Ugarit​—Blemadu si Nɔ Baal Nɔƒe

LE ƑE 1928 me la, Siriatɔ agbledela aɖe ƒe anyigbadzobonu lɔ kpe aɖe si tsyɔ do aɖe si me blema ɖaŋunu siwo wotsɔ tsu mee le la nu. Mebui kura be asixɔxɔ gã aɖe ava nɔ nusi ŋu yeke ɖo la ŋu o. Esi Franse blematomenukulawo ƒe ha aɖe si Claude Schaeffer nɔ ŋgɔ na nya se nu tso nudogoɖenunu sia ŋu ko la, wozɔ mɔ yi afima le ƒe si kplɔe ɖo me.

Eteƒe medidi o woke ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ aɖe si na ƒuƒoƒoa kpɔ dudo si kum wonɔ dze sii la ŋu. Eyae nye Ugarit, “blemadu vevi siwo le Ɣedzeƒenutowo me la dometɔ  ɖeka.” Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Barry Hoberman gblɔ gɔ̃ hã be: “Tomenu siwo katã wofɔ, siwo dome Ƒukukua ƒe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo gɔ̃ hã le la, dometɔ aɖeke mena míese Biblia gɔme wòde to de esia nu o.”—The Atlantic Monthly.

Afisi Mɔwo Do Go Le

Ugarit, si nɔ kpo siwo woyɔna be Ras Shamra, le afisi woyɔna egbea be Siria ƒe dziehe le Mediterranea-ƒuta, la nye dugã kpɔdzidzedze aɖe si me gbevovovodolawo nɔ le ƒe akpe evelia D.M.Ŋ. me. Eƒe didime anɔ kilometa 60 lɔƒo tso Casius-to si le dziehe gbɔ vaseɖe Tell Sukas si le anyiehe eye eƒe kekeme anye kilometa 30 yi 45 tso Mediterranea-ƒu si le ɣetoɖoƒe la nu yi ɖe Orontes-bali si le ɣedzeƒe.

Alesi yame fae le Ugarit wɔe be lãnyinyi kpɔa dzidzedze. Wokpɔa nukuwo, amitimi, wein, kple ati gãwo—siwo nye nusi vena ŋutɔ le Mesopotamia kple Egipte—le nuto sia me. Gawu la, asimɔ deamedzi siwo ƒe godoƒe wotso dua ɖo la na wònye dukɔwo dome melidzeƒegã gbãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka. Asitsala siwo tsona Aegea, Anatolia, Babilon, Egipte, kple Titina Ɣedzeƒe ƒe akpa bubuwo la va tsaa gakpo, agblemenuwo, kple nu gbogbo aɖewo siwo wotsɔ tso wo de la ƒe asi le Ugarit.

Togbɔ be Ugarit kpɔ dzidzedze le ŋutilã me hã la, egakpɔtɔ nye fiaɖuƒe si nɔ ame aɖewo te kokoko. Dua nye Egipte Fiaɖuƒea ƒe saɖagasrafowo nɔƒe si nɔ dziehe ʋĩ vaseɖe esime wova tsɔe kpe ɖe Xiti dunyahehe Fiaɖuƒea ŋu le ƒe alafa 14 lia D.M.Ŋ. me. Wozi Ugarit dzi be wòaxe adzɔ na dukɔ si te wònɔ la ahana asrafowoe. Esi “Ƒudzidelawo” * siwo va dze Anatolia (titina Turkey) kple dziehe Siria dzi te nugbegblẽ le wo ŋu la, Xititɔwo bia be woaɖo Ugarit-srafowo kple aʋawɔtɔdziʋuwo ɖa. Esia wɔe be Ugarit ŋutɔ mekpɔ etaʋlilawo o eye wotsrɔ̃e ɖa keŋkeŋ le ƒe 1200 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo me.

Nusiwo Dzɔ Va Yi la Hehe Ðe Go

Ugarit tsɔtsrɔ̃ wɔe be teƒea zu kpo si ƒe kɔkɔme ade meta 20 hexɔ agbleka (acre) 60. Nuto sia ƒe akpa ɖeka le ade me koe woku. Nusiwo ŋu blematomenukulawo ke ɖo le nugbagbãawo mee nye fiasã gã nyadri aɖe si ƒe kekeme kple didime siaa nye meta 10,000 eye eme xɔ kple xɔxɔnuwo ade alafa ɖeka. Pɔmpimetsi, tsileƒewo, kple tsigbegblẽ toƒewo nɔ eme. Wotsɔ sika, kpe xɔasi si ƒe amadede nye blɔ, kple nyiɖu ɖo atsyɔ̃e na xɔmenuwo. Woke ɖe nyiɖu siwo wokpa ɖe atsyã tɔxɛwo me ŋu. Abɔ aɖe si ŋu wotɔ kpɔ ɖo heɖi tsilegba ɖe eme la na fiasãa ganya kpɔ ɖe edzi.

Baal kple Dagan * ƒe gbedoxɔwo sɔ gbɔ ɖe dua kple tagba siwo ƒo xlãe me. Xɔ sue aɖe si me wotona gena ɖe xɔa ememetɔ si me mawua le me la le gbedoxɔ tsrala siawo, si ɖewohĩ woƒe kɔkɔme ade meta 20 la, me. Atrakpui aɖe si dzi wotona yina ɖe afisi fia la nɔna kpɔa  azãɖuɖuwo dzi le la nɔ afima. Ne zã do alo ahom le tutum la, woanya sina akaɖiwo ɖe gbedoxɔa ƒe tsutsyɔ̃eƒewo bene wòafia mɔ tɔdziʋuwo yi ɖe melidzeƒeae dedie. Mewɔ nuku o be ƒudzidela siwo bu bena ahom ƒe mawu Baal-Hadad ye kplɔ yewo gbɔe dedie la tsɔ seke 17 siwo wotsɔ kpe wɔ, siwo wokpɔ le eƒe gbedoxɔa me, la yi ɖasa atamkavɔe nɛ.

Nuŋɔŋlɔ Xɔasi Siwo Ŋu Woke Ðo

Wofɔ anyikpememe akpe gbogbo aɖewo le Ugarit ƒe anyiglãgowo me. Wokpɔ ganyawo, senyawo, dumegãwo, kple dukplɔɖoɖowo ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwo le gbegbɔgblɔ enyi si woŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ atɔ̃ me. Schaeffer ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa fɔ nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo le gbegbɔgblɔ aɖe si womenya vaseɖe fifia o—si wona ŋkɔe be Ugaritgbe—me, si me wozã blemanuŋlɔɖidzesi 30 le eye wonye ŋɔŋlɔdzesi xoxotɔ kekeake siwo wofɔ kpɔ la dometɔ ɖeka.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe gbesiagbe nudzɔdzɔwo ŋu la, nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo gɔmesese le bɔbɔe la le Ugaritgbe me nuŋlɔɖiawo me eye wòna subɔsubɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu kple nuwɔna siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi la me gava kɔ ɖe edzi. Edze abe subɔsubɔ si nɔ Ugarit la ɖi Kanaantɔ siwo te ɖe wo ŋu la tɔ tututu ene. Le Roland de Vaux ƒe nya nu la, nuŋɔŋlɔ siawo “nye ŋkuʋuʋu si nɔ Kanaan-nyigba dzi hafi Israel-viwo va ɖu wo dzi la ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si sɔ ŋutɔ.”

Mawusubɔsubɔ le Baal ƒe Dugã Me

Woƒo nu tso mawu kple mawunɔ 200 kple edzivɔwo ŋu le nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wofɔ le Ras Shamra me. El, si woyɔ be mawuwo kple amegbetɔwo fofo, ye ƒo wo katã ta. Eye ahom ƒe mawu Baal-Hadad enye “alilikpowo dola” kple “anyigba ƒe aƒetɔ.” Woɖɔ El be enye amegãɖeɖi nunyala aɖe si ƒe ge fu eye wòle adzɔge ʋĩ tso amegbetɔƒomea gbɔ. Ke hã, Baal nye mawu sẽŋu, nɔƒegãdila aɖe si dina be yeaɖu mawuwo kple ameƒomea dzi.

Woanya xlẽ nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wofɔ la le subɔsubɔzãwo, abe ƒe yeyea alo nuɖuɖuzãwo ene, ɖuƒe. Ke hã, gɔmesese si koŋ le eŋu la mele nyanya o. Le nyakpakpa aɖe si ku ɖe dziɖuɖu ŋuti nyaʋiʋli aɖe ŋu me la, Baal ɖu El ƒe vi si gbɔ melɔ̃a nu le o, si nye atsiaƒu-mawu Yamm, dzi. Ðewohĩ Baal ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu siae na kakaɖedzi Ugarit ƒudzidelawo be akpɔ yewo ta le ƒu dzi. Le wòa kple Mot ƒe hoʋiʋli aɖe me la, woɖu Baal dzi heɖiɖi ɖe anyi yi tsieƒe. Esia na tsi gbe dzadza, eye amegbetɔwo ƒe dɔwɔnawo tɔ te. Baal srɔ̃ kple nɔvianyɔnu Anat—si nye lɔlɔ̃ kple aʋawɔwɔ ƒe mawunɔ—wu Mot hegbɔ agbe Baal. Baal tsrɔ̃ El srɔ̃, Athirat (Asera), viŋutsuwo hexɔ fiazikpuia. Gake Mot gatrɔ gbɔ le ƒe adre megbe.

Ame aɖewo ɖe nyakpakpa sia gɔme be enye alesi ɣeyiɣiwo trɔnae le ƒea me ƒe dzesi, si me dzomeŋɔli ƒe dzoxɔxɔ la ɖua tsidzadza si léa agbe ɖe te la dzi eye wògatrɔna gbɔna  le keleme. Ame bubuwo bui be ƒe adre la tsi tre ɖi na vɔvɔ̃ si le wo me ɖe dɔwuame kple kuɖiɖi ŋu. Le go eveawo siaa me la, wobu Baal ƒe dziɖuɖua be ele vevie hafi amegbetɔwo ƒe agbagbadzedzewo nadze edzi. Agbalẽnyala Peter Craigie gblɔ be: “Taɖodzinu si le Baal ƒe subɔsubɔ ŋu enye be wòalé eƒe nuwokatãtaƒolanyenye me ɖe asi; esubɔlawo xɔe be ne eya kpɔtɔ nye nuwokatãtaƒola ko hafi agblemenuwo kple nyiha siwo hiã hena amegbetɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ la ayi edzi akpɔtɔ anɔ anyi.”

Takpɔkpɔ tso Trɔ̃subɔsubɔ Me

Nusiwo dze nyuie le nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wofɔ le tome la mee nye Ugarittɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ me nu nyɔŋuwo. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary gblɔ be: “Nuŋɔŋlɔa ɖe mawu siawo subɔsubɔ me tsonu nyɔŋuwo fia; siwo me wote tɔ ɖe aʋawɔwɔ, gbolowɔwɔ kɔkɔewo, lɔlɔ̃ ƒe agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ dzi le eye emetsonuawo va gblẽ hadomegbenɔnɔ me kura la.” De Vaux gblɔ be: “Ne ame nya xlẽ nyakpakpa siawo ko la, esea alesi gbegbe Yahweh subɔlawo kple nyagblɔɖila gãwo se le wo ɖokui me ku ɖe tadedeagu sia ŋu la gɔme.” Se si Mawu na blema Israel-dukɔa la kpɔ wo ta tso alakpasubɔsubɔ sia me.

Afakaka, ɣletivimefakaka, kple akunyawɔwɔ nye nusi wowɔna ŋutɔ le Ugarit. Menye dziƒonuwo me koe wodi dzesiwo le o, ke wodii hã le fugboe siwo ŋu nu gblẽ le kple lã siwo wowu la ƒe dɔmenuwo me. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Jacqueline Gachet gblɔ be: “Woxɔe se be mawu si wotsɔ lãa sa vɔ na wɔa ɖeka kple lã la eye mawua ƒe gbɔgbɔ wɔa ɖeka kple lãa ƒe gbɔgbɔ. Le esia ta, to ŋkuléle ɖe dzesi siwo wokpɔna le dɔmenu siawo ŋu me la, enɔa bɔbɔe be woate ŋu ate ɖe mawu siwo te ŋu naa etsɔme nudzɔdzɔwo alo afɔ siwo woaɖe le nɔnɔme aɖe me la ƒe ŋuɖoɖo deamedziwo alo madeamedziwo la ƒe gbɔgbɔ ŋu.” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.) To vovo na esia la, wobia tso Israel-viwo si be woaƒo asa na nuwɔna siawo.—Mose V, 18:9-14.

Mose ƒe Sea tsi tre ɖe lãgbɔdɔdɔ ŋu wòdze ƒã. (Mose III, 18:23) Aleke wobu nuwɔna siae le Ugarit? Le nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wofɔ me la, Baal dɔa nyinɔ aɖe gbɔ. Blematomenukula Cyrus Gordon gblɔ be: “Ne wogblɔ be Baal zua nyitsu hafi wɔa nusia la, womate ŋu agblɔ nya sia ke le eƒe nunɔla siwo nɔ agbe abe alesi wònɔ agbee le nyakpakpaa me ene la ŋu o.”

Wode se na Israel-viawo bena: “Ne ame ku la, migasi blini ɖe ŋuti o.” (Mose III, 19:28) Gake esi El nɔ fafam na Baal la, “etsɔ hɛ si eƒe ŋutilã, etsɔ gelũhɛ si eɖokui; esi eƒe alɔgo kple glã.” Edze ƒã be abidede ame ɖokui ŋu nye kɔnu le Baal subɔlawo dome.—Fiawo I, 18:28.

Ewɔ abe Ugarittɔwo ƒe nyakpakpa ɖeka ɖee fia be gbɔ̃vi ɖaɖa le notsi me nye vidzidzikɔnu si bɔ ɖe Kanaantɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ me la ƒe akpa aɖe ene. Gake wode se na Israel-viwo le Mose ƒe Sea me be: “Megaɖa gbɔ̃vi le dada ƒe notsi me o.”—Mose II, 23:19.

 Etsɔtsɔ Sɔ Kple Biblia ƒe Nuŋlɔɖiwo

Hebrigbe si me woŋlɔ Biblia ɖo koŋue kpe ɖe amewo ŋu woɖe Ugarittɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔawo me le gɔmedzedzea me. Peter Craigie gblɔ be: “Wozã nya geɖe le Hebri ŋɔŋlɔa me siwo me mekɔ nyuie o eye, ɣeaɖewoɣi la, mele nyanya o; gbegɔmeɖela siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na ƒe alafa 20 lia la susu gɔmeseseawo ŋu to mɔ vovovowo dzi, kpɔ nusi woate ŋu afia. Gake ne nya mawo ke dze le Ugarittɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔa me la, wote ŋu kpɔa gɔmesese le nyaa ŋu.”

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woɖea Hebrigbe me nya aɖe si wozã le Yesaya 3:18 me zi geɖe be “ŋgoblanuwo.” Ugaritgbe me nya aɖe si ɖi esia tsi tre ɖi na ɣe kple ɣemawunɔ siaa. Le esia ta, anye gavi siwo wowɔ ɖe ɣe kple ‘ɣleti ƒe nɔnɔme’ mee Yerusalem nyɔnu siwo woyɔ le Yesaya ƒe nyagblɔɖia me la tsɔ ɖo atsyɔ̃e tsɔ de bubu Kanaan mawuwo ŋui.

Le Lododowo 26:23 le Masoretwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖia me la, wotsɔ “nu xɔdzo kple dzi vɔ̃ɖi” sɔ kple anyinu aɖe si ŋu wofa “klosalo ƒoɖi” ɖo. Esia tɔgbe si le Ugaritgbe me wɔe be wote ŋu ɖe nu tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo sia gɔme be “abe sonu gaglɛ, si ŋu wofa klosaloŋuka ɖo ene.” New World Translation ɖe lododo sia gɔme wòsɔ be: “Nuyi si tsɔna si ŋuti dzi vɔ̃ɖi kpe ɖo la le abe klosalotsi ƒoɖi si wofa ɖe sonu gaglɛ ŋu ene.”

Edzie Biblia Nɔ Te Ðoa?

Ras Shamra nuŋɔŋlɔa me dzodzro na agbalẽnyala aɖewo gblɔ be Ugarittɔwo ƒe nyakpakpagbalẽ mee Biblia me nya aɖewo tso. André Caquot, si nye Franse Nusrɔ̃ƒea me tɔ, gblɔ be “Kanaantɔwo ƒe kɔnuwo dzie Israel-viwo ƒe subɔsubɔ nɔ te ɖo.”

Mitchell Dahood si le Fadawo ƒe Biblia Nusrɔ̃ƒe le Rome gblɔ le Psalmo 29 ŋu be: “Psalmo sia nye Kanaantɔwo ƒe ha si wodzina na ahom ƒe mawu Baal xoxoxo si Yahwehtɔwo xɔ . . . Woate ŋu akpɔ nyawo katã kloe le Kanaantɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ xoxowo me fifia.” Ðe nyataƒoƒo sia sɔa? Kura o!

Agbalẽnyala geɖe siwo da sɔ la de dzesii be nuɖiwonɔewoe woɖe ami ɖo nenema. Mawunyaŋununyala Garry Brantley gblɔ be: “Ugarittɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔa dometɔ aɖeke mesɔ kple Psalmo 29 la bliboe o. Kpeɖodzi aɖeke mele gbɔgblɔ be trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe nyakpakpa mee woɖe Psalmo 29 (alo Biblia me nuŋɔŋlɔ bubuwo) tsoe la ŋu o.”

Ðe nyateƒe si wòanye be nuwo ɖɔɖɔ ƒe mɔnuwo, hakpanyawo ƒe sɔsɔ kple wo nɔewo, kpakple atsyãwo ƒe wo nɔewo ɖiɖi nye kpeɖodzi be woɖee tso emea? Kura o, elabena ele be woakpɔ mɔ be woaɖi wo nɔewo. The Encyclopedia of Religion gblɔ be: “Dekɔnuwo tae atsyãwo kple nyawo ɖi wo nɔewo ɖo: togbɔ be Ugarit kple Israel dome didi eye vovototo vivivi aɖewo nɔ wo dome hã la, wonye dekɔnu gã aɖe si zãa hakpanya kple subɔsubɔ me nya ma ke la me tɔwo.” Eyata Garry Brantley ƒo nya ta be: “Be woatigi trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe dzixɔsewo ɖe Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo me le esi alesi woŋlɔ woe ɖi wo nɔewo ta nye numeɖeɖe si mesɔ o.”

Mlɔeba la, ele be woade dzesii be ne Ras Shamra nuŋɔŋlɔ kple Biblia tɔ ɖi wo nɔewo le mɔ aɖe nu la, nyaawo koe ɖi wo nɔewo, ke menye le gɔmesese si le wo ŋu me o. Blematomenukula Cyrus Gordon gblɔ be: “[Womakpɔ] agbenɔnɔ ƒe gɔmeɖose kɔkɔ siwo le Biblia me la ƒe ɖeke le Ugarit o.” Le nyateƒe me la, vovototoawo sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ wu go siwo katã me woɖi wo nɔewo le.

Ðewohĩ ahiã be Biblia-nusrɔ̃viwo nayi edzi asrɔ̃ nu tso Ugarittɔwo ŋu be wòakpe ɖe wo ŋu woase Biblia ŋlɔlawo ƒe dekɔnu, ŋutinya, kple subɔsubɔ nuwɔna siwo dome wonɔ kpakple Hebri-dukɔ bliboa gɔme. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, Ras Shamra nuŋɔŋlɔa me dzodzro agate ŋu ana woase blema Hebrigbea gɔme ɖe edzi wu. Gake ƒo wo katã ta la, nusiwo blematomenukulawo fɔ le Ugarit ɖe vovototo si le Baal subɔsubɔ si nyɔ ŋu ŋutɔ la kpakple Yehowa ƒe tadeagu si le dzadzɛ dome fia eme kɔ ƒã.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 25]

Nusiwo blematomenukulawo fɔ le Ugarit na míese Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme ɖe edzi

[Map/Pictures on page 24, 25]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

Xititɔwo ƒe Fiaɖuƒe le ƒe alafa 14 lia D.M.Ŋ. me

MEDITERRANEA ƑUA

Frat

CASIUS TO (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ugarit (Ras Shamra)

Sukas-togbɛ

Orontes

SIRIA

EGIPTE

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Baal kple kplu si le lã ƒe ta ƒe nɔnɔme me: Musée du Louvre, Paris; fiasã la ƒe nɔnɔmetata: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 25]

Fiasãa ƒe agbo gbagbãwo

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 26]

Hakpanya aɖe si wotu xo be Ugarittɔwo ƒe hakpanyae ate ŋu ana míase Mose II, 23:19 gɔme

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 27]

Baal ƒe kpememe

Sikagba si fia adedada ƒe nuwɔna

Atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ƒe aɖaka aɖe si wòtsɔ nyiɖu kpae la ƒe nutunuvi si dzi wota vidzidzi ƒe mawunɔ ɖo

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Fotoawo katã tsoƒe: Musée du Louvre, Paris