Cyril Kple Methodius—Biblia Gɔmeɖela Siwo To Gbe Aɖewo ƒe Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi Vɛ
Cyril Kple Methodius—Biblia Gɔmeɖela Siwo To Gbe Aɖewo ƒe Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi Vɛ
“Wode mawutsi ta na míaƒe dukɔa gake nufiala mele mía si o. Míese Helagbe alo Latingbe o. . . . Míese ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo alo nusi wofia gɔme o; eyata miɖo nufialawo ɖe mí be woaɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo kple nusi wofia gɔme na mí.”—Rostislav, Moravia dumegã, ƒe 862 M.Ŋ.
EGBEA Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe le amesiwo wu miliɔn 435 siwo doa Slav-dukɔwo ƒe gbewo la si le woawo ŋutɔ wo degbe me. * Wo dometɔ miliɔn 360 zãa Cyril ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo. Gake ƒe 1200 enye esia la, womeŋlɔ wo tɔgbuiwo degbewo dometɔ aɖeke o eye ŋɔŋlɔdzesi menɔ wo si o. Amesiwo kpe ɖe wo ŋu kpɔ kuxi ma gbɔ na woe nye Cyril kple Methodius, eye nɔviwoe wonye. Nɔviŋutsu eve siawo ƒe agbagbadzedze vɔvɔ̃manɔmee kple woƒe susuŋudɔwɔwɔ atsɔ ato nu vɛ le Biblia takpɔkpɔ kple edodo ɖe ŋgɔ me wɔa dɔ ɖe amesiwo lɔ̃a Mawu ƒe Nya la dzi ŋutɔ. Amekawoe nye amesiawo, eye kuxi kawoe wodo goe?
“Xexemenunyala” Kple Nutodziɖula
Wodzi Cyril (ƒe 827-869 M.Ŋ., si woyɔna gbã be Constantine) kple Methodius (ƒe 825-885 M.Ŋ.) ɖe ƒome xɔŋkɔ aɖe me le Thessalonica, Greece. Gbe evee wodona le Thessalonica ɣemaɣi; dua me tɔwo doa Helagbe kple Slavgbe ƒomevi aɖe. Esi Slavtɔ gbogbo aɖewo nɔ afima eye ƒomedodo kplikplikpli nɔ wo kple dukɔmeviwo dome ta, tsɔ kpe ɖe Slavtɔ siwo va tsi afima ŋu la, ena Cyril kple Methodius se anyiehe Slavtɔwo ƒe gbe nyuie. Eye Methodius ƒe agbemeŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ gɔ̃ hã be Slavtɔwoe wo dada nye.
Esi Cyril fofo ku la, Cyril ʋu yi Byzantium Fiaɖuƒea ƒe fiadu Constantinople me. Ede dziɖuɖu ƒe yunivɛsiti le afima eye wòzɔ kple nufiala ŋkutawo. Ezu Hagia Sophia si nye sɔlemexɔ si xɔ ŋkɔ wu le Ɣedzeƒe la ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔla, eye emegbe wòva zu xexemenunyafiala. Le nyateƒe me, le Cyril ƒe agbalẽnyanya deŋgɔ ta la, wova da ŋkɔ ɖe edzi be Xexemenunyala.
Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, Methodius hã nɔ dɔ si fofoa wɔ va yi la wɔm—eyae nye dunyahedziɖuɖu. Eva zu nutodziɖula le Byzantium ƒe liƒo dzi nuto aɖe si me Slavtɔ geɖewo nɔ me. Gake eɖe asi le dɔ sia ŋu ʋu yi saɖagaxɔ aɖe me le Bithynia, Asia Sue. Cyril va kpe ɖe eŋu le afima le ƒe 855 M.Ŋ. me.
Le ƒe 860 M.Ŋ. me la, Constantinople blemafofo la ɖo nɔvi eve siawo ɖe mawunyadɔgbe. Eɖo wo ɖe Khazartɔwo, dukɔ siwo nɔ Ƒuyibɔa ƒe dzieheɣedzeƒe, eye woƒe susu nɔ wo wɔm evevevee ne Islam, Yuda-subɔsubɔ, alo Kristo-subɔsubɔe yewoatia o la gbɔ. Esi Cyril yina ɖe afima la, eva tsi Chersonese, si le Crimea nutome vie. Agbalẽnyala aɖewo bui be esrɔ̃ Hebrigbe kple Samariagbe le afima eye be eɖe Hebrigbe ƒe gbeŋutise aɖe gɔme ɖe Khazargbe me le afima.
Wode Dɔ Asi Nɛ le Moravia
Le ƒe 862 M.Ŋ. me la, Rostislav, Moravia (egbegbe ɣedzeƒe Czechia, ɣetoɖoƒe Slovakia, kple ɣetoɖoƒe Hungary) ƒe dumegã, ɖo biabia si dze le nyati sia ƒe gɔmedzedze ɖe Byzantium Fiagã Michael III—be wòaɖo Ŋɔŋlɔawo fialawo ɖe yewo. Mawunyadɔgbedela siwo tso Ɣedzeƒe Frank fiaɖuƒea (si nye Germany kple Austria fifia) me tsɔ sɔleme nufiafiawo yi na Moraviatɔ siwo doa Slavgbe xoxo. Gake ŋusẽ si kpɔm mawunyadɔgbedela siwo tso Germany-towo me le ɖe wo dzi le dunyahehe kple sɔleme nyawo me ŋue Rostislav tsi dzi ɖo. Enɔ mɔ kpɔm be ne subɔsubɔ kadodowo le yewo kple Constantinople dome la, ana yeƒe dukɔa naɖu eɖokui dzi le dunyahehe kple subɔsubɔnyawo me.
Fiagã la ɖoe be yeaɖo Methodius kple Cyril ɖe Moravia. Nɔvi eve siawo su te nyuie le sukudede, agbalẽnyanya, kple gbesese gome be woanɔ ŋgɔ le dɔ sia gbe dede me. Ƒe alafa asiekelia me agbemeŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ na mí be esi fiagã la nɔ dzi dem ƒo na wo be woayi Moravia la, eɖe nu me na wo be: “Thessalonicatɔwoe mi ame evea mienye, eye Thessalonicatɔ ɖesiaɖe doa Slavgbe akuakua.”
Gbe Aɖewo ƒe Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi To eye Biblia Gɔmeɖedɔ aɖe Dze Egɔme
Ɣleti siwo do ŋgɔ na woƒe dzodzo me la, Cyril to nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu aɖe vɛ na Slavtɔwo esime wonɔ dzadzram ɖo ɖe dɔa gbe yiyi ŋu. Wogblɔ be ete ŋu léa to ɖe gbeɖiɖi ŋu ŋutɔ. Eyata edze agbagba zã Helagbe kple Hebrigbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo tsɔ ŋlɔ ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ɖekaɖeka na Slavgbe me gbeɖiɖi ɖesiaɖee. * Numekula aɖewo susui be ezã ƒe geɖe xoxo tsɔ ɖo ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siawo toto vɛ gɔme anyi. Eye vaseɖe fifia womeka ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si tututu ƒomevi Cyril to vɛ hã dzi o.—Kpɔ aɖaka si nye “Cyril Ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwoe alo Glagolitsa Ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwoe?”
Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, Cyril dze Biblia gɔmeɖedɔ aɖe si wowɔ alɔtsɔtsɔe gɔme. Wotu xo be edze gbegɔmeɖeɖea gɔme tso Helagbe me yi Slavgbe me kple Yohanes ƒe Nyanyuia ƒe nyagbe gbãtɔ si nye: “Le gɔmedzedzea me Nya la li . . .” eye ŋɔŋlɔdzesi yeyea si ŋu wòtrɔ asi le ye wòtsɔ ŋlɔe. Cyril yi edzi ɖe Nyanyui eneawo, Paulo ƒe lɛtawo, kple Psalmowo ƒe agbalẽa gɔme.
Eya ɖeɖekoe ɖe wo gɔmea? Anɔ eme godoo be Methodius kpe ɖe eŋu le dɔa wɔwɔ me. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, agbalẽ si nye The Cambridge Medieval History gblɔ be: “Ele bɔbɔe be míasusui be [Cyril] na ame bubuwo kpe ɖe eŋu siwo anye gbã, Slavtɔ siwo nya Helagbe ŋɔŋlɔ. Ne míelé ŋku ɖe gɔmeɖeɖe xoxotɔwo kekeake ŋu . . . la, míekpɔa kpeɖodzi vevitɔ kekeake si fia be wose Slavgbea wòde to, eye anye kpeɖeŋutɔ siwo ŋutɔ nye Slavtɔwo kokokoe wòanye.” Methodius ye va wu Biblia ƒe akpa mamlɛa nu abe alesi míava kpɔe ene.
“Abe Aʋakoe Dze Koklovi Dzi Ene”
Le ƒe 863 M.Ŋ. me la, Cyril kple Methodius dze woƒe dɔdasia gɔme le Moravia, eye afimatɔwo xɔ wo nyuie. Tsɔ kpe ɖe Biblia kple sɔlemegbalẽwo gɔmeɖeɖe ŋu la, wofia Slavgbe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo woto vɛ yeyee la hã afimatɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe.
Gake nuwo menɔ bɔbɔe na wo o. Franktɔ nunɔla siwo nɔ Moravia la tsi tre ɖe Slavgbea zazã ŋu vevie. Wolé nya si nye be gbe etɔ̃ ko wòdze be woazã le tadedeagu me la me ɖe asi goŋgoŋ, eye wotɔ afɔ to be Latingbe, Helagbe, kple Hebrigbewo koe sɔ na zazã. Nɔviawo susui be papa ade yewo dzi yewoazã gbe si ŋɔŋlɔ yewoto vɛ yeyee la, eyata wozɔ mɔ yi Roma le ƒe 867 M.Ŋ. me.
Le mɔa dzi, esi woɖo Venice la, Cyril kple Methodius gava do go Latin nunɔlawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo bubu si lé gbegbɔgblɔ etɔ̃ dodo me ɖe asi. Titinaɣeyiɣia me tɔ aɖe si ŋlɔ Cyril ƒe agbemeŋutinya gblɔ na mí be afima bisiɔpwo, nunɔlawo, kple saɖaganunɔlawo dze edzi “abe aʋakoe dze koklovi dzi ene.” Nuŋlɔɖi ma gblɔ be Cyril yɔ Korintotɔwo I, 14:8, 9 me nyawo tsɔ ɖo eŋu na woe be: “Elabena ne kpẽ ƒe ɖiɖime mekɔ o la, ameka ladzra eɖokui ɖo na aʋa la mahã? Nenema ke miawo hã, ne mietsɔ aɖe gblɔ nya, si me mekɔ o la, aleke woadze si nusi miegblɔ la mahã? Elabena mianye amesiwo le nu ƒom ɖe ya me.”
Esi nɔviawo ɖo Roma mlɔeba la, Papa Adrian II da asi ɖe woƒe Slavgbea zazã dzi bliboe. Le ɣleti aɖe megbe, esime Cyril gakpɔtɔ nɔ Roma la, edze dɔ vevie. Mede ɣleti eve hafi wòku o le eƒe ƒe 42 xɔxɔ me.
Papa Adrian II de dzi ƒo na Methodius be wòatrɔ yi Moravia ava wɔ dɔ le du si nye Nitra ƒe nutowo me, le afisi nye Slovakia fifia. Esi papa la di be yeado ŋusẽ yeƒe ŋusẽkpɔkpɔ ɖe nuto ma dzi ta la, eŋlɔ lɛtawo tsɔ de Methodius si siwo me wòda asi ɖe edzi le be wòazã Slavgbe eye wògaɖoe bisiɔpgãe kpe ɖe eŋu. Gake le ƒe 870 M.Ŋ. me la, Dumemegã Svatopluk si tso Nitra la kpe ɖe Franktɔwo ƒe bisiɔp Hermanrich ŋu wolé Methodius. Wodee mɔ ƒe eve kple afã le Germany ƒe anyieheɣedzeƒe saɖagaxɔ aɖe me. Mlɔeba Papa John VIII si va xɔ ɖe Adrian II teƒe ɖe gbe be woaɖe Methodius le mɔa me, egatsɔe ɖo eƒe nunɔladɔa nu eye wògaɖo kpe edzi ake be ye papa, yeda asi ɖe Slavgbe zazã le tadedeagu me dzi.
Gake Franktɔ nunɔlawo ƒe tsitretsiɖeŋua ganɔ edzi yim kokoko. Methodius te ŋu ʋli eɖokui ta le nutsotso siwo wotsɔ ɖe eŋu be ele aglãdzenuwo fiam la me, eye mlɔeba Papa John VIII na ŋusẽgbalẽ si me wògblɔe ɖo kɔte be wòazã Slavgbe le sɔleme lae. Abe alesi John Paul II, papa si li fifia, lɔ̃ ɖe edzii ene la, “mɔzɔzɔwo, hiãkamewo, fukpekpewo, fuléle kple yometiti sesẽwo, . . . kpakple fuwɔamegaxɔmenɔnɔ kura gɔ̃ hã ye yɔ Methodius ƒe agbe me.” Nukutɔe la, bisiɔp, kple dumegã siwo de Roma dzi si mee wòkpe fu siawo le.
Woɖe Biblia Bliboa Gɔme
Togbɔ be tsitretsitsi ɖe wo ŋu dzi ko wonɔ alea hã la, Methodius, amesi ŋu nuŋlɔla geɖe siwo zã asinuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu tsɔtsɔetɔ kpe ɖo, wu Biblia ƒe akpa mamlɛa gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe Slavgbe me nu. Wotu xo be ɣleti enyi koe wòtsɔ wɔ dɔ gã siae. Gake meɖe Maccabeewo ƒe Ŋɔŋlɔ Ɣaɣlawo ya gɔme o.
Mele bɔbɔe egbea be míagblɔ alesi tututu Cyril kple Methodius ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea ƒe nyonyome nɔ o. Agbalẽ si woŋlɔ kple asi siwo gogo gɔmeɖeɖe gbãtɔa gɔmeɖeɣi la ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo koe gali fifia. Esi gbegbɔgblɔŋutinunyalawo lé ŋku ɖe gɔmeɖeɖe gbãtɔwo ƒe ʋɛ mawo ŋu tsitotsito la, wokpɔ be gɔmeɖeɖea sɔ pɛpɛpɛ eye woɖe egɔme ɖe alesi wodoa gbeae nu tututu. Agbalẽ si nye Our Slavic Bible gblɔ be “ehiã be [nɔvi eveawo] nato nyagbe kple nyagbɔgblɔ yeye geɖe vɛ . . . Eye ewɔ nuku be nya siwo woto vɛ la sɔ ta [eye] wòna wote ŋu zãa Slavgbea tsɔ ɖea nu mee eme kɔna le mɔ si teƒe womekpɔ kpɔ o nu.”
Domenyinu Mavɔ si Wogblẽ Ði
Le Methodius ƒe ku le ƒe 885 M.Ŋ. megbe la, Franktɔ siwo tsi tre ɖe wo ŋu la nya eƒe nusrɔ̃lawo le Moravia. Wosi yi Bohemia, Poland ƒe anyiehe, kple Bulgaria. Esia na be Cyril kple Methodius ƒe dɔa yi edzi eye le nyateƒe me la, ɖe wòkeke ɖe edzi boŋ. Slavgbe si nɔvi eveawo ŋlɔ eye eŋɔŋlɔ kple edodo va toa mɔ ɖeka wu la kpɔ dzidzedze, ekeke ta, eye gbe vovovowo va do tso eme. Egbea gbe siwo do tso Slavgbea me la nye gbegbɔgblɔ 13 siwo to vovo na wo nɔewo tsɔ kpe ɖe gbetagbe bubu geɖewo ŋu.
Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, Biblia gɔmeɖedɔ si Cyril kple Methodius tsɔ dzideƒo wɔe la tse ku si nye Slavgbe Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔmeɖeɖe vovovo siwo li egbea. Ele vi ɖem na ame miliɔn gbogbo siawo elabena Mawu ƒe Nya la le woawo ŋutɔ wo degbe me. Togbɔ be wotsi tre ɖe wo ŋu sesĩe hã la, aleke gbegbe nya siawo nye nyateƒee, be: “Mía Mawu ƒe nya anɔ anyi tegbee” enye si!—Yesaya 40:8.
[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]
^ mm. 3 Slavgbewo nye gbe siwo wodona le Ɣedzeƒe kple Titina Europa eye wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Russiagbe, Ukrainegbe, Serbiagbe, Polandgbe, Czechgbe, Bulgariagbe, kple gbe bubu siwo do ƒome kple esiawo.
^ mm. 13 “Slavgbe” si yɔm míele le nyati sia mee nye Slav gbetagbe si Cyril kple Methodius zã le woƒe mawunyadɔgbededea kple woƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo me. Ame aɖewo yɔnɛ egbea be “Slavgbe Xoxotɔ” alo “Sɔleme Slavgbe Xoxotɔ.” Gbegbɔgblɔŋutinunyalawo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be gbegbɔgblɔ ɖeka aɖeke menɔ anyi si Slavtɔwo katã te ŋu dona le ƒe alafa asiekelia M.Ŋ. me o.
[Aɖaka si le axa 29]
Cyril Ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwoe alo Glagolitsa Ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwoe?
Woʋlia nya le ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo Cyril zã ŋu ŋutɔ elabena gbegbɔgblɔŋutinunyalawo meka ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si ƒomevi wònye dzi o. Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo ɖi Helagbe me tɔwo ŋutɔ dzie wotu ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si woyɔna be Cyril ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo la ɖo, eye woto ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo ade 12 ya teti tsɔ kpee be woanɔ Slavgbe me gbeɖiɖi siwo mele Helagbe me o teƒe. Gake blema Slavgbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔ gbãtɔ mawo zã ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo to vovo kura, si woyɔna be Glagolitsa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo, eye agbalẽnyala geɖe bui be ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siawoe Cyril to vɛ. Edze abe Helagbe alo Hebrigbe ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔ si me woŋlɔa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiawo wotsiãna mee woɖe Glagolitsa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo tsoe ene. Anye titinaɣeyiɣiwo me nuŋɔŋlɔtamedzesi mee wo dometɔ aɖewo tso, gake ɖe woto akpa gãtɔ vɛ koŋ. Edze abe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si to vovo kura le eɖokui sie Glagolitsa la nye ene. Gake Cyril ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwoe keke ta va zu Russiagbe, Ukrainegbe, Serbiagbe, Bulgariagbe, kple Macedoniagbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo wozãna egbea, tsɔ kpe ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ 22 bubu, siwo dometɔ aɖewo menye Slavgbewo o ŋu ene.
[Artwork—Cyrillic and Glagolitic characters]
[Anyigbatata si le axa 31]
(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)
Baltik Ƒua
(Poland)
Bohemia (Czechia)
Moravia (Ɣedzeƒe Czechia, Ɣetoɖoƒe Slovakia, Ɣetoɖoƒe Hungary)
Nitra
ƔEDZEƑE FRANK FIAÐUƑEA (Germany & Austria)
ITALY
Venice
Roma
Mediterranea Ƒua
BULGARIA
GREECE
Thessalonica
(Crimea)
Ƒuyibɔa
Bithynia
Constantinople (Istanbul)
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 31]
Ƒe 1581 me Slavgbe me Biblia si woŋlɔ kple Cyril ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo
[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]
Biblia la: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana