Lɔrifɔti​—Ate Ŋu Akpɔ Wò Agbe Ta!

TSƆE ko be yee nye ma va le babla ɖe ga tsiatsia siwo wowɔ wònye xɔ si ŋu wode ahũhɔ̃e me eye aɖitsi kple ami siwo te ŋu léa dzo le gagowo me te ɖe ŋuwò. Azɔ de afɔti nu blibo sia si me ku ate ŋu atso bɔbɔe la te wòakɔ sentimeta aɖewo ko tso anyigba eye nàde dzo mɔ̃a me wòanɔ du dzi meta 30 le sekɛnd ɖeka me. Le esiawo katã megbe la, da wò mɔ̃ la ɖe mɔ̃ bubu siwo ɖii dome be woanɔ wo nɔewo ŋu tom kple du esime mɔ̃ bubu siwo tso ŋgɔgbe va le dzedzem le ŋuwò!

Nusia tɔgbe tututue dzɔna ɣesiaɣi si nèku ʋu va tso mɔ gã mee. Nukae kpena ɖe ŋuwò ʋua sea gbe na wò toa afisi nèkunɛ tonɛ, wò dzi metsona ne èle ekum o? Eƒe akpa gã aɖe nɔ te ɖe lɔrifɔtiawo dzi.

Nusi Lɔrifɔtiwo Wɔna

Lɔrifɔtiwo wɔa dɔ vevi hamehame. Menye wò ʋua koe woléna ɖe te o ke boŋ wonaa lɔrimɔa dzi ƒe teƒe dzekpodzeʋewo, dowo, kple mɔa dzi ƒe gbegblẽƒe bubuwo toto mewɔa naneke ʋua o. Vevietɔ lɔrifɔtiwo naa wò ʋua te ŋu lina ɖe anyi nyuie, esi nye nusi hiã vevie hafi ʋua naƒu du, be nàdzɔ mɔ nɛ, atɔe, eye nàna wòaɖo ta afisi nèkui ɖo ɖo le mɔ ƒomevi vovovowo dzi. Ke hã la, lɔrifɔtia ƒe akpa sue aɖe si ƒe lolome le abe lɛtakotoku ene koe kaa anyi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me.

Esi lɔrifɔti nye nu vevi alea ta la, nukae nàwɔ be wòawɔ dɔ dedie alesi dze? Eye ne èdi be yeaƒle lɔrifɔti la, aleke nàwɔ anya esi asɔ na wò ʋu? Hafi míaɖo nya siawo ŋu la, mina míadzro lɔrifɔti wɔwɔ ƒe ŋutinya me kpɔ kpuie.

Ame Gbãtɔ Siwo To Rɔba Wɔwɔ Vɛ

Togbɔ be wozã keke alo tasiaɖam fɔtiwo ƒe akpe geɖe hã la, rɔba alo aŋe dede lɔrifɔti ƒe gakpo ŋu ya nye nutovɛ si ƒe dodo teƒe medidi boo o. Ƒe 1800-awo ƒe gɔmedzedze mee nye zi gbãtɔ si wode rɔba keke alo ʋu fɔti siwo nye ati alo gakpo ŋu kpɔ. Gake eteƒe medidina hafi wònyina o, eyata mɔkpɔkpɔ aɖeke menɔ anyi be rɔba dede keke alo ʋu fɔtiwo ŋu aɖe vi o—vaseɖe esime Connecticut, U.S.A., nutovɛla veviedonula aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Charles Goodyear dze dɔwɔwɔ gɔme le rɔba ŋu. Le ƒe 1839 me la, Goodyear ke ɖe mɔnu aɖe si na rɔba sẽa ŋu, si me wotsɔa dzoxɔxɔ zina sɔlfa (sulfur) dea rɔba me la ŋu. Ne wowɔe alea la, enana be wote ŋu trɔnɛ bɔbɔe ɖe nɔnɔme vovovowo me eye menyina kaba hã o. Ewɔe be rɔba lɔrifɔtiwo va bɔ, gake ne èle keke alo ʋu si gɔme wode woe me la, anɔ eƒe zɔzɔ sem gbodo, gbodo.

 Le ƒe 1845 me la, wona lɔrifɔti si me wodea yae wɔwɔ ƒe ŋusẽgbalẽ Scotlandtɔ mɔ̃ɖaŋunyala Robert W. Thomson. Gake esi Scotlandtɔ bubu si ŋkɔe nye John Boyd Dunlop dze agbagba le eŋu be yeawɔe wòana ye vi ƒe gasɔ nanya do nɛ ko hafi amewo va dze lɔrifɔti siwo me wodea yae zazã le agbɔsɔsɔ me gɔme. Dunlop xɔ ŋusẽgbalẽ na eƒe lɔrifɔti yeyea ƒomeviwo wɔwɔ le ƒe 1888 me eye wòɖo eya ŋutɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe. Gake kplamatsedonu gã bubuwo ganɔ lɔrifɔti siwo me wodea yae ŋu si gbɔ wòle be woakpɔ.

Gbeɖeka le ƒe 1891 me la, ya do le gasɔdola aɖe si nye Franseawo la ƒe gasɔfɔti me. Ete kpɔ be yeadzrae ɖo gake ɖeko wògloe elabena ɖe wotre rɔba la ɖe gasɔfɔtia ƒe gakpo ŋu goŋgoŋ. Ebia exɔlɔ̃ Édouard Michelin si nye Franseawo, si wonya nyuie be ewɔa dɔ le rɔba ŋu wòsẽa ŋu la be nekpe ɖe ye ŋu. Michelin tsɔ gaƒoƒo asieke dzra gasɔfɔtia ɖoe. Nusi me wòto la na wòɖoe be yeawɔ gasɔfɔti si me wodea yae si woate ŋu aɖe le gakpoa ŋu adzra ɖo bɔbɔe.

Michelin ƒe gasɔfɔtiawo nyo ale gbegbe be esi ƒe trɔ la, gasɔdola 10,000 nye amesiwo le eŋudɔ wɔm dzidzɔtɔe. Eteƒe medidi kura o, wode rɔbafɔti siwo me wodea yae keke siwo sɔwo hena la ŋu le Paris, eye wònyea dzidzɔ blibo na Franse yevu siwo ɖoa keke mawo. Le ƒe 1895 me la, Édouard kple nɔvia André wode rɔbafɔti siwo me wodea yae ʋu si wotsɔna kea ɖii te be yewoatsɔ afia be woate ŋu adee na ʋu hã, gake woawoe lé susɔea. Ke hã lɔrifɔti mawo siwo tɔgbe womekpɔ kpɔ o wɔ moyaa na amewo ale gbegbe be wodze agbagba lã wo kpɔ be yewoakpɔ ɖa be nukae Michelin viawo tsɔ ɣla ɖe eme hã!

Le ƒe 1930 kple ƒe 1940-awo me la, wova nɔ ewɔnu siwo te ŋu nɔa anyi didina abe rayon, nylon, kple polyester ene zãm ɖe esiwo menɔa anyi didina o abe ɖetifu kple rɔba si ŋu wometrɔ asi le o ene teƒe. Esi Xexemeʋa II ke la, wodze agbagba wɔ ɖoɖo be woawɔ rɔbafɔti siwo me ya anɔ gake eŋu axe godoo va kpe ne wodee lɔrifɔtia ƒe gakpo ŋu tẽ si awɔe be magahiã dɔvi si me woade yae o. Emegbe wogava trɔ asi le eŋu wòganyo ɖe edzi.

Egbea nu hamehame siwo wu 200 ye wozãna tsɔ wɔa lɔrifɔtii. Eye egbegbe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya na be lɔrifɔti aɖewo te ŋu zɔna kilometa 130,000 alo wu nenema hafi womeganyona na zazã o. Wozãa bubuwo hã na ʋu siwo wotsɔna kea ɖii eye wote ŋu ƒua du kilometa alafawo le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me dedie. Fifia wona be lɔrifɔti ƒe asi bɔbɔ na ezãlawo.

Lɔrifɔtiwo Tiatia

Ne ʋu le asiwò la, ɖewohĩ lɔrifɔti siwo nàƒle tiatia ate ŋu anye dɔ sesẽ aɖe na wò. Aleke nàwɔ anya ɣeyiɣi si me nàɖɔ li wò afɔtiawo? Eyae nye be nànɔ ŋku lém ɖe wo ŋu be nàkpɔe ɖa be ɖe nyinyi alo gbegblẽ ƒe dzesi aɖe dze le wo ŋu hã. * Lɔrifɔtiwɔlawo wɔ dzesifianuwo de eme si fiaa ɣeyiɣi si me nàzã wò lɔrifɔtia wòaɖe vi asee. Lɔrifɔti ƒe nyinyidzesifianuawo nyea afɔtia ƒe akpa siwo ho ɖe dzi vie le teƒeteƒewo le lɔrifɔtia ƒe akpaa ŋkume kɔewo domee. Enyo be nàlé ŋku ɖe eŋu be lɔrifɔtia ƒe akpaa kɔeawo mekli ɖa o, be waya alo gaviwo mele dodom le eme o, be eƒe axadzi axadziwo meɖo kpo o, kpakple dzesi bubu siwo afia be nane le gbegblẽm le wo ŋu la ŋu. Ne èkpɔ nusiawo ƒe ɖe la, ke mele be nàku ʋua o vaseɖe esime nèdzra afɔtia ɖo alo nèɖɔ lii. Ne afɔti yeyee wònye nèƒle la, edzrala ate ŋu aɖɔ lii na wò eye  nàxe nu sue aɖe ko ɖe yeyea ta ne megbedagbalẽ le eŋu na wò.

Ne èdi be yeaɖɔ li yeƒe lɔrifɔtiwo la, mɔ nyuitɔe nye be esi nàɖɔ li ade la nanye wo ame eve siwo wode gakpo didi gã ɖeka ŋu la tɔgbe ke. Ne lɔrifɔti yeye ɖeka ko nèdi be yeaɖɔ li la, ke na esi azɔ kplii hã nanye esi le yeye de sɔsɔ ge kplii alo esi meɖu fũ o ale be ne èlé brek la, afɔtiawo kple evea nate ŋu alé sɔsɔe.

Àte ŋu atɔtɔ ne èdi be yeatia lɔrifɔti ƒomevi vovovo siwo li, woƒe lolome, kple esi ƒomevi wonye. Gake àkpɔ be anɔ bɔbɔe wu kura ne èɖo biabia vevi aɖewo ŋu. Gbã la, to esiwo wò ʋua wɔlawo kafu be nàƒle me. Nudidi aɖewo li siwo ŋu wòle be nàbu, abe afɔtia ŋutɔ kple gakpo si ŋu nàde afɔtiae ƒe lolome, ʋua gɔme ƒe kɔkɔme alo dometsotso si le ʋua gɔme kple anyigba domee, kple agba kpekpeme si ʋua ate ŋu atsɔ. Ele vevie be nàbu ʋua ƒe wɔwɔme hã ŋu. Wowɔ fifi ʋu aɖewo be woƒe brek nana wòate ŋu azɔ ba me alo sno dzi, wowɔ ʋu bubuwo hã be woƒe afɔti nagaɖiɖi le mɔ dzi o, eye wowɔ ʋu siwo ƒe afɔtiwo katã trona kple ŋusẽ be woate ŋu azɔ mɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒomevi dzi eye wometsia ba me bɔbɔe o. Lɔrifɔti aɖewo koŋ ye wowɔ na ʋu siawo ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe. Wolɔ̃a lɔrifɔti si anyo na wò ʋua ŋɔŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ si kpe ɖe ʋua ŋu ne èƒlee la me.

Nu bubu si hã ŋu nàbu ye nye mɔa ƒe nɔnɔme. Aŋɔmɔ dzie nàkui le loo alo mɔ si dzi womede aŋɔe o dzie, eye tsidzaŋɔli nàzã ʋua loo alo pepi mee? Ðewohĩ mɔ nyui kple mɔ gbegblẽ dzie nàzã ʋua le. Ne nenemae la, ke lɔrifɔti si nèhiãe nye esi te ŋu zɔa afisiafi kple esi nyo na tsidzaŋɔli kple pepi me siaa.

Ele be nàbu ɣeyiɣi si afɔtia axɔ hafi aɖu kple alesi wòate ŋu ali ɖe anyi nyuie hã ŋu. Zi geɖe la, ne nusi wotsɔ wɔ afɔtia ƒe ŋkumee bɔbɔ la, ete ŋu lina ɖe anyi nyuie wu, gake enyina hã kabakaba wu eye nenema ke ne wòsẽ la, afɔtia mate ŋu ali ɖe anyi tututu o gake anɔ anyi wòadidi wu. Wodea dzesi afɔtia ƒe nɔnɔme siawo ŋu nyawo ɖe agbalẽ siwo nɔa lɔrifɔtidzralawo gbɔ me. Gake nusi hã wòle be nànyae nye be afɔtiwɔla ɖesiaɖe kple eƒe dzesidee.

Ne èkpɔ esi nèdi be yeaƒle vɔ la, ke nu susɔea si ŋu nàbu enye asi si dzi wole edzram ɖo. Kakaɖedzi nɔa ewɔla siwo wonya nyuie ƒe afɔtiwo ŋu eye wolɔ̃a wo ɖɔliɖɔli na ame wu ne afɔtia gblẽ do ŋgɔ na ɣeyiɣi si woɖo nɛ.

Beléle na Lɔrifɔtiawo

Nu etɔ̃ koŋ wɔwɔe beléle na lɔrifɔti bia: woawoe nye ya agbɔsɔsɔme si sɔ dede eme, afɔtiawo ƒe nɔƒe ɖɔliɖɔli edziedzi, kple egbɔkpɔkpɔ be afɔtiawo naganɔ ʋuʋum o eye woadzɔ ɖe mɔ dzi. Ya agbɔsɔsɔme si sɔ dede eme le vevie ŋutɔ. Ne ya sɔ gbɔ ɖe eme akpa la, afɔtia ƒe domedome aɖu eye ne ya mesɔ gbɔ ɖe eme nyuie o hã, kɔtoawo aɖu eye wòana ʋua nanɔ ami nom.

Ya kilo afã (0.5 kg) alo wu nenema te ŋu toa afɔtiawo me dona ɣleti sia ɣleti. Eyata mègasusu be yeate ŋu alé ŋku ɖe yeƒe lɔrifɔtiwo ƒe dzedzeme ŋu ko anya be ya si le eme su o. Rɔbawɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ gblɔ be “ya si wòdze be wòanɔ afɔtiawo  me ƒe afã ate ŋu ado le eme gake maɖe dzesi o!” Eyata zã yadzidzenu be nàtsɔ akpɔ ya agbɔsɔsɔme si le eme, eye nànɔ ekpɔm ɖa zi ɖeka ya teti le ɣleti me. Ʋuƒlela geɖewo daa woƒe yadzidzenu ɖe ʋua ƒe nudzraɖoƒe si le ʋua ƒe ŋgɔgbe be wòanɔ asitsɔƒe na wo. Dzidze ya agbɔsɔsɔmea esime èɖɔ li ʋua ƒe mɔmemi (engine oil) eye ne ʋua ƒe afɔtiwo fa kura hafi nàdzidzee—efia be ne wokui la, gaƒoƒo etɔ̃ ya teti nava yi hafi alo nàdzidzee ne womekui wòde kilometa 1.5 o. Wolɔ̃a ya agbɔsɔsɔme si woade eme ƒe dzidzeme ŋɔŋlɔ ɖe ʋua ŋu gbalẽ si wotsɔna naa eƒlelawo me alo woŋlɔnɛ klãna ɖe ekula ƒe ʋɔtru ŋu alo le ʋua ƒe ŋgɔgbe nudzraɖoƒe. Ne mèdi be afɔtiawo nanɔ dzodzom o la, ke mègade ya eme wòaɖo agbɔsɔsɔ gãtɔ kekeake si woŋlɔna ɖe afɔtia ŋu o.

Lɔrifɔtiawo anɔ anyi wòadidi wu eye woanyi sɔsɔe wu ne eɖɔa li megbetɔwo vaa ŋgɔgbee eye nètsɔa ŋgɔgbetɔwo yia megbee edziedzi. Anyo be nàɖɔ li teƒe na wo ne èkui tso kilometa 10,000 va ɖo 13,000, negbe ɖe wò ʋua wɔlawo gblɔ nya si to vovo na esia. Le esia hã me, kpɔ nusi ʋua ŋu gbalẽa gblɔ le teƒe ɖɔliɖɔli na wo ŋu.

Mlɔeba la, na woalé ŋku ɖe wò afɔtiawo ŋu ƒe sia ƒe be wogakpɔtɔ dzɔ le ʋua gɔme kple mɔ dzi hã, alo ne ènya de dzesii be afɔti aɖe le ʋuʋum keɖekeɖe alo ʋua mete ŋu le dzɔdzɔm ɖe mɔ dzi tututu o. Togbɔ be wotrɔ asi le ga siwo wode ʋua ƒe afɔtiwo xa be wòaɖe ʋua ƒe ame ʋuʋu dzi akpɔtɔ la ŋu be wodzɔa ʋua ƒe afɔtiwo ɖe ʋua gɔme kple mɔ dzi ɖe agba kpekpe vovovo siwo ʋua tsɔna nu hã la, ne eli la, afɔtiawo ƒe ɖuɖu kple kaka wɔnɛ be wòhiãna be woalé ŋku ɖe wo ŋu agbugbɔ asi trɔ le woƒe dzɔdzɔ ɖe ʋua gɔme kple mɔ dzi ŋu ɣeaɖewoɣi. Ʋuŋunyala si bi ɖe afɔtiawo dzɔdzɔ me ate ŋu adzɔ wo na wò, si ana wò lɔrifɔtiwo nanɔ anyi adidi eye ʋua nanya ku na wò.

Lɔrifɔti Siwo Te Ŋu Trɔna ɖe Nɔnɔmea Ŋu

Wode kɔmpiuta ʋu aɖewo me siwo naa ʋua kula nyana ne ya di be yeavɔ le afɔtia me. Wowɔ lɔrifɔti aɖewo be woate ŋu azɔ dedie sẽ ne ya agbɔsɔsɔ si dze mele eme o gɔ̃ hã, eye bubuwo te ŋu trena le wo ɖokui si ne nane ŋɔ wo. Le nyateƒe me, lɔrifɔtiwɔlawo le asi trɔm le wo wɔwɔ ŋu na zazã le nɔnɔme vovovowo me.

Esi wole ŋgɔ yim le lɔrifɔtiwɔnuwo, afɔtia ƒe ŋkume kɔewo ƒe dzedzeme, ga siwo nɔa afɔtia xa si ɖea ʋua ƒe ame ʋuʋu dzi kpɔtɔna, mɔ dzɔdzɔ na ʋua ŋu nuwo, kple brek léle na fifi ʋuwo me la, menye ɖeko lɔrifɔtiwo va naa ʋua kuku vivina ko evɔ o, wonaa ekuku nɔa dedie hã wu.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Chart/Pictures on page 15]

Nusiwo Ŋu Nàlé Ŋku Ðo le Beléle na Lɔrifɔti Me

Nusiwo nàte ŋu akpɔ kple ŋku:

□ Ðe eƒe axadziwo ɖo kpoa?

□ Ðe gaviwo le dzedzem le eƒe ŋkumea?

□ Afisi afɔtia ɖu se la le dediea, alo ɖe nyinyidzesifianuawo le dzedzema?

Lé ŋku ɖe nusiawo hã ŋu:

□ Ya agbɔsɔsɔ si wode eme la sɔ ɖe esi ʋua wɔlawo gblɔ be woade eme nua?

□ Ðe game su be nàɖɔ li teƒe na afɔtiawoa? (Kpɔ wò ʋua wɔlawo ƒe kilometa si wòle be ne èkui ɖo la nàɖɔ li teƒe na wo kple alesi nàɖɔ lii.)

□ Ðe wòle be nàde afɔti bubuwo le tsidzaŋɔli alo pepi mea?

[Nɔnɔmetata]

Nyinyidzesifianu

[Nuwo ƒe nɔnɔme si le axa 14]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

Lɔrifɔti ƒe Akpa Vovovoawo

Afɔtia ŋkume kɔewo naa ʋua lina ɖe anyi eye wote ŋu xaa kɔna nɛ

Kalɔlɔ̃ siwo woɖo aba abae ɖe wo nɔewo dzi naa ŋusẽ nɔa afɔtia ƒe ŋkume ŋu

Akpa si tsyɔ axawo dzi kpɔa lɔrifɔtia ta be mɔa dzi alo kpo siwo wodo ɖe mɔa ƒe axadzi megblẽa afɔtia o

Eme kpa si nye kalɔlɔ̃ siwo ŋu rɔba le naa ŋusẽ lɔrifɔtia eye wòwɔnɛ be ade nɔa eme

Rɔba si woɖo ɖe eme naa ya mete ŋu dona le afɔtia me o

Togaka wuziwuziwo naa lɔrifɔtia léna ɖe gakpo si ŋu woadee ŋu goŋgoŋ

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 13]

Blema gasɔ aɖe kple blema kaa aɖe siwo ƒe afɔti me wodea yae; lɔrifɔtiwɔƒe gbãtɔwo dometɔ aɖe ƒe dɔwɔlawo

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Goodyear Lɔrifɔti Kple Rɔba Dɔwɔƒe