Dɔlékui Maseatikewo​—Alesi Wowɔ Trɔ Gbɔ

EDZE ƒã be virus, bacteria, protozoans, fungi dɔlékuiwo kple nugbagbevi suesue bubuwo li tso keke esime agbe dze egɔme le anyigba dzi. Alesi nugbagbevi siawo siwo nye nugbagbe suetɔwo kekeake ƒe nɔnɔme wɔ nukui lae nana wote ŋu nɔa agbe le afisi nu bubu aɖeke mate ŋui o le. Wonɔa teƒe siwo xɔ dzo gbagbagbã, atsiaƒu gɔme, kpakple Arctic-nyigba siwo ƒe tsi fana zua tsikpe la dzi. Fifia dɔlékui siawo le avu wɔm kple nusiwo wotsɔ ɖea wo ɖa ƒe sesẽtɔ kekeakewo hã—dɔlékuiwutikewo.

Ƒe alafa ɖeka enye esi va yi la, wode dzesi dɔlékui aɖewo be wohea dɔléle vɛ, gake amesiwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi dometɔ aɖeke mese dɔlékuiwutikewo ŋkɔ kpɔ o. Eyata ne dɔléle siwo dɔlékuiwo hena vɛ dze ame aɖe dzi la, naneke meli ɖɔktawo nawɔ wu be woade dzi ƒo nɛ o. Amea ƒe dɔlélenutsitsiŋutete  koe wɔa avu kple dɔlélea. Ne ŋusẽ mele dɔlélenutsitsiŋutetea ŋu nyuie o la, ekema nublanuinyae dzɔna zi geɖe. Enuenu la, abi sue si me dɔlékuiwo ge ɖo gɔ̃ hã te ŋu hea ku vɛ.

Eyata dɔlékuiwutike gbãtɔ siwo ŋu woke ɖo eye wonɔ dedie—lae he tɔtrɔ gã aɖe va atikewɔnyawo me. * Atike siwo me sulfa le ŋudɔwɔwɔ le ƒe 1930-awo kpakple atike si nye penicillin kple streptomycin le ƒe 1940-awo me le atikewɔnyawo mee na wova ke ɖe atike gbogbo aɖewo ŋu le ƒe geɖe siwo kplɔe ɖo megbe. Le ƒe 1990-awo me la, dɔlékuiwutike 150 siwo le ha vovovo 15 me ŋue woke ɖo.

Aʋadziɖuɖu ƒe Mɔkpɔkpɔa me Gblẽ

Ame aɖewo xɔe se le ƒe 1950-awo kple 1960-awo me be woɖu dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ la dzi. Nugbagbevisuewo ŋutinunyala aɖewo xɔe se gɔ̃ hã be dɔléle siawo azu ŋɔdzi si nu ava yi kpuie. United States ƒe amekolagã aɖe ɖo kpe edzi le ƒe 1969 me, le woƒe Sewɔtakpekpe me be eteƒe madidi o ameƒomea “aŋlɔ dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ ƒe kuxia be.” Le ƒe 1972 me la, Nobel nunanaxɔla Macfarlane Burnet kple David White ŋlɔ be: “Ðewohĩ nyatakaka boo ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖeke manɔ anyi woaŋlɔ tso dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ ŋu le etsɔme o.” Nyateƒee, ame aɖewo see le wo ɖokui me be woate ŋu aɖe dɔléle mawo tɔgbe ɖa keŋkeŋ.

Dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ si dzi amewo xɔ se be yewo ɖu va na kakaɖedzi si gbɔ eme va ɖo wo me. Dɔnɔdzikpɔla aɖe si nya nu nyuie tso ŋɔdzi si dɔlékuiwo he vɛ do ŋgɔ na dɔlékuiwutikewo wɔwɔ gblɔ be dɔnɔdzikpɔla yeye aɖewo ɖe ŋu ɖi akpa le dzadzɛnyenye mɔnu suesue aɖewo gome. Ne eɖo ŋku edzi na wo be woaklɔ asi la, woɖoa eŋu be: “Mègatsi dzi o, dɔlékuiwutikewo li azɔ.”

Gake ŋuɖoɖo ɖe dɔlékuiwutikewo ŋu kple wo zazã fũ he emetsonu dziŋɔwo vɛ. Dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ gakpɔtɔ li. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wogatrɔ gbɔ ŋɔdzitɔe hezu nu vevitɔ siwo le amewo wum le xexeame! Aʋawɔwɔ vɔ̃ɖiwo, nunyuimakpɔɖui si bɔ le dukɔ madeŋgɔwo me, tsi nyui ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ, dzadzɛnyenye mɔnu siwo mede ŋgɔ o, amewo ƒe mɔzɔzɔ edziedzi le dukɔwo dome, kpakple yame ƒe nɔnɔme si le tɔtrɔm le xexeame katã hã nye nu bubu siwo na dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ la kaka.

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe Atikemasemase

Dɔlékuiwo ƒe atikemasemase si wɔ nuku ale gbegbe va zu kuxi si womenɔ mɔ kpɔm na kura o. Ke hã, ŋkuléle ɖe nusiwo dzɔ va yi ŋu nyuie, si nye alesi wòate ŋu adzɔe be dɔlékuiwo mase atike o nye nusi wòle be woakpɔ mɔ na hafi. Nukatae? Le kpɔɖeŋu me, bu nusi dzɔ esime woto nudzodzoeviwutike si nye DDT vɛ le ƒe 1940-awo me ŋu kpɔ. * Le ɣemaɣi me la, nyinotsifiãlawo kpɔ dzidzɔ esi wokpɔ alesi nudzodzoeviwo le kukum le DDT wuwu vɔ megbe. Gake nudzodzoevi ʋɛ aɖewo tsi agbe eye woƒe dzidzimeviwo nyi ŋutete si woatsɔ anɔ te ɖe DDT nu ƒe dome. Eteƒe medidi o, nudzodzoevi siwo DDT megate ŋu wuna o lae va dzi ɖe edzi le agbɔsɔsɔ gã aɖe me.

Hafi woate DDT zazã, eye woadze penicillin ŋudɔwɔwɔ le atikewɔnyawo me le ƒe 1944 me gɔ̃ hã la, dɔlékui sẽŋuwo te woƒe kalẽwɔwɔ xoxo. Ðk. Alexander Fleming, amesi to penicillin vɛ ŋutɔ de dzesi esia. Eléa ŋku ɖe alesi dɔlékuiwutike si nye Staphylococcus aureus (si ŋudɔ wowɔna le kɔdzi) me nugbagbeviwo ƒe tsrowo yia edzi nɔa titrim le eƒe atikedokpɔƒe be woanɔ te ɖe atike si woto vɛ ƒe ŋusẽ nui.

Esia na Ðk. Fleming xlɔ̃ nu amewo ƒe 60 nye esi va yi be dɔlékui sẽŋu siwo age ɖe ame me ate ŋu anɔ te ɖe penicillin ƒe ŋusẽ nu. Eyata ne penicillin agbɔsɔsɔ aɖe mete ŋu wu dɔlékui vɔ̃ɖiwo nyuie o la, ana woƒe dzidzimevi sẽŋuwo nadzi ɖe edzi. Esia ana dɔléle sẽŋu si penicillin mate ŋu ada o nagagbugbɔ ava.

Agbalẽ si nye The Antibiotic Paradox gblɔ be: “Nya siwo Fleming gblɔ do ŋgɔ va eme pɛpɛpɛ le mɔ dziŋɔ aɖe nu wu alesi wòsusui gɔ̃ hã.” Le mɔ ka nu? Wova de dzesii eme kɔ ƒã be le dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewo me la, domenyiŋusẽ me nugbagbevi —si me dɔlékuia ƒe domenyiŋusẽmanu nɔna—te ŋu wɔa lãmetsi siwo nana penicillin magate ŋu awɔ dɔ o. Esia wɔnɛ be penicillin gbogbo aɖewo zazã gɔ̃ hã azu dzodzro. Nukunya kae nye esi!

Agbagbadzedze be woaɖe dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ dzi akpɔtɔ na wowɔa dɔlékuiwutike yeyewo edziedzi tso ƒe 1940-awo me va ɖo ƒe 1970-awo me kpakple ʋɛ aɖewo le ƒe 1980-awo kple le ƒe 1990-awo me. Esiawo te ŋu wua dɔlékui siwo dzi atike gbãtɔwo mete ŋu kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo o. Gake le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo megbe la, dɔlékui ƒe dzidzimevi bubuwo gadona siwo nɔa te ɖe atike yeye siawo hã nu.

Amegbetɔwo va de dzesii be dɔlékuiwo ƒe tenɔnɔ ɖe atikewo nu nye nusi wɔ nuku ale gbegbe. Ŋutete le dɔlékuiwo si be woatrɔ woƒe tsrowo wòatri ɖe edzi be atikea nagage ɖe eƒe lãme o alo to eƒe lãme ƒe dɔwɔnawo tɔtrɔ bubui be dɔlékuiwutikewo nagawui o. Azɔ hã dɔlékuia ate ŋu aɖe dɔlékuiwutikea ɖa le eƒe lãme enumake, alo ete ŋu kakaa nusiwo wotsɔ ƒoƒu wɔ atikeae eye wonana dɔlékuiwutikea gbɔdzɔna.

Esi dɔlékuiwutikewo zazã va bɔ ta la, dɔlékui ƒomevi siwo nɔa te ɖe atikewo nu va sɔ gbɔ ɖe edzi eye wobɔ ɖe afisiafi. Ðe esia fia be dɔlékuiwutikewo do kpo nu keŋkeŋua? Ao, menye le gowo katã me o. Zi geɖe ne dɔlékuiwutike aɖe mete ŋu wɔ dɔ ɖe dɔléle aɖe dzi o la, bubu aɖe ya te ŋu ɖenɛ ɖa. Dɔlékuiwo ƒe tenɔnɔ ɖe atikewo nu nye taɖui, gake le ŋkeke siawo me la, wote ta kpɔkpɔ nɛ vivivi.

Atike Vovovowo Masemase

Emegbe nu bubu si gado ŋɔdzi na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala atikewɔlawo enye alesi dɔlékuiwo te ŋu ɖɔa li domenyiŋusẽ me nugbagbeviwo le wo nɔewo dome. Gbã la, wosusui be dɔlékui ƒomevi ɖeka tɔgbewo koe ate ŋu awɔ esia. Gake emegbe wova kpɔ dɔlékui ƒe domenyiŋusẽ me nugbagbevi sẽŋu mawo tɔgbe ke le  dɔlékui ƒomevi vovovowo me. Domenyiŋusẽ me nugbagbevi siwo dɔlékuiwo ɖɔlina le wo nɔewo dome va wɔe be dɔlékui ƒomevi vovovowo va tu atike nyanyɛ geɖewo masemase ƒe ŋutete ɖo.

Nusi gadzi ŋɔ wue nye numekuku aɖe si wowɔ le ƒe 1990-awo me si ɖee fia be dɔlékui aɖewo ate ŋu azu esiwo mesea atike o le wo ɖokui si. Dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka ate ŋu ana dɔlékui ƒomevi aɖewo natu ŋutete si ana womase atike vovovowo, dzɔdzɔmetɔwo kple esiwo amegbetɔ wɔ siaa, la ɖo.

Etsɔme Mɔkpɔkpɔ aɖe si Ŋu Kakaɖedzi Mele O

Togbɔ be dɔlékuiwutike akpa gãtɔ siwo li egbea gakpɔtɔ daa dɔ na ame geɖewo hã la, aleke atike siawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie anɔ le etsɔme? Agbalẽ si nye The Antibiotic Paradox gblɔ be: “Míagate ŋu akpɔ mɔ be dɔlékuiwutike gbãtɔ si wozã nada dɔléle ɖesiaɖe si dze ame dzi o.” Agbalẽa gblɔ kpee be: “Le anyigba ƒe akpa aɖewo la, dɔlékuiwutikewo ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ fia be ɖeke mewɔa dɔ o. . . . Dɔnɔwo gakpɔtɔ le fu kpem hele kukum tso dɔléle siwo ame aɖewo gblɔ be woaɖe ɖa le anyigba dzi le ƒe 50 siwo va yi me la si me.”

Menye bacteria ɖeɖekoe zu dɔlékui siwo mesea atike o. Esiwo nye virus kpakple fungus kpakple nugbagbevi bubu siwo hã me dɔléle nɔna gbe atikesese nukutɔe, eye wona wòdze ƒã be woate ŋu adzi wo ƒomevi sẽŋu bubu siwo anye ŋɔdzi na agbagba siwo wodze le atikewɔnyawo me be woatsɔ anɔ te ɖe wo nui.

Ekema nukae woate ŋu awɔ tso eŋu? Ðe woate ŋu aɖe dɔlékuiwo ƒe atikemasemase ɖa alo aɖe edzi akpɔtɔa? Aleke dɔlékuiwutike ƒomevi vovovowo ayi edzi awɔ dɔ dzidzedzetɔe le xexe si me dɔléle siwo nugbagbeviwo hena vɛ sɔ gbɔ ɖo fũ la mee?

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 16]

Atike Kawoe Nye Dɔlékuiwutikewo?

Dɔdatike siwo ɖɔktawo naa wò la le atikewo ƒe hatsotso si woyɔna be dɔlékuiwutikewo dome. Atike siawo le esiwo ŋudɔ wowɔna le dɔdamɔnu si woyɔna be “chemotherapy,” si nye atike ƒomevi vovovo aɖewo zazã atsɔ awu dɔlékuiwoe me. Togbɔ be kansa dada koŋ mee wozãa nyagbe “chemotherapy” le zi geɖe hã la, enye mɔnu si dzi wotona tsã—kple fifia gɔ̃ hã—tsɔ daa dɔléle siwo dɔlékuiwo hena vɛ. Le esiawo gome la, woyɔnɛ be dɔlékuiwutike zazã atsɔ da dɔ siwo dɔlékuiwo hena vɛ.

Dɔlékui suesue ŋiniŋiniwo nye nugbagbevi ƒomevi siwo nusuekpɔmɔ̃ ko dzie woate ŋu ato akpɔ wo. Dɔlékuiwutikewo nye atike siwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe nugbagbevi suesue siwo hea dɔlélewo vɛ la dzi. Nublanuitɔe la, dɔlékuiwutikewo hã ate ŋu agblẽ nu le nugbagbevi sue siwo nyo na ŋutilã la hã ŋu.

Le ƒe 1941 me la, Selman Waksman, si nye amesiwo to dɔlékuiwutike si woyɔna be streptomycin vɛ dometɔ ɖeka zã nya “antibiotic” na atike siwo woɖe tso nugbagbevi suesuewo me. Dɔdatike kple dɔlékuiwutike siwo wozãna le atikewɔnyawo me le vevie ŋutɔ le alesi wowɔa dɔ le ŋutilã me le mɔ tɔxɛ aɖe nu ta. Esia fia be woate ŋu awu dɔlékuiwo le wò lãme evɔ womagblẽ nu boo aɖeke le ŋuwò o.

Gake ne míagblɔe tututu la, dɔlékuiwutikewo katã gblẽa nu le mía ŋu le mɔ aɖewo ya teti nu. Vovototo ƒe dometsotso si le alesi atikea ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si ate ŋu agblẽ nu le dɔlékuia ŋu kpakple esi ate ŋu agblẽ nu le mía ŋu dome enye nusi woyɔna be atikea ƒe dɔdaŋusẽ. Zi alesi dometsotsoa loloea, zi nenemae atikea nyona na míi; eye zi alesi dometsotsoa le sue la, nenema kee wògblẽa nu hã le mía ŋui. Le nyateƒe me la, woke ɖe atike vovovo siwo wua dɔlékuiwo ŋu, gake wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ menyo na dɔdada o elabena aɖi sɔ gbɔ le wo me akpa be woazãe na amegbetɔwo alo lãwo o.

Dzɔdzɔme dɔlékuiwutike gbãtɔ si wodo na amegbetɔ kpɔe nye penicillin, si woɖe tso dza ƒomevi aɖe si woyɔna be Penicillium notatum me. Wodo penicillin ɖe ʋuka me zi gbãtɔ le ƒe 1941 me. Le ema megbe kpuie le ƒe 1943 me la, woɖe dɔlékuiwutike si nye streptomycin tso Streptomyces griseus, si nye nugbagbevi sue aɖe siwo nɔa anyigba me la me. Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, wova to dɔlékuiwutike gbogbo bubuwo, esiwo woɖe tso nugbagbewo kple esiwo wowɔ siaa, me vɛ. Ke hã ŋutete aɖe va le dɔlékuiwo ŋu nɔm si dzi wotona nɔa te ɖe dɔlékuiwutike siawo dometɔ geɖewo nu, eye esia va zu taɖui le atikewɔnyawo me le xexeame godoo.

[Nɔnɔmetata]

“Penicillin” enye ma dze le ete wòle nu gblẽm le “bacteria” dɔlékui ŋu

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Christine L. Case/Skyline College

 [Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 17]

Dɔlékui Ƒomevi Vovovowo

Virus ye nye dɔlékui suetɔ kekeake. Woawoe hea dɔléle nyanyɛwo abe wɔɖi, kpeƒoame, kple vemewɔabi ene vɛ. Virus hãe hea dɔléle dziŋɔwo abe atatutudɔ, Ebola, kple AIDS ene vɛ.

Bacteria nye nugbagbevi suesue siwo ɖi lãmenugbagbevi siwo me tu si woyɔna be nucleus mele o eye dzɔdzɔmefianu nɔƒe ɖekae le wo katã si. Bacteria biliɔn akpe teƒe akpe nanewoe le míaƒe lãme eye wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ le míaƒe dɔgbo kple dɔkaviwo me. Wokpena ɖe mía ŋu nuɖuɖu gbãna eye woawo koŋue wɔa vitamin K si nana ʋu blana.

Nugbagbevi siawo ƒomevi vovovo 4,600 siwo wonya la dometɔ 300 koe wonya be wohea dɔléle vɛ. Ke hã woawo koŋue hea dɔléle gbogbo siwo ɖea fu na numiemiewo, lãwo kple amegbetɔwo siaa la vɛ. Dɔléle siwo wodea lãme na amegbetɔwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye yɔmekpe, miŋɔŋɔ kple xeɖeɖe ƒe dɔléle, dɔléle si nana veme xena, nyiwo ƒe dɔléle, aɖu vovo, axamedɔ vovovowo, kple nulɔdɔ ƒomevi vovovowo.

Protozoan nye nugbagbevi sue siwo le abe bacteria ene, gake tu si woyɔna be nucleus siwo wu eve ate ŋu anɔ wo me. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye amoeba kple trypanosome kpakple dɔlékui siwo hea asrãdɔ vɛ. Wo ƒomevi vovovo siwo le agbe dometɔ ɖeka le etɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe me nɔa agbe le nu gbagbe bubuwo me—eye wobui be wo ƒomevi vovovo 10,000 ye li—togbɔ be esiawo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo koe dea dɔ lãme na amegbetɔwo hã.

Fungus hã ate ŋu ahe dɔléle vɛ. Tu si woyɔna be nucleus le nu gbagbe siawo me eye wodidina legbee. Dɔléle siwo koŋ wohena vɛ enye zɔlĩ, afɔtɛmevovodɔ kple manyɛ. Zi geɖe la, amesiwo nunyuimaɖumaɖu, kansa, atikewo, alo virus ƒe dɔlékuiwo na woƒe dɔlélenutsitsiŋutete nu gbɔdzɔ la koŋ dzie dɔléle sesẽ siwo dɔlékui sia hena vɛ la gblẽa nu le vevie.

[Nɔnɔmetatawo]

Ebola dɔlékui (“virus”)

“Staphylococcus aureus” dɔlékui (“bacteria”)

“Giardia lamblia” dɔlékui (“protozoan”)

Dɔlékui si naa zɔlĩ (“fungus”)

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

CDC/C. Goldsmith

CDC/Janice Carr

Courtesy Dr. Arturo Gonzáles Robles, CINVESTAV, I.P.N. México

© Bristol Biomedical Image Archive, University of Bristol

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 14]

Alexander Fleming, amesi to “penicillin” vɛ