Ðe Agbenyuinɔnɔ Dome Gblẽ Wu Tsã?

NE ÈBIA ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo be, “Ðe amewo ƒe agbenɔnɔ egbea nyo alo egblẽ wu tsã?” la, wo dometɔ aɖewo agblɔ be esesẽ be woatsɔ amesiwo nɔ anyi le ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me ƒe agbenɔnɔ asɔ kple wo nɔewo. Woasusui be ele be woalé ŋku ɖe dzidzime ɖesiaɖe ŋu le alesi nuwo le le ɣeyiɣi ma me nu.

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, bu alesi ŋutasẽnuvlowɔwɔ va bɔ le Europa tso ƒe alafa 16 lia me la ŋu kpɔ. Amewuwu mebɔ nenema le ƒe 400 siwo va yi me o. Zi geɖe la, amewo biaa hlɔ̃ le wo ɖokui si, eye ƒomewo alo towo dome ʋawo bɔ.

Ke hã, ŋutinyaŋlɔla Arne Jarrick kple Johan Söderberg ŋlɔ le woƒe agbalẽ si nye Människovärdet och makten (Asixɔxɔ Kple Ŋusẽ si Le Amegbetɔwo Ŋu) me be ƒe 1600 vaseɖe 1850 ƒeawo nye “ŋkuʋuʋu vavãtɔ le hadomegbenɔnɔ me” ƒe ɣeyiɣi le teƒe aɖewo. Amewo va nɔ ame bubuwo ƒe nuhiahiãwo ŋu bum wu—wova nɔ veve sem ɖe ame nu wu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ŋutinyaŋlɔla bubuwo de dzesii be fififi kple amewo ƒe nunɔamesiwo dome gbegblẽ mebɔ le ƒe alafa 16 lia me abe alesi wòle egbea ene o. Vevietɔ le kɔƒemetɔwo gome la, adzogliwo ƒe nuvlowɔhawo mebɔ o.

Ne míagblɔe la, kluvisitsatsa nɔ anyi, eye wòhe nuvlowɔwɔ vɔ̃ɖitɔwo kekeake dometɔ aɖewo vɛ le ŋutinya me—si nye Europatɔ asitsala siwo lé amegbetɔwo sesẽe le Afrika kple ŋutasẽnu siwo wowɔ kluvi miliɔn nane siawo le dukɔ siwo me wokplɔ wo yii me.

Eyata ne míelé ŋku ɖe ƒe alafa siwo va yi ŋu hetsɔ wo sɔ kple wo nɔewo la, anɔ eme be nɔnɔme aɖewo nyo wu, eye bubuwo gblẽ wu. Ke hã nane si to vovo eye wònye ŋkubiãnya—le nyateƒe me la, eƒomevi medzɔ kpɔ o—la dzɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia me eye wògale edzi yim.

Ƒe Alafa 20 lia—Tɔtrɔƒewo

Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Jarrick kple Söderberg de dzesii be: “Le ƒe 1930 ƒeawo me la, amewuwu kple amewulawo gava nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi, eye nublanuitɔe tso ɣemaɣi la, nuwɔna sia le edzi yim wu ƒe blaatɔ̃ enye sia.”

Le eŋutinunyala geɖe ƒe nya nu la, agbenyuinɔnɔ dome gblẽ le ame geɖe gome wu le ƒe alafa 20 lia me. Agbenyuinɔnɔ ŋuti nuŋɔŋlɔ aɖe gblɔ be: “Woate ŋu akpɔe ƒã be ameƒomea ƒe nukpɔsusu le gbɔdɔdɔ kple nusi dzi woada asi ɖo le agbenyuinɔnɔ gome la trɔ ŋutɔ le ƒe 30 va ɖo 40 siwo va yi me—tso alesi ameƒomea dea se siwo le kaŋ tsã bene wòana nusi nyo le agbenyuinɔnɔ gome nadze ƒã dzi, va ɖo  ablɔɖe ƒe ɣeyiɣi sia si me amesiame wɔa nusi sɔ na eƒe nukpɔsusu dzi.”

Esia fia be ame akpa gãtɔ va le esusum fifia be gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe nuwɔna kple agbenyuinɔnɔ gome nuwɔna bubuwo nye nusiwo ŋuti yewo ŋutɔ yewoate ŋu atso nya me le na yewo ɖokui. Nuŋɔŋlɔa yɔ akɔntabubu sia tsɔ wɔ kpɔɖeŋui be le ƒe 1960 me la, ɖevi siwo katã le United States dometɔ 5.3 le alafa me koe nye gbɔmeyaviwo. Le ƒe 1990 me la, xexlẽmea ɖo alafa memama 28.

Esi United States ƒe Sewɔhamenɔla Joe Lieberman nɔ nuƒo aɖe ƒom le Notre Dame ƒe Yunivɛsiti la, eɖɔ míaƒe ɣeyiɣia be enye “asixɔxɔmademade gɔmeɖosewo ŋu ƒe ɣeyiɣi, . . . si me woɖe asi le nyui kple vɔ̃ ŋuti nukpɔsusu siwo li tsã ŋu vivivi wòbu kura.” Lieberman gblɔ be nɔnɔme sia “le edzi yim le dzidzime eve ƒe agbenɔɣi ƒe akpa gãtɔ me.”

Ameɖokuisinuwɔwɔ

Nukae ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo kple ame bubu siwo léa ŋku ɖe nu ŋu gblɔ be eyae na nu ɖedzesi sia le dzɔdzɔm le ƒe alafa 20 lia me? Agbalẽ si nye Människovärdet och makten gblɔ be: “Tɔtrɔ vevitɔ kekeake siwo va le ƒe alafa eve siwo va yi me dometɔ ɖekae nye nuwɔwɔ le ameɖokui si.” Nuwɔwɔ le ameɖokui si fia be “woaɖe mɔ na amewo woanɔ te ɖe woƒe nukpɔsusu vovovowo dzi awɔ nyametsotso na wo ɖokui. Ƒe alafa 18 lia me xexemenunyala siwo to Ŋkuʋuʋuhabɔbɔ vɛ la gbɔe nukpɔsusu sia tso . . . eye woawoe nye ame gbãtɔ . . . siwo gbe Biblia be menye eya me koe woakpɔ nyateƒea le o.” Eyata womegatrɔna ɖe subɔsubɔhawo, vevietɔ Kristodukɔa ŋu edziedzi hena agbenyuinɔnɔ ŋuti mɔfiame abe alesi wònɔ tsã ene o.

Gake nukatae wòxɔ wu ƒe 200 hafi xexemenunya si woto vɛ le ƒe alafa 18 lia me va xɔ aƒe ɖi? Agbalẽ si míeyɔ va yi la gblɔ be: “Menɔ bɔbɔe be woakaka nukpɔsusu sia wòaɖo amewo gbɔ o. Ðe nuwɔwɔ le ameɖokui si ƒe nukpɔsusua nɔ kakam vivivi.”

Gake ne ele eme be ɖe wonɔ asi ɖem le dekɔnu kple Kristotɔwo ƒe dzidzenuwo ŋu vivivi le ƒe 200 siwo va yi ƒe akpa gãtɔ me hã la, nɔnɔmeawo va trɔ kabakaba ŋutɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia me. Aleae wònɔ, vevietɔ le ƒe bla nane siwo va yi me. Nukatae wòle nenema?

Ðokuitɔdidi Kple Ŋukeklẽ

Nu vevitɔ ɖeka si gbɔ wòtsoe nye alesi wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi kabakaba le mɔɖaŋu kple ganyawo me le xexeame le ƒe alafa 20 lia me. Nyati aɖe si dze le Germanytɔwo ƒe magazine si nye Die Zeit me gblɔ be míele “ɣeyiɣi si me nuwo trɔna kabakaba me, eye mele abe ƒe alafa siwo va yi, si nye xexe si me nuwo menɔ zɔ ɖem o la ene o.” Nyatia ɖe eme be esia na asitsatsa le ameɖokui si va bɔ, eye enye nuɖoanyi si wotu ɖe hoʋiʋli dzi eye ɖokuitɔdidie le megbe nɛ.

Nyatia yi edzi be: “Naneke mete ŋu tɔ te ɖokuitɔdidi sia o. Nusiwo wòhe vɛe nye nuvlowɔwɔ kple nufitifitiwɔwɔ siwo xɔ aƒe ɖe míaƒe gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ me, eye le dukɔ geɖe me la,  ekeke ta va ɖo keke dziɖulawo dome ke. Amewo bua wo ɖokui ko ŋu kple alesi woawɔ aɖi kɔ na woƒe didiwo alesi woate ŋui.”

Hadomegbenɔnɔŋutinunyala Robert Wuthnow, si le Princeton Yunivɛsiti de dzesii esi wòbia gbe ame geɖe vɔ be Amerikatɔ siwo li egbea ƒe susu ku ɖe ga ŋu wu dzidzime si va yi tɔ. Numekukua ɖee fia be, “Amerikatɔ geɖe va le vɔvɔ̃m be galɔlɔ̃ nu va sẽ wu ɖetsɔtsɔ le gɔmeɖose vevi bubuwo me, abe bubu dede ame bubuwo ŋu, anukwareɖiɖi le dɔwɔƒe kple asikpekpe ɖe nuwo ŋu le nutoa me ene.”

Ŋukeklẽ gadzi ɖe dzi le amegbetɔƒomea me hã elabena dɔwɔƒemegã geɖe ka fetu gagãwo na wo ɖokui, eye wowɔ ɖoɖo be woaxe ga gbogbo na yewo ne yewoxɔ dzudzɔ le dɔme, gake wobiana tso woƒe dɔwɔviwo si be woagabia dzidziɖedzi geɖe le woƒe fetuwo me o. Kjell Ove Nilsson, si nye agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nufialagã eye wònye mawunyafialawo ƒe amegã le Kristotɔwo ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe si le Sweden, gblɔ be: “Nusi ɖe fu le dɔtɔwo ƒe viɖedidi ŋue nye be ekpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe ame bubuwo dzi eye wòɖiɖia agbenɔnɔ ŋuti dzidzenu siwo dzi wòle be amewo nazɔ ɖo la kura. Le nyateƒe me la, esia gblẽa nu vevie le agbenyuinɔnɔ gome—le hadome kple ame ŋutɔ gome siaa.”

Nyatakakamɔnuwo ƒe Nuwɔna

Nu vevi bubu si na be agbenyuinɔnɔ ŋuti dzidzenuwo ɖiɖi kabakaba le ƒe alafa 20 lia ƒe akpa mamlɛtɔ mee nye nyatakakamɔnuwo ƒe nuwɔna. Sewɔhamenɔla Lieberman gblɔ be: “Amesiwo ƒe nuwɔna ŋu wova le asixɔxɔ demee fifiae nye television dzi fefeŋlɔlawo, sinima me fefewɔla xɔŋkɔwo, atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo boblodolawo, aglãdzehadzihawo, kple radio kpakple television dzi dɔwɔla bubu geɖe siwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe amewo dzi. Kpɔɖeŋuɖola siawo ƒe nuwɔna kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe míaƒe dekɔnuwo dzi ale gbegbe, vevietɔ mía viwo, eye zi geɖe wometsɔa ɖeke le nusi agbe vɔ̃ɖi si nɔm wole agblẽ le amewo ŋu la me o.”

Lieberman yɔ ha aɖe si hasesẽdzila siwo woyɔna be Amelãɖulawo dzi la tsɔ wɔ kpɔɖeŋui. Hadzilaawo ɖɔ alesi wolé hɛ ɖe nyɔnu aɖe dzi hedɔ egbɔ sesẽe la tsitotsito. Eya kple ehati aɖe wobia tso adzɔha si lé haa ɖe agba dzi la si be woatutu haa ne wòagaka amewo si o. Gake abe alesi Lieberman gblɔe ene la, ɖeko wòglo.

 Eyata dzila ɖɔʋu siwo li egbea le ho ʋlim vevie kple nyatakakamɔnuwo le amesi akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo viwo dzi ahanyi wo me. Ke ƒome siwo me dzilawo mewɔa nu ɖe dzitsinya nu o ya ɖe? Lieberman gblɔ be: “Le go mawo me la, nyatakakamɔnuwo xɔa dɔa katã wɔna heɖoa dzidzenuwo, eye afisi ɖevia srɔ̃a nyui kple vɔ̃ le kpakple nusiwo ŋu wòade asixɔxɔe le agbe me ye nye nusiwo wòkpɔna hesena le television kple sinimawo me kpakple ha siwo wolé ɖe agbawo dzi me nyawo.” Eye woate ŋu atsɔ Internet si do nyitsɔ laa akpe ɖe nusiwo míeyɔ va yi la ŋu.

“Blemagbenɔnɔwo” Gatrɔ Gbɔ

Aleke ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi gbegblẽ siawo dzena le sɔhɛwo domee? Ðekae nye be le nyitsɔ laa ƒe ƒewo me la, ɖevi kple ƒewuivi geɖe wu va le ŋutasẽnu vɔ̃ɖiwo wɔm ɖe ɖevi bubuwo kple ame tsitsiwo siaa ŋu.

Afɔku wɔmoyaa aɖe dzɔ le Sweden le ƒe 1998 me. Ŋutsuvi eve siwo xɔ ƒe atɔ̃ kple adre mía ve na woƒe fefewɔhati si xɔ ƒe ene wòku! Ame geɖe bia nya sia be: Ðe seɖoƒe ƒe seselelãme aɖeke mele ɖeviwo me si agblɔ na wo be woadzudzɔ ne woƒe nuwɔna le yiyim akpa oa? Ðeviwo ƒe tagbɔdɔléleŋutinunyala aɖe gblɔ nya aɖe si kɔ nu me ale: “Seselelãme si atɔ te nuwɔwɔ wòagbɔ eme nye nane si wòle be woasrɔ̃. Ate ŋu atso . . . amesiwo ŋu ɖeviwo dea bubui kple ame tsitsi siwo dome wole ƒe nuwɔna siwo woasrɔ̃ gbɔ.”

Nuwɔna ma ƒomevi dzena le ŋutasẽnuvlowɔlawo gome. Le Sten Levander si nye tagbɔdɔléleŋutinunyala le Sweden ƒe nya nu la, gamenɔlawo katã ƒe xexlẽme si anɔ alafa memama 15 va ɖo 20 nye amesiwo ƒe tame da—amesiwo bua wo ɖokui ko ŋu akpa, womesea veve ɖe ame nu o, eye womete ŋu sea nyui kple vɔ̃ ŋuti gɔmeɖosewo gɔme o, alo womedi be yewoalɔ̃ ɖe edzi o. Le ɖevi kple sɔhɛ siwo edze abe woƒe susu le dedie ene gɔ̃ hã gome la, ŋkuléɖenuŋulawo de dzesii be woƒe dzitsinyawo ku atri le agbenyuinɔnɔ gome. Christina Hoff Sommers, si nye xexemenunya ŋuti nufialagã gblɔ be: “Míegatrɔ yi blemaɣeyiɣiwo me.” Egblɔ be ne wobia nya yeƒe nusrɔ̃vi siwo nye sɔhɛwo ku ɖe nyui kple vɔ̃ ŋu la, wowɔa nu wòdzena be womenya nusi tututu wònye o. Emegbe woɖoa eŋu be nyui alo vɔ̃ aɖeke meli o. Woxɔe se be ele be amesiame nawɔ nusi wòsusu be enyo na ye.

Le nyitsɔ laa ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me la, eƒe nusrɔ̃viawo dometɔ geɖe va gbe gɔmeɖose si nye be bubu kple asixɔxɔ tɔxɛ le amegbetɔ ƒe agbe ŋuti la. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, esi wobia be ne wòva hiã be woaɖe woƒe amegbɔlã alo wo hati amegbetɔ si womenya o ƒe agbe la, kae woaɖe hã la, ame geɖe gblɔ be yewoaɖe lã la.

Nufialagã Sommers gblɔ be: “Menye kuxiae nye be sɔhɛwo mele naneke nyam o, kakaɖedzi mele wo si o, woƒe tagbɔ sẽ, alo womate ŋu aka ɖe wo dzi o. Ne míagblɔe kaŋ la, nyui kple vɔ̃ ŋuti nukpɔsusu aɖeke mele wo si koŋ o.” Egblɔ be sɔhɛ geɖe siwo li egbea kea ɖi be naneke meli woayɔ be nyui alo vɔ̃ o, eye esusu be nɔnɔme sia ate ŋu anye afɔku gãtɔ kekeake si dze ŋgɔ ameƒomea la dometɔ ɖeka.

Eyata nu ŋutɔŋutɔe agbenyuinɔnɔ si dome gblẽm wole le míaƒe ɣeyiɣia me nye. Ame geɖe vɔ̃na be ate ŋu ahe kuxi sesẽwo vɛ? Magazine si nye Die Zeit me nyati si míeyɔ va yi la gblɔ be ate ŋu adzɔ be asitsatsa le ameɖokui si ƒe ɖoɖo si li egbea “nanɔ gbegblẽm vivivi eye ɖewohĩ gbeɖeka la, agbã abe alesi sɔsɔminasɔenuɖoanyi si me dɔwɔna ɖesiaɖe le dziɖuɖua sime gbã nyitsɔ laa ene.”

Nukae nusiawo katã fia ŋutɔŋutɔ? Eye etsɔme kae wòle be míakpɔ mɔ na?

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 6, 7]

“Amesiwo ƒe nuwɔna ŋu wova le asixɔxɔ demee fifiae nye television dzi fefeŋlɔlawo, sinima me fefewɔla xɔŋkɔwo, atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo boblodolawo, aglãdzehadzihawo . . .”