Ku Yibɔ La—Dɔvɔ̃ si Do le Europa le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo Me

Etso Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla si le France gbɔ

Ƒe 1347 mee. Dɔlélea gblẽ nu le Ɣedzeƒe Ʋĩ nutowo me xoxo. Fifia eva ɖo Europa ƒe dewo dzi le ɣedzeƒe gome.

MONGOLIATƆWO ɖe to ɖe Genoa ƒe asitsadu si nye Kaffa, si woyɔna fifia be Feodosiya le Crimea-nuto me. Esi dɔléle manyatalenua wu Mongoliatɔ geɖe ta la, wotrɔ dzo. Gake hafi woadzo la, woda aɖinu vɔ̃ɖi aɖe ɖo ɖe dua me. Wozã aʋawɔnu si wotsɔ daa nu yia didiƒee tsɔ da amesiwo dɔlélea wu la ƒe kukuawo to gliawo tame. Esi Genoatɔ siwo nɔ dua ta ʋlim la dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo ge ɖe woƒe tɔdziʋuwo me be yewoasi le du sia si me dɔlélea kaka ɖo me la, wokaka dɔlélea ɖe melidzeƒe ɖesiaɖe si woyi.

Le dzinu aɖewo ko me la, dɔlélea kaka ɖe Europa katã. Ekaka kabakaba yi Dziehe Afrika, Italy, Spain, England, France, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, kpakple Baltik-nutowo me. Le ɣeyiɣi si wu ƒe eve vie ko me la, Ku Yibɔ la *—si wogblɔ be enye “dɔvɔ̃ si wu ame wu le ameƒomea ƒe ŋutinya me” la wu Europanɔlawo ƒe memama ene ƒe akpa ɖeka, si ade ame miliɔn 25 lɔƒo.

Nusi He Afɔkua Vɛ

Menye dɔlélea ɖeɖekoe nye nusi na Ku Yibɔ la wu amewo nenema gbegbe o. Nu bubuwo na be afɔkua gagblẽ nu ɖe edzi, eye wo dometɔ ɖekae nye seselelãme si subɔsubɔhawo nyɔ ɖe amewo me. Ŋutiklɔdzo ƒe nufiafia la nye kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka. Franse ŋutinyaŋlɔla Jacques le Goff gblɔ be: “Kaka ƒe alafa 13 lia naɖo nuwuwu la, wonɔ ŋutiklɔdzo fiam amewo le afisiafi.” Le ƒe alafa 14 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Dante ŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Divine Comedy si wɔ dɔ ɖe ame geɖe dzi, eye eƒo nu tso dzomavɔ kple ŋutiklɔdzo ŋu le eme tsitotsito. Eyata subɔsubɔhawo na nɔnɔmea va le ale gbegbe be amewo va nɔ dɔlélea bum be enye tohehe tso Mawu gbɔ, eyata naneke meli yewoate ŋu awɔ le eŋu o. Abe alesi míava kpɔe ene la, mɔkpɔkpɔbuɖeame ƒe nukpɔsusu sia koŋ ye wɔe be dɔlélea kaka. Agbalẽ si nye The Black Death (Ku Yibɔ La) si Philip Ziegler ŋlɔ gblɔ be: “Nu bubu aɖeke megali si awɔe be dɔlélea nakaka wu esia o.”

Kuxi bubue nye agblemenukuwo ƒe mawɔmawɔ edziedzi le Europa. Ewɔe be anyigbagã la me tɔ siwo nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi mekpɔ nu nyui aɖu o—si wɔe be ŋutete menɔ wo ŋu woatsɔ anɔ te ɖe dɔlélea nui o.

Dɔvɔ̃a Kaka

Papa Clement VI ƒe atikewɔla, Guy de Chauliac, gblɔ be dɔvɔ̃ ƒomevi evee va dze Europa  dzi: axamedɔ kple ƒoƒoe si woxɔna le ame ŋu. Eŋlɔ nu tsɔ ɖe dɔléle siawo me tsitotsito ale: “Gbãtɔa nɔ anyi ɣleti eve, eye ewɔnɛ be ŋudza dzea amea dzi enuenu, eye woɖea ʋu, eye ewua ame le ŋkeke etɔ̃ megbe. Evelia si woxɔna le ame ŋu ya nɔ anyi hena ɣeyiɣi mamlɛa, eya hã naa woléa ŋudza enuenu, gake enaa ƒoƒoe ƒoa ame eye tsi kple ʋu dona le eme vevietɔ le amea ƒe axatome kple eƒe ata xa. Esia wua ame le ŋkeke atɔ̃ megbe.” Ðɔktawo mete ŋu wɔ naneke tsɔ tɔ te dɔlélea o.

Vɔvɔ̃ ɖo ame geɖe wosi—eye wogblẽ ame akpe nane siwo xɔ dɔa ɖi. Le nyateƒe me la, sisila gbãtɔwo dometɔ aɖewo nye hotɔ siwo nye bubumewo kple agbalẽnyalawo. Togbɔ be misasubɔvi aɖewo si hã la, subɔsubɔhaŋgɔnɔla geɖe be ɖe woƒe saɖagaxɔwo me, nɔ gbe dom ɖa be yewoagaxɔ dɔa o.

Le mɔkpɔkpɔbuɖeame ƒe ɣeyiɣi sia me la, papa la gblɔ be ƒe 1350 nye Ƒe Kɔkɔe. Wodo ŋugbe be mawusubɔla siwo azɔ mɔ ayi Rome la akpɔ mɔ ayi paradiso me tẽ, esi womato ŋutiklɔdzo me hafi o! Ame akpe alafa geɖe wɔ ɖe yɔyɔa dzi hezɔ mɔa—eye wonɔ dɔlélea kakam le afisiafi si woyi.

Agbagbadzedze Gbɔlowo

Agbagba siwo wodze be woatsɔ axe mɔ na Ku Yibɔ dɔlélea meɖe vi o, elabena ame aɖeke menya alesi wòwɔna kakana o. Ame geɖe kpɔe dze sii be asikaka amesi ŋu dɔlélea le ŋu—alo eƒe awu gɔ̃ hã ate ŋu ana woaxɔ dɔa. Ame aɖewo gɔ̃ hã vɔ̃na be ne amesi ŋu dɔlélea le kpɔ yewoƒe ŋkume la, ana yewoaxɔ dɔa. Gake amesiwo nɔ Florence, le Italy ya tsɔ agbaa da ɖe woƒe dadiwo kple avuwo dzi. Wowu lã siawo, eye womenya be wo wuwu alea boŋ nɔ lã si koŋ nɔ dɔlélea kakam—si nye alegeli la dzi dem be wòagakakae ɖe edzi o.

Esi ame gbogbowo va nɔ kukum la, ame aɖewo trɔ ɖe Mawu ŋu hena kpekpeɖeŋu. Ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo tsɔ woƒe nunɔamesiwo katã ke sɔlemeha la, henɔ mɔ kpɔm be Mawu akpɔ yewo ta tso dɔlélea si me—alo ne mede ɖeke o la, wòana yewoava nɔ agbe le dziƒo ne yewo ku. Esia na sɔlemehawo va kpɔ ho geɖe. Ame geɖe hã va trɔ ɖe aklama tiblɛwo, Kristo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo, kple etɔgbewo ŋu. Ame bubuwo trɔ ɖe aʋatsodzixɔse, akunyawɔwɔ, kple gbɔgbɔmetikewɔwɔwo ŋu hena dɔdada. Amewo gblɔ be atike ʋeʋĩwo, atike vevewo, kple tsitike tɔxɛwo te ŋu xea mɔ na dɔlélea. Mɔnu bubu si amewo zãe nye ʋuɖeɖe le ameɖokui ŋu. Agbalẽnyala siwo nɔ atikeŋutinusrɔ̃ƒe le Paris ƒe Yunivɛsiti gɔ̃ hã gblɔ be ɣletinyigbawo ƒe gododo wo nɔewoe he dɔvɔ̃a vɛ! Gake yeaɖi numeɖeɖe kple “dɔdamɔnuwo” metɔ te dɔvɔ̃ sia ƒe amewuwu o.

Eƒe Nugbegblẽ Siwo Nɔ Anyi Ɣeyiɣi Didi

Mlɔeba le ƒe atɔ̃ megbe la, ewɔ abe ɖe Ku Yibɔ dɔlélea nu tso ene. Gake kaka ƒe alafaa nawu enu la, egagbugbɔ va, ne mede ɖeke o la, zi ene ya teti. Eyata wotsɔ Ku Yibɔ la ƒe nugbegblẽ sɔna kple Xexemeʋa I ƒe nugbegblẽ. Agbalẽ si nye The Black Death in England si wota le ƒe 1996 me gblɔ be: “Ŋutinyaŋlɔla siwo li egbea katã lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be dɔvɔ̃wo ƒe dodo le dukɔwo me gblẽ nu geɖe le ganyawo kple amegbetɔƒomea siaa ŋu vevie tso ƒe 1348 megbe.” Dɔvɔ̃a wu ame gbogbowo, eye ƒe alafawo va yi hafi teƒe aɖewo gaɖo woƒe nɔnɔ. Esi dɔwɔla ʋɛ aɖewo koe kpɔtɔ ta la, ewɔe be fetu si dɔwɔlawo xɔna la yi dzi. Amesiwo nye anyigbatɔ hotɔwo tsã zu kotɔwo, eye anyigbadziɖuɖu nuɖoanyi—si nɔ anyi le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me—la gbã gudugudu.

Eyata dɔvɔ̃a va nye nusi he dunyahehe, mawusubɔsubɔ, kple hadome tɔtrɔwo vɛ. Do ŋgɔ na dɔvɔ̃a ƒe dodo la, Fransegbe dodo nye nusi  bɔ ɖe agbalẽnyalawo dome le England. Gake Fransegbefiala gbogbo siwo ku la wɔe be Eŋlisigbe dodo va de dzi le Britain wu Fransegbe dodo. Tɔtrɔwo va le mawusubɔsubɔnyawo hã me. Abe alesi Franse ŋutinyaŋlɔla Jacqueline Brossollet gblɔe ene la, esi wònye amewo meli woaxɔ ɖe nunɔlanyenyedɔa me o ta la, “Sɔlemeha la hã xɔ ame manyananeke siwo nye ɖekematsɔlemetɔwo.” Brossollet gblɔ be “sɔlemehaa ƒe hehenaƒewo ƒe nu ɖigbɔwo kple xɔsegbegbenuwo wɔwɔ ye nye nusiwo he subɔsubɔha ƒe ɖɔɖɔɖoa vɛ la dometɔ ɖeka.”

Le nyateƒe me la, Ku Yibɔa kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe aɖaŋudɔwɔwɔwo dzi, eye wota nu geɖe ku ɖe ku ŋu. Danse Makabre nutata, siwo me zi geɖe wotaa ameƒuwo kple ame kukuwo ɖo, va zu nusi tsi tre ɖi na ku ƒe ŋusẽ. Esi kakaɖedzi aɖeke meganɔ agbetsilawo me o ta la, wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ megaɖɔa ŋu ɖo le naneke me o. Eyata agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ va bɔ ale gbegbe. Ke sɔlemehaa ya la, esi mete ŋu xe mɔ ɖe Ku Yibɔa nu o ta la, “amesiwo nɔ anyi le titinaɣeyiɣiawo me susui be yewoƒe Sɔlemehaa do kpo nu.” (The Black Death) Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖewo hã gblɔ be hadome tɔtrɔ siwo Ku Yibɔa he vɛ la wɔe be ame geɖe va lɔ̃ ɖokuisigbenɔnɔ  kple nuwɔwɔ le ame ɖokui si, eye wodzi hadomenuwɔwɔ kpakple asitsatsa le ame ɖokui si ɖe edzi—nusiawo mee ɖoɖo si me dɔwɔƒewo nye ame ɖekaɖekawo tɔ la to va dzɔ.

Ku Yibɔa de dzo hã lãme na dziɖuɖuwo be woawɔ ɖoɖowo atsɔ akpɔ dzadzɛnyenye nyawo gbɔe. Esi dɔlélea nu yi la, wowɔ ɖoɖo kplɔ dugã si nye Venice ƒe ablɔwo dzi. Franseawo ƒe Fia John II, si woyɔna be Ame Nyui, hã de se wokplɔ ablɔwo dzi bene woatsɔ axe mɔ ɖe dɔvɔ̃a nui. Fia la ɖe afɔ sia esi wòva nya be blema Hela tikewɔla aɖe kpɔ Athens ta tso dɔvɔ̃ aɖe si me esi wòna wokplɔ ablɔwo dzi heklɔ wo dzi. Wokplɔ titinaɣiyiɣiwo me ƒe ablɔ geɖe siwo dzi tsi sina tona la dzi mlɔeba.

Ðe Wòzu Blemanyaa?

Ƒe 1894 me ke hafi Alexandre Yersin si nye nugbagbeviwo ŋuti nunyala tso France te ŋu de dzesi dɔlékui si he Ku Yibɔ dɔlélea vɛ. Wotsɔ ŋutsua ƒe ŋkɔ na dɔlékuia be Yersinia pestis. Ƒe ene megbe la, Fransetɔ bubu si nye Paul-Louis Simond ke ɖe akpa si axɔ̃ (siwo nɔa alegeliwo kple afiwo ŋu) wɔna le dɔlélea kaka me ŋu. Eteƒe medidi o, wowɔ abɔtasitike aɖe si mewɔ dɔ boo o.

Ðe dɔvɔ̃a zu blemanudzɔdzɔ aɖe koa? Kura o. Le ƒe 1910 ƒe vuvɔŋɔli la, dɔlélea wu amesiwo ade 50,000 le Manchuria. Azɔ ƒe sia ƒe la, edzea ame akpe bubuwo dzi, si Xexeame ƒe Lãmesẽhabɔbɔ ŋlɔna ɖi—xexlẽmea kpɔtɔ le dzidzim ɖe edzi. Woke ɖe dɔlékuia ƒomevi yeye aɖe hã ŋu—hatsotso siwo mesea atike o. Ẽ, ne womewɔ ɖe dzadzɛnyenye ƒe dzidzenu veviwo dzi o la, dɔvɔ̃a akpɔtɔ anye afɔku na ameƒomea. Eyata agbalẽ si nye Pourquoi la peste? Le rat, la puce et le bubon (Nuka Gbɔe Dɔvɔ̃a Tso? Alegeli, Axɔ̃, Kple Ƒoƒoe La), si me Jacqueline Brossollet kple Henri Mollaret to la, ƒo nya ta be, “dɔlélea menye blema Europa ƒe Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me tɔ kura o, . . . nublanuitɔe la, ewɔ abe etsɔme ƒe dɔlélee dɔvɔ̃a nye ene.”

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 19]

Ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo tsɔ woƒe nunɔamesiwo katã ke sɔlemeha la, henɔ mɔ kpɔm be Mawu akpɔ yewo ta tso dɔlélea si me

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 20]

Ameɖokuiƒoƒo ƒe Kɔmama La

Esi amewo bui be Mawu ƒe tohehee dɔlélea nye ta la, ame aɖewo te kpɔ be yewoafa Mawu ƒe dziku nu to wo ɖokui ƒoƒo, alo nuveviwɔwɔ ame ɖokui me. Ameɖokuiƒolawo ƒe Nɔviwo ƒe Habɔbɔ, si nye subɔsubɔha si me tɔwo anɔ 800,000, va xɔ ŋkɔ ale gbegbe le Ku Yibɔa ŋɔli. Kɔmamaa ƒe sewo tsri nuƒoƒo kple nyɔnuwo, awu nyanya alo wo ɖɔliɖɔli. Woƒoa wo ɖokui le dutoƒo zi eve gbeɖeka.

Agbalẽ si nye Medieval Heresy gblɔ be “ameɖokuiƒoƒo nye dzifanameɖokuimɔnu ʋɛ siwo ʋu ɖi na amesiwo vɔvɔ̃ ɖo la dometɔ ɖeka.” Ameɖokuiƒolawo ƒoa nu gaglã tsɔ tsia tre ɖe sɔlemehawo ƒe ŋgɔnɔlawo ŋu, eye wotsia tre ɖe nuvɔ̃wo tsɔtsɔ ke ƒe kɔnu si wowɔna tsɔ kpɔa ga geɖe la hã ŋu. Eyata mewɔ nuku o be le ƒe 1349 me la, papa ƒo nu tsi tre ɖe kɔmama la ŋu. Gake mlɔeba la, kɔmama sia nu yi vivivi le eɖokui si esi Ku Yibɔ la nu va yi.

[Nɔnɔmetata]

Ameɖokuiƒolawo ƒe kɔmamaa dze agbagba be yewoafa dzi na Mawu

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 21]

Nusiwo dɔlélea gblẽ le Marseilles, France

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 21]

Alexandre Yersin ye de dzesi dɔlékui si he dɔlélea vɛ

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Culver Pictures