Atikewɔwɔ Egbea—Afika Kee Wòakpɔ Dzidzedze Aɖo?

ÐEVI geɖewo ƒe susu me ʋuna kaba tso woƒe ɖevime ke: Ne wobe yewoagbe mango si gbɔ woƒe asi mate ŋu aɖo o la, wodea kɔ dzi na wo nɔewo. Nu ma tɔgbe aɖe dzɔ le atikewɔwɔ me. Atikewɔwɔmekulawo le ŋgɔyiyi wɔwɔ dzi to nusɔsrɔ̃ tso atikewɔla siwo xɔ ŋkɔ le blema gbɔ kple tutu ɖe dzidzedze si kpɔm wole la dzi me.

Atikewɔla nyanyɛ gbãtɔ mawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Hippocrates kple Pasteur, tsɔ kpe ɖe amewo abe Vesalius, kple William Morton—amesiwo ƒe ŋkɔ ame geɖe menya o—ene ŋu. Vi kawoe amesiawo ƒe dɔ ɖe na egbegbetikewɔlawo?

Le blema la, menye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyae wotsɔna daa gbe o, ke boŋ zi geɖe la, gbedada ƒe akpa gã aɖe nyea aʋatsodzixɔse kple subɔsubɔ kɔnuwo wɔwɔ. Agbalẽ si nye The Epic of Medicine, si me Ðk. Felix Marti-Ibañez to, gblɔ be: “Mesopotamiatɔwo tsɔa atikewɔwɔ kple mawusubɔsubɔ tsakana tsɔ daa gbee . . . , elabena woxɔe se be dɔléle nye tohehe na yewo tso mawuwo gbɔ.” Eteƒe medidi o Egiptetɔwo ƒe atikewɔmɔnu si kplɔe ɖo hã ƒo ke ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ me nenema ke. Eyata tso gɔmedzedzea me ke ko la, wobua gbedalawo ame veviwoe le mawusubɔsubɔnyawo me.

Ðk. Thomas A. Preston gblɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Clay Pedestal me be: “Blematɔwo ƒe dzixɔse geɖewo gadzena kokoko le atikewɔwɔ si li va de asi na egbea me. Dzixɔse sia ƒe ɖee nye be dɔnɔa mate ŋu awɔ naneke le eƒe dɔlélea ŋu o, negbe to akunyawɔŋusẽ si le gbedala si me ko dzie woate ŋu ato akpɔ mɔ be yeahaya.”

 Gɔmeɖoanyia Ðoɖo

Gake esi ɣeyiɣiawo va nɔ yiyim la, wova nɔ asi trɔm le atikewɔwɔ ŋu vivivi be wòasɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya nu. Amesi xɔ ŋgɔ le gbedada le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyamɔnu ye nye Hippocrates. Wodzii le ƒe 460 D.M.Ŋ. me le Hela ƒukpo si nye Kos dzi eye ame geɖewo bui be eyae nye amesi to Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe atikewɔwɔmɔnu vɛ. Hippocrates ye ɖo alesi woawɔ atike si ŋu gɔmesese le anyi. Etsi tre ɖe ebubu be ɖe dɔléle nye tohehe si tso mawu aɖe gbɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu ŋuti, eye wòɖe eme be dzɔdzɔmenuwo gbɔe wòtsona. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wobu kpeŋuidɔ ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe be enye dɔ kɔkɔe elabena woxɔe se be mawuwo koe ate ŋu adae. Gake Hippocrates ŋlɔ be: “Ku ɖe dɔléle si yɔm wole be Dɔ Kɔkɔe ŋu: ewɔ nam abe menye mawuwo gbɔe wòtso kura o alo be menye dɔ kɔkɔe le mɔ aɖeke nu tsɔ wu dɔ bubuwo o ene, ke boŋ dzɔdzɔmenuwo gbɔe wòtso.” Hippocrates kee nye gbedala gbãtɔ si lé ŋku ɖe dɔléle vovovowo ƒe dzesiwo ŋu eye wòŋlɔ wo da ɖi hena zazã le etsɔme.

Le ƒe alafa geɖe megbe la, Helatɔ gbedala Galen si wodzi le ƒe 129 M.Ŋ. me hã to numekuku yeyewo le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyamɔnu vɛ. To ame kple lãwo koko me la, Galen ta agbalẽ aɖe le alesi ŋutilã ƒe wɔwɔme le ŋu, si ɖɔktawo zã ƒe alafa geɖe! Andreas Vesalius si wodzi le Brussels le ƒe 1514 me ŋlɔ agbalẽ si nye On the Structure of the Human Body. Wotsi tre ɖe eŋuti elabena eto vovo tso nusiwo ŋu Galen ke ɖo la geɖe gbɔ gake eɖo ŋutilã ƒe wɔwɔme ŋutinunya si li egbea gɔme anyi. Agbalẽ si nye Die Grossen (Ame Xɔŋkɔwo) gblɔ be Vesalius to esia me va zu “atikewɔwɔ me numekula vevitɔ si ƒo bubuawo katã ta le dukɔ ɖesiaɖe kple ɣeyiɣi ɖesiaɖe me.”

Wova te fli ɖe nya siwo Galen gblɔ le ame ƒe dzi kple alesi ʋu sina le lãmekawo mee hã me  mlɔeba. * Englandtɔ atikewɔla William Harvey tsɔ ƒe geɖe ko lãwo kple xewoe. Elé ŋku ɖe alesi ʋu sina yina ɖe ame ƒe dzi me gadona ŋu, eye wòdzidze ʋu agbɔsɔsɔ si le dzia ƒe xɔviawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe me, eye wòbu ʋu agbɔsɔsɔ si ate ŋu anɔ lãme na ame akpa gãtɔ. Harvey ta nusi ŋu wòke ɖo la ɖe agbalẽ si nye On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals me le ƒe 1628 me. Wohe nya ɖe eŋu, wotsi tre ɖe eŋu, gblɔ nya masɔmasɔwo ɖe eŋu hedzui. Gake dɔ si wòwɔ la he tɔtrɔ vevi aɖe vɛ le atikewɔwɔ me.—woke ɖe alesi ʋu sina le ametia me ŋu!

Ðalũlawo Va Zu Amekolawo

Wonɔ dzidzedze gãwo kpɔm le amekoko hã me. Le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me la, zi geɖe, ɖalũlawoe koa ame. Eyata mewɔ nuku o be ame aɖewo gblɔ be amesi gbɔ egbeŋkekea me ƒe amekokoŋutinunya dzɔ tso enye ƒe alafa 16 lia me Franse-ŋutsu Ambroise Paré—amesiwo to amekoko vɛ dometɔ ɖeka eye wòganye France-fia ene ƒe ɖalũla. Paré to dɔwɔnu siwo wotsɔna koa amee ƒe ɖewo hã vɛ.

Kuxi sesẽ siwo gadze ŋgɔ amekolawo le ƒe alafa 19 lia me dometɔ ɖekae nye alesi womete ŋu tsia vevesese nu le amekoko me o. Gake le ƒe 1846 me la, to aɖukola si woyɔna be William Morton dzi la, vevesesenutsitike zazã mɔnu va ʋu le amekoko me. *

Le ƒe 1895 me la, Germanytɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyala Wilhelm Röntgen kpɔ keklẽ aɖe si to ŋutilã me gake mete ŋu to ƒu ya me o esime wònɔ nuwo dom kpɔ kple elektrikŋusẽ. Menya afisi keklẽa tso o, eyata eyɔe be “X rays” [X ƒe keklẽ], si zu ŋkɔ Eŋlisigbedolawo zãna va de asi na egbegbe. (Germanytɔwo yɔnɛ be Röntgenstrahlen.) Agbalẽ si nye Die Großen Deutschen (Germanytɔ Xɔŋkɔwo) gblɔ be Röntgen gblɔ na srɔ̃a be: “Amewo agblɔ be: ‘Röntgen le tsu kum’” Ame aɖewo va gblɔe nenema hã. Gake nusi ŋu wòke ɖo la he tɔtrɔ veviwo va amekoko me. Amekolawo ate ŋu akpɔ ame ƒe ŋutilã me esi menye ɖe wokoe.

Dɔléle Dzi Ðuɖu

Le ƒe gbogbo siwo va yi me la, dɔxɔleameŋuwo abe sakpate ene dzea ame gbogbo aɖe dzi, si nyea dzikatsoƒoenya ŋutɔ eye wowua amewo kpaŋkpaŋ, ɣesiaɣi si woadze amewo dzi. Persiatɔ  Ar-Rāzī, si nye ƒe alafa asiekelia me tɔ si ame aɖewo buna be eyae nye atikewɔla gãtɔ kekeake le Islamtɔwo dome ɣemaɣi lae ŋlɔ nu tso sakpate ŋu wòsɔ pɛpɛpɛ le atikewɔmɔnu. Gake ƒe alafa geɖe megbe hafi Britaintɔ atikewɔla aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Edward Jenner kpɔ mɔ si nu woadae atoe. Jenner de dzesii be ne ame aɖe lé nyiwo ƒe dɔléle si ɖi sakpate—si nye dɔ si megblẽa nu le ame ŋu o—la, sakpate megalénɛ o. Jenner nɔ te ɖe nuteƒekpɔkpɔ sia dzi tsɔ nyiwo ƒe dɔléle si ɖi sakpate ƒe dɔlékui wɔ abɔtasitike na sakpate. Nu ma dzɔ le ƒe 1796 me. Abe amesiwo fɔ mɔnu yeyewo do ŋgɔ nɛ ene la, nenema ke woɖe ɖeklemi Jenner hã hetsi tre ɖe eŋui. Gake abɔtasisimɔnu si ŋu woke ɖo la va zu mɔ si dzi woto ɖe dɔlélea ɖa kura mlɔeba eye wòva zu dɔdamɔnu yeye vevi aɖe na atikewɔlawo.

Franse-ŋutsu Louis Pasteur zã abɔtasisi tsɔ da avudzeaɖaʋadɔ kple dɔ si dzea nyiwo dzii. Eɖee fia hã be dɔlékuiwo koŋ ye hea dɔlélewo vɛ. Le ƒe 1882 me la, Robert Koch ke ɖe dɔlékui si hea yɔmekpe vɛ ŋu, si ŋu ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ le be enye “dɔléle si tsrɔ̃ ame wu bubu ɖesiaɖe le ƒe alafa wuiasiekelia me.” Anye abe ƒe ɖeka megbe ene la, Koch ke ɖe dɔlékui si hea kolera vɛ ŋu. Wogblɔ le Life magazine me be: “Pasteur kple Koch ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo he nugbagbevi siwo hea dɔléle vɛ ŋuti nunya vɛ eye wòna wokpɔ ŋgɔgbedede le abɔtasisi, kpakple ameɖokuigbɔdzadzraɖo kple dzadzɛnyenye siwo wɔ akpa gã aɖe le amegbetɔ ƒe agbenɔƒe dzidzi ɖe edzi me tsɔ wu ŋgɔyiyi ɖesiaɖe si wowɔ kpɔ le ƒe 1,000 siwo va yi la me.”

Ƒe Alafa 20 lia me ƒe Atikewɔwɔ

Le ƒe alafa 20 lia ƒe gɔmedzedzea me la, atikewɔlawo de amesiawo kple atikewɔla dzeaɖaŋu bubuwo ƒe kɔti dzi. Tso ɣemaɣi dzi ko la, atikewɔwɔ kpɔ ŋgɔyiyi le mɔ wɔnuku aɖe nu—eƒe kpɔɖeŋu ʋɛ aɖewoe nye, wozã suklidɔtike si nye insulin na suklidɔ, kansadatike na kansa, lãmetsiŋusẽgbedada na lãmetsi siwo mele dɔ wɔm nyuie o, dɔlékuiwutike na yɔmekpe, chloroquine na asrã, kple ɖinuwo ɖeɖe le ʋu me na amesiwo ƒe ayiku mele dɔ wɔm nyuie o, kpakple dzikoko, kple amekoko si me woɖɔa li ŋutilã ƒe akpa aɖe le.

Gake fifia si míedze ƒe alafa 21 lia gɔme la, afikae atikewɔwɔ ɖo na eƒe taɖodzinu si nye be woana “lãmesẽ alesi dze nasu amesiame si le xexeame”?

Taɖodzinu si gbɔ Womate Ŋu Aɖo O Yea?

Ðeviwo kpɔnɛ be kɔti dzi dede na yewo nɔewo menaa yewoƒe asi ɖoa mango ɖesiaɖe gbɔ yewogbena o. Mango siwo ɖi nyuie wu ganɔa atia ƒe ɖɔme ke si gbɔ didi wu afisi yewoƒe asi aɖo. Nenema ke wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi gãgãwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo. Gake taɖodzinu vevitɔ si minyam wole—amesiame ƒe lãmesẽ me nɔnɔ—kpɔtɔ le yame ʋĩ le atia ƒe ɖɔme ke si gbɔ menya le ɖoɖom o.

Eyata esime Europatɔwo ƒe Ðekawɔwɔ Dzikpɔha ka nya ta le ƒe 1998 me be “Europatɔwo menɔ agbe wòdidi le lãmesẽ me alea kpɔ o la,” wogblɔ kpee be: “Ame ɖeka le ame atɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe me aku do ŋgɔ na woƒe kuɣi, hafi woaxɔ ƒe 65. Kansa awu ame 40%, dzidɔ hã awu ame 30% . . . Ele be woakpɔ takpɔkpɔ si nyo wu atsɔ axe mɔ na dɔléle yeyewo.”

Woka nya ta le Germany lãmesẽ magazine Gesundheit me le November 1998 me be dɔxɔleameŋuwo abe kolera kpakple yɔmekpe ene le ŋɔdzi dom madzudzɔmadzudzɔe. Nukatae? Dɔlékuiwutikewo “megate ŋu le dɔ wɔm o. Dɔlékui siwo ƒe xexlẽme le dzidzim ɖe edzi megasea atike nyanyɛ ɖeka ya teti o; le nyateƒe me la, gbogbo aɖe megasea atike geɖe o.” Menye dɔ xoxoawo koe gale tɔtrɔm gbɔ o, yeyewo abe AIDS ene hã do. Statistics ’97 si nye Germany  tikewɔlawo ƒe agbalẽ gblɔ be: “Ne woma dɔléle nyanyɛwo katã—anɔ 20,000—me ɖe akpa etɔ̃ me la, vaseɖe fifia la, womenya ta na alesi woakpɔ nusi hea woƒe akpa eve vɛ o.”

Agbedomenyiŋusẽ Tɔtrɔe Nye Egbɔkpɔnua?

Nyateƒee, wole edzi le gbedadamɔnu yeyewo toto vɛ dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ame geɖewo xɔe se be ame ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔe ate ŋu ahe lãmesẽ si nyo wu vɛ. Le numekuku siwo atikewɔla Ðk. W. French Anderson kple etɔ bubuawo wɔ le United States le ƒe 1990-awo me la, wogblɔ le agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ dɔyɔɖaŋu ŋu be enye “atike ŋuti numekuku yeye si ŋu amewo zãna ɖo vevie wu.” Wogblɔ le agbalẽ si nye Heilen mit Genen (Gbedada to Agbedomenyiŋusẽwo Dzi) me be le agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ dɔyɔɖaŋu zazã me la, “atikeŋutinunya ate ŋu ava ɖo ŋgɔyiyi yeye wɔwɔ ƒe agbo nu. Esia asɔ koŋ na dɔléle siwo vaseɖe fifia womete ŋu dana o la dada.”

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo le mɔ kpɔm be mlɔeba yewoate ŋu ada agbedomenyiŋusẽ siwo gblẽ siwo ƒe dome wonyi la, to agbedomenyiŋusẽ nyuitɔ si aɖɔe ɖo la dodo ɖe lãme na dɔnɔwo me. Ðewohĩ woatrɔ lãmenugbagbevi siwo gblẽa nu abe kansa me nugbagbeviwo ene, be woawo ŋutɔ natsrɔ̃ wo ɖokui ɖa. Dɔléle siwo ƒe dome wonyi didi be woakpɔ dɔ si ame aɖe ate ŋu adze ƒe mɔnu li xoxo. Ame aɖewo gblɔna be pharmacogenomics—si nye asitɔtrɔ le atikewo ŋu be woasɔ ɖe dɔnɔa ƒe domenyiŋusẽ ƒe wɔwɔme nu—enye ŋgɔyiyi yeye si woava wɔ. Numekula xɔŋkɔ ɖeka gblɔ be gbeɖeka ɖɔktawo “ate ŋu ava dze si woƒe dɔnɔwo ƒe dɔlélewo eye woana domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe akpa sue aɖe ko wo be woada gbe le wo ŋu.”

Gake menye amesiamee xɔe se be agbedomenyiŋusẽ ƒe dɔyɔɖaŋu lae ahe ‘nukugbedada’ vɛ le etsɔ me o. Le nyateƒe me la, numekuku ɖee fia be ame aɖewo malɔ̃ be woaku yewoƒe domenyiŋusẽ ƒe wɔwɔme me akpɔ kura gɔ̃ hã o. Ame geɖewo hã vɔ̃na be agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ dɔyɔɖaŋu ate ŋu anye tɔtɔ dede dzɔdzɔmenuwo me si me afɔku le.

Aɖo edzi hafi míanya ne nugbagbe ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ alo atikewɔɖaŋu deŋgɔ bubuwo zazã adze edzi abe alesi woƒe adegbeƒoƒo fia ene loo madze edzi o. Gake nunya le eme be míaƒo asa na mɔkpɔkpɔ dzodzro. Agbalẽ si nye The Clay Pedestal gblɔ esia ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe si dzɔna zi geɖe be: “Dɔyɔɖaŋu yeye dona eye woxɔnɛ kple dzidzɔ le atikewɔlawo ƒe takpekpewo kple woƒe nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽwo me. Amesiwo toe vɛ va zua ŋkɔxɔlawo le dɔa me, eye nyakakadɔwɔlawo doa boblo ŋgɔyiyi si wowɔ. Le aseyetsotso kple ɖaseɖiɖi siwo ŋu kpeɖodzi geɖe le ƒe ɖiɖi ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, dziɖeleameƒo aɖe va doa mo ɖa vivivi, enɔa anyi ɣleti ʋɛ aɖewo va ɖo ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo. Emegbe wova kena ɖe atike yeye ŋu eye enumake ko eva xɔna ɖe xoxoa teƒe eye le ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe me la, woɖea asi le eŋu abe nusi ŋu viɖe aɖeke mele o ene.” Le nyateƒe me la, atike siwo ŋu ɖɔkta akpa gãtɔ ɖe asi le be womewɔa dɔ o la nye atike siwo eteƒe medidi boo o amesiame zãna tsã.

 Togbɔ be egbea womegadea subɔsubɔ ƒe bubu si wodea gbedalawo ŋu le blema ɣeyiɣiwo me ɖɔktawo ŋu o hã la, ame aɖewo bua wo abe Mawu ƒe ŋusẽe le wo si ene, ale be wosusunɛ be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ava kpɔ atike na amegbetɔ ƒe dɔlélewo katã. Gake nublanuitɔe la, menye nenemae nya la ŋutɔŋutɔ le o. Ðk. Leonard Hayflick gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye How and Why We Age me be: “Le ƒe 1900 me la, ame 75 le alafa me le United States kuna hafi woƒe ƒe blaade vɔ atɔ̃ xɔɣi ɖona. Egbea xexlẽmea trɔ keŋkeŋ kloe: anɔ abe ame 70 le alafa me ye kuna le ƒe blaade vɔ atɔ̃ xɔxɔ vɔ megbe.” Nukae he dzidziɖedzi wɔnuku sia le ame ƒe agbemeŋkeke ƒe didime vɛ? Hayflick ɖe eme be “vidzĩwo ƒe kuku si dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ gbɔ koŋue wòtso.” Fifia la tsɔe be atikeŋutinunya ate ŋu aɖe dɔléle siwo koŋ wua ame tsitsiwo la ɖa—siwo nye dzidɔ, kansa, kple gbagbadɔ. Ðe wòana womagaku oa? Gbeɖe o. Ðk. Hayflick gblɔ be ɖeko “ame akpa gãtɔ anɔ agbe abe ƒe alafa ɖeka ko ene” le ema kura gɔ̃ hã me. Eyi edzi gblɔ be: “Ƒe alafa ɖeka xɔla siawo kura gɔ̃ hã mazu ame makumakuwo o. Ke nukae awu wo? Ðeko woava nɔ gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔm vivivi vaseɖe esime woaku.”

Eyata togbɔ be wowɔ woƒe ŋutete vevitɔ kekeake ŋudɔ le atikeŋutinunya me hã la, ku ɖeɖeɖa gakpɔtɔ nye nusi gbɔ atike mate ŋu aɖo o. Nukatae wòle alea ɖo? Eye ɖe taɖodzinu si nye amesiame nanɔ lãmesẽ me nye nu dzroame aɖe si mate ŋu adzɔ oa?

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 4]

“Blematɔwo ƒe dzixɔse geɖewo gadzena kokoko le atikewɔwɔ si li va de asi na egbea me.”—The Clay Pedestal

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 4, 5]

Hippocrates, Galen, kple Vesalius ye ɖo egbeŋkekea me tikewɔmɔnu gɔme anyi

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Kos-ƒukpo, Greece

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

A. Vesalius ƒe ametikpakpɛ si Jan Steven von Kalkar kpa, si woɖe tso Meyer’s Encyclopedic Lexicon me

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 6]

Ambroise Paré nye amekokoɖaŋuwɔla gbãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka si subɔ fia ene le France

Persiatɔ atikewɔla Ar-Rāzī (miame), kple Britaintɔ atikewɔla Edward Jenner (ɖusime)

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Paré kple Ar-Rāzī: Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Etso agbalẽ si nye Great Men and Famous Women me

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Franse-ŋutsu Louis Pasteur ɖee fia be dɔlékuie hea dɔléle vɛ

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Institut Pasteur

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 8]

Ne woate ŋu aɖe dɔléle gã siwo hea ku vɛ ɖa kura gɔ̃ hã la, amegãkuku ahe ku vɛ kokoko