimbiliya yacho kahwishile kuyilumbununa ha sekulu jaali kunyima shimbu te Yesu kanda aputuka mulimo wenyi wa kwambujola hano hashi. Mbimbiliya yeswe, hamwe Yisoneko ya Ngregu ya Akwa-Kristu, kayilumbunwine mu malimi anji hakupalika cha sekulu jimwe muze yahwile. Alioze hakupalika cha mashimbu, mianangana ni mangana a mu mayingeleja waze te atamba kusa tachi hanga akwase atu kupwa ni Mbimbiliya, yalinga yuma yeka. O yazanga kutwala mapanga jo mu milima, mumu kakatayijile hanga alumbunune Liji lia Zambi mu malimi akwo waze atu te akuhanjika chinji.

Chakuhona kwononokena manguvulu ni mangana a mu yingeleja, amwe malunga a hamu yasa mwono wo mu ponde ni kulumbununa Mbimbiliya mu limi lize atu apwile ni kuhanjika chinji. Chakutalilaho, ha mwaka 1530, umwe lunga avuluka ngwo, William Tyndale yoze walilongesele ku shikola ya Oxford, yatuhwisa mikanda yitano yitangu ya Yisoneko ya Hepreu. Chipwe ngwe kapalikile mu ponde yinji, nihindu iye kapwile mutu mutangu yoze walumbunwine Mbimbiliya kukatuka mu limi lia Hepreu ni kuyisa mu Ingles. Tyndale kapwile mukwa-kulumbununa mutangu yoze wazachishile jina lia Yehova. Umwe mukwa-kulilongesa Mbimbiliya mu Espanhol avuluka ngwo Casiodoro de Reina kamuhungumionene kuli akwa-katolika ni kufupa kumushiha mumu kapwile ni kukalakala mu mulimo wa kulumbununa Mbimbiliya yitangu mu limi lia Espanhol. Iye kayile mu Inglaterra, Alemanha, França, Holanda ni Suiça mba ahwise kulumbununa Mbimbiliya yacho. a

Musono, Mbimbiliya yinapu kulumbununa mu malimi anji. Chikwo nawa, kakutuhwisa tununu a tununu a Mbimbiliya waze akusonejeka. Mbimbiliya yalinduluka hanga yipwe mukanda uze atu anyingika chinji ni kusolola umwenemwene wa maliji wano a postolo Petulu waze asonekene ngwenyi: “Mwambu muulela, chitemo chawo muchiholoka, alioze liji lia Mwene kuliakulinduluka ndo ku miaka ya mutolo.”—1 Petulu 1:24, 25.

[Maliji mushi lia lifwo]

[Mushete/Yizulie]

MBIMBILIYA YIKA NATAMBA KUTANGA?

Malimi anji kali ni Mbimbiliya chinji. Mbimbiliya jimwe kakuzachisa maliji akalu kunyingika. Akwo kakuzachisa maliji ashi ni waze apwa zwalala hanga akwase atu kuwana ulumbunwiso. Alioze eka kakulumbununa liji ni liji.

Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo das Escrituras Sagradas mu limi lia Inglês yize atuhwishile kuli Yela ja Yehova, kayiluliekele kuli yimwe komite kukatuka mu limi litangu. Mbimbiliya yacho yakukwasa unji wa malimi 60 kulumbununa Mbimbiliya jo. Akwa-kulumbununa malimi jacho, katesele kanawa yisoneko yeswe yili mu Mbimbiliya ya Ingles ni yisoneko ya mu limi litangu. Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo kayilumbunwine kulita ni maliji a Mbimbiliya yitangu chakuhona kutokesa ulumbunwiso walita. Akwa-kulumbununa kafupile kulumbununa Mbimbiliya mu mulali walita, washi nawa zwalala hanga akwase atu waze matanga ngwe chize akwa-kusoneka Mbimbiliya alingile ku mashimbu akunyima.

Atu waze alilongesele malimi anji kakuhengwola Mbimbiliya jeswe musono, kuchingako Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo hanga amone nyi chamwenemwene lume yinalite nawa nyi muli maliji anasolola katonde. Umwe wa kuli lunga wacho kali Jason David BeDuhn, yoze wakulongesa yuma ya Zambi mu Universidade ya ku Norte do Arizona, mu Estados Unidos. Ha mwaka wa 2003 iye katuhwishile umwe mukanda wapwile ni mafwo 200 hakutwala ku “Mbimbiliya livwa jize akuzachisa chinji mu yifuchi yize akuhanjika limi lia Ingles.” b Iye kanakahegwola maliji anji akalu mumu e “ akukaliwila chinji akwa-kulumbununa kusolola manyonga alita.” Ha hita chihanda, iye te kakutesa chisoneko mu limi lia Ngregu ni Mbimbiliya jikwo ja limi lia Ingles hanga amone nyi muli maliji waze te analumuna ulumbunwiso wa chimwe chisoneko. Mba yika iye awanyinemo?

BeDuhn kambile ngwenyi atu anji hamwe ni akwa-kuhengwola yuma ya Mbimbiliya kakutayiza ngwo mu Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo (NM) muli kalisa mumu lia akwa-kulumbununa. Yamba nawa ngwenyi: “Kalisa wacho kalimo mumu lia ulite ni shindakenyo yize akwa-kulumbununa asele hanga ahone kutokesa ulumbunwiso walita.” Chipwe ngwe BeDuhn keshi kutayiza chinji amwe maliji ali mu Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo, nihindu iye kakwamba ngwenyi Mbimbiliya yino ye “yinalitea kuhiana Mbimbiliya jikwo jize anakatesa.” Iye kakusanyika Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo ngwo, “ulumbubwiso upema.”

Umwe mukwa-mana yoze walilongesele limi lia Hepreu mu Israel avuluka ngwo Benjamin Kedar, neye kahanjikile yimwe yalifwa hakutwala ku Mbimbiliya Tradução do Novo Mundo. Ha mwaka 1989 yamba ngwenyi: “Mulimo wacho wakusolola tachi jize akwa-kulumbununa asele hanga asolole ulumbunwiso walita. . . . Kanda nguchiwana kama limwe liji mu Tradução do Novo Mundo, linasolola nyonga lize hi liamwenemwene ko.”

Lihule ngwe: ‘Nyonga lika natamba kupwa nalio muze ngunatange Mbimbiliya? Shina ngunazange kutanga Mbimbiliya yize yili ni maliji ashi chakuhona kulipikala ni ulumbunwiso walita? Nyi ngunazange kutanga Mbimbiliya yize yikwete manyonga waze anasolola ulumbunwiso walita?’ (2 Petulu 1:20, 21) Yize watesa kulinga ye muyikukwasa kusakula Mbimbiliya yize mutanga.

[Maliji mushi lia lifwo]

[Chizulie]

Muhasa kutanga Mbimbiliya “Tradução do Novo Mundo das Escrituras Sagradas” mu malimi anji

[Chizulie]

Masoretic manuscripts

 [Chizulie]

Kamukanda kali ni maliji a Luka 12:7, “Kanda nwivwa woma; yenu kunwahiana tujila tunji.”

[Chizulie Chakutwaha]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin