Westphalia ƒe Ŋutifafa La—Tɔtrɔɣi Ðedzesi aɖe le Europa

“BE Europa dukplɔla geɖewo nakpe ta abe alesi wòle egbea ene la nye nudzɔdzɔ tɔxɛ aɖe vavã.” Roman Herzog, amesi nye Federal Republic of Germany ƒe dukplɔla tsãtɔe gblɔ nya ma le October 1998 me. Nyasela siwo nɔ to ɖomee dometɔ aɖewoe nye fia ene, fianyɔnu ene, nutomedziɖula eve, fiagã aɖe, kple dukplɔla geɖe. Azã la, si Europa ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe de megbe na la nye azã vevi aɖe le egbegbe Germany dukɔa ƒe ƒe 50 ŋutinya me. Nuka ƒe azãe wònye?

October 1998 nye Westphalia ƒe Ŋutifafa Nubabla ƒe ƒe 350 lia. Zi geɖe la, ŋutifafanubablawo nyea ɣeyiɣi si me wowɔ nyametsotso vevi siwo trɔa alesi nuwo nɔ va yi bubui, eye Westphalia ƒe Nubabla la le etɔxɛ le go sia me. Asidede nubabla sia te le ƒe 1648 me he Ƒe Blaetɔ̃ Ʋa la va nuwuwui eye wòde dzesi ɣeyiɣi si me egbegbe dukɔ nɔɖokuisi siwo le Europa dzɔ.

Woʋuʋu Nuɖoanyi Xoxo Aɖe

Le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me la, habɔbɔ sesẽtɔ kekeake siwo nɔ anyi le Europae nye Roma Katolikoha la kple Roma Fiaɖuƒe Kɔkɔea. Nuto alafa geɖe siwo ƒe lolome to vovoe nɔ fiaɖuƒea me eye wonɔ afisi Austria, Czech Republic, France ƒe ɣedzeƒekpa dzi, Germany, Switzerland, Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa Ƒuta Dukɔwo kple Italy ƒe akpa aɖewo le fifia. Esi wònye Germany nutowoe nye fiaɖuƒea ƒe akpa gãtɔ ta la, ŋkɔ si wova yɔ nɛ enye Germany Dukɔa ƒe Roma Fiaɖuƒe Kɔkɔe. Nuto ɖesiaɖe nɔ eɖokui si le dziɖula aɖe te. Roma Katolikotɔ si tso Austriatɔ Habsburg ƒe ƒomea mee fiagã la ŋutɔ nye. Eyata esi papa ƒe fiaɖuƒea kple fiaɖuƒe la ŋutɔ si mee dziɖuŋusẽa le ta la, Europa nɔ Roma Katolikotɔwo ƒe asi me goŋgoŋ.

Ke hã le ƒe alafa 16 lia kple 17 lia me la, woʋuʋu nuɖoanyi gã ma. Roma Katolikoha ƒe nugbɔmewɔwɔ si ti ame la kaka ɖe Europa ƒe afisiafi. Subɔsubɔha ŋuti ɖɔɖɔɖowɔla siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Martin Luther kple John Calvin ƒo nu tso tɔtrɔ ɖe Biblia ƒe dzidzenuwo ŋu ake ŋuti. Ame geɖewo dze Luther kple Calvin yome, eye ameha siawo mee Ðɔɖɔɖoa kple Protestant hawo do tso. Ðɔɖɔɖoa na fiaɖuƒea ma ɖe subɔsubɔha etɔ̃ me—Katolikotɔwo, Luthertɔwo, kple Calvintɔwo.

Katolikotɔwo mekana ɖe Protestanttɔwo dzi o, eye Protestanttɔwo medea bubu aɖeke Katolikotɔ siwo wonɔ ho ʋlim kplii ŋu o. Nɔnɔme sia na wova ɖo Protestanttɔwo ƒe Ðekawɔhabɔbɔ kple Katolikotɔwo ƒe Nubabla la le ƒe alafa 17 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze. Fiaɖuƒea ƒe nutomedziɖula aɖewo va ɖo Ðekawɔhabɔbɔa me eye bubuwo va wɔ ɖeka kple Nubabla la. Europa—kple vevietɔ fiaɖuƒea—va zu afisi amesiame va nɔa vɔ̃ bum ɖe nɔvia ŋu le eye nuɖiaɖia suetɔ kekeake ate ŋu ahe masɔmasɔ vɛ. Esi masɔmasɔ ma nya va do mo ɖa ko la, eho aʋa aɖe si nɔ anyi ƒe 30 sɔŋ.

Nuɖiaɖia Vɔ̃ɖi aɖe na Aʋa Dzɔ le Europa

Dziɖula siwo nye Protestanttɔwo dze agbagba be yewoana Habsburg ƒomea me tɔ siwo nye Katolikotɔwo naɖe mɔ ɖe mawusubɔsubɔblɔɖe geɖe wu ŋu. Gake mɔnukpɔkpɔa nana va zu dziku, eye le 1617-18 me la, wotu Luther sɔlemeha  eve le Bohemia (Czech Republic) akpasesẽtɔe. Esia do dziku na Protestanttɔwo ƒe bubumewo, eye wotsɔ dziku ge ɖe fiasã aɖe me le Prague helé Katolikotɔwo ƒe ŋgɔnɔla etɔ̃ eye wotutu wo tso dziƒoxɔ aɖe ƒe fesre nu. Nuwɔna siae de zi Europatɔwo dome.

Togbɔ be wogblɔ be yewonye Ŋutifafafia, Yesu Kristo, yomedzelawo hã la, subɔsubɔha siwo nɔ akpa eveawo tsɔ lãnu ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu. (Yesaya 9:5) Le White Mountain Ʋa la me la, Nubabla la me tɔwo tu nu kple Ðekawɔhabɔbɔa vevie eye wògbã. Wowu Protestanttɔwo ƒe bubumewo le Prague ƒe asime. Le Bohemia godoo la, woxɔ Protestanttɔ siwo katã gbe be yewomaɖe asi le yewo ƒe dzixɔse ŋu o la ƒe nunɔamesiwo le wo si hema wo na Katolikotɔwo. Agbalẽ si nye 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—Aʋawɔwɔ kple Ŋutifafa le Europa) ɖɔ nuxɔxɔ le ame si sia be enye “ame ƒe nunɔamesiwo ƒe ame bubu sime yiyi gãtɔ kekeake si dzɔ le titina Europa kpɔ.”

Nusi dze egɔme abe subɔsubɔhawo dome ʋa ene le Bohemia la nyrã ɖe edzi va zu dukɔwo dome ŋusẽ ƒe hoʋiʋli. Le ƒe 30 siwo kplɔe ɖo me la, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain, kple Sweden ƒo wo ɖokui ɖe aʋa la me. Dziɖula siwo nye Protestanttɔwo kple Katolikotɔ ŋuklẽlawo kple nɔƒegãdilawo to mɔ aɖewo dzi be yewoakpɔ ŋusẽ wu le dunyahehe me eye be yewoakpɔ viɖe geɖe le asitsatsa me. Woma Ƒe Blaetɔ̃ Ʋa la ɖe akpa geɖe me, eye wotsɔ fiagã la ƒe futɔ gãtɔwo ƒe ŋkɔ na wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe. Numekugbalẽ geɖe ƒo nu tso akpa ene ŋu, siwo nye: Bohemia Kple Palatine Ʋa, Denmarktɔwo Kple Anyigbe Saxony Tɔ Siwo Wɔ Ðeka ƒe Aʋa, Swedentɔwo ƒe Aʋa, kpakple Franseawo Kple Swedentɔ Siwo Wɔ Ðeka ƒe Aʋa. Fiaɖuƒea ƒe nuto mee aʋawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ yi edzi le.

Aʋawɔnu si wozã ɣeyiɣi mawo me ƒe ɖewoe nye kotokumetukpuiwo, abɔtatuwo, kple aprimtuwo, eye Sweden koŋue aʋawɔnuawo tsona. Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo kpe aʋa. Asrafowo yi aʋa nɔ ɣli dom be “Santa Maria” alo “Mawu li kpli mí.” Asrafohawo ha nuwo esi woto Germany nutowo me yina, eye wowɔ nu ɖe woƒe futɔwo kple dumevi dzrowo ŋu abe lãwoe wonye ene. Aʋa la va vloe ɖe edzi va zu ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ. Aleke gbegbee wòto vovovo tso nusi Biblia gblɔ ɖi gbɔe nye si, be: “Dukɔ magatsɔ yi ɖe dukɔ ŋu azɔ o, eye womagasrɔ̃ aʋawɔwɔ azɔ o”!—Mixa 4:3.

Amesiwo wonyi le Germany ɣemaɣi la meganya naneke tsɔ wu aʋawɔwɔ o, eye dukɔmevi siwo aʋawɔwɔ ti kɔ na la nɔ ŋutifafa dim vevie. Ne ɖe dziɖulawo ƒe dunyahetaɖodzinuwo metsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu o la, anye ne ŋutifafa anɔ anyi hafi. Meganye subɔsubɔha ƒe vovototo tae woganɔ aʋaa wɔm ɖo o, ke boŋ eva zu dunyahehe me ʋa. Nusi wɔ mo yaa enye be amesi na wòva yi alea nye ame ŋkuta le Katolikohaa me.

Papatenɔla Richelieu Wɔ Ŋusẽ Ŋudɔ

Dzesideŋkɔ si woda ɖe Armand-Jean du Plessis dzi le ɖoƒe si woɖoe enye Papatenɔla  Richelieu. Eganye dudɔnunɔlawo ƒe tatɔ le France tso ƒe 1624 vaseɖe ƒe 1642. Richelieu ɖoe be yeana France nava zu dziɖuŋusẽ gãtɔ kekeake le Europa. Be esia nate ŋu ava eme la, edze agbagba be yeaɖiɖi yeƒe haxɔsetɔ Katolikotɔ siwo nye Habsburg ƒomea me tɔwo ƒe ŋusẽ dzi akpɔtɔ. Alekee wòwɔ esiae? To ga tsɔtsɔ de megbee na Protestant srafoha siwo nɔ Germany nutowo, Denmark, Netherlands, kple Sweden, siwo katã nɔ avu wɔm kple Habsburg ƒomea me.

Le ƒe 1635 me la, Richelieu dɔ Franse srafohawo ɖe aʋaa zi gbãtɔ. Agbalẽ si nye vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Ŋutifafa Nenɔ Anyi Tegbee!) ɖe nu me be le nuwuwua la, “Ƒe Blaetɔ̃ Ʋa la megava nye subɔsubɔhawo dome ʋa o. . . . Aʋa la va zu dunyahehe dziɖuŋusẽ gãtɔ kekeake ƒe hoʋiʋli le Europa.” Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo dome ʋa si wònye dzɔ wonya la va zu aʋa si Protestanttɔwo kpe asi ɖe Katolikotɔwo ŋu wonɔ wɔwɔm ɖe Katolikotɔ bubuwo ŋu. Katolikotɔwo ƒe Nubabla la, si gbɔdzɔ xoxo le 1630-awo ƒe gɔmedzedze, la gbã le ƒe 1635 me.

Ŋutifafa Takpekpe le Westphalia

Woha nuwo, wu amewo, dɔ amewo gbɔ sesẽ eye wohe dɔléle vɛ tsɔ gblẽ nu le Europa ŋu. Vivivi la, nyanya be ame aɖeke mate ŋu aɖu dzi le aʋa la me o wɔe be ŋutifafa dzro amewo ɖe edzi vevie. Agbalẽ si nye vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! gblɔ be “le ƒe 1630-awo ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la nutoa me dziɖulawo va kpɔe mlɔeba be asrafoŋusẽ si le yewo si la mate ŋu akpe ɖe yewo ŋu be yewoaɖo taɖodzinu ma gbɔ o.” Gake ne ŋutifafae nye nusi dim amesiame nɔ la, aleke woawɔ ake ɖe eŋu?

Roma Fiaɖuƒe Kɔkɔe la ƒe Fiagã Ferdinand III, France Fia Louis XIII, kple Sweden Fianyɔnu Christina lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be woawɔ takpekpe aɖe si me aʋawɔlawo ƒe akpa vovovoawo katã nakpe aƒo nu tso ŋutifafa ŋu. Wotia teƒe eve na numedzodzroa—Osnabrück ƒe duwo kple Münster siwo le Germany nuto si nye Westphalia me. Wotia teƒe siawo le esi wole Sweden kple France ƒe fiaduawo ƒe domedome ta. Tso ƒe 1643 me la, amedɔdɔ 150—aɖaŋuɖoha gãwo kpe ɖe wo dometɔ aɖewo ŋu—va kɔ ɖe du eveawo me, Katolikotɔwo ƒe amedɔdɔwo ƒo ƒu ɖe Münster, eye Protestanttɔwo ƒe amedɔdɔwo ƒo ƒu ɖe Osnabrück.

Gbã la wogblɔ ɖoɖo si nu nuwo adze egɔme atsoe be woate ŋu anya amedɔdɔawo ƒe dzesideŋkɔ kple ɖoƒewo, ɖoɖo si nu wonɔ anyi ɖo kple alesi ɖoɖoawo ayi edzie. Emegbe ŋutifafa nuƒoawo dze egɔme, eye amedɔdɔawo ƒo nu na wo nɔewo to nyanuɖela dzi. Le ƒe atɔ̃ kloe—siwo katã me aʋa nɔ edzi yim le—megbe la, wova lɔ̃ ɖe ŋutifafa dzi. Nuŋlɔɖi siwo wu ɖeka ye wowɔ le Westphalia Nubablaa me. Wode asi nubabla ɖeka te le Fiagã Ferdinand III kple Sweden dome, eye wode asi bubu te le fiagã la kple France dome.

Esi nubabla ŋuti nyatakaka la nya kaka ko la, amewo te dzidzɔ kpɔkpɔ. Aʋa si dze egɔme kple dziku vɔ̃ɖi aɖe la va wu enu kple azãɖukaɖiwo dada ɖe ya me. Woda wo ɖe yame le dugã vovovo me. Sɔlemegawo ɖi, woda aprimtuwo ɖe yame tsɔ do dzaa na nubablaa, eye wodzi ha to ablɔwo dzi. Ðe Europa ate ŋu akpɔ mɔ na ŋutifafa mavɔ azɔa?

Ðe Woate Ŋu Akpɔ Ŋutifafa Mavɔa?

Westphalia Nubabla la lɔ ɖe dziɖuɖu ŋu gɔmeɖosewo dzi. Esia fia be dukɔ siwo le nubabla la me dometɔ ɖesiaɖe lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be yeade bubu gomenɔamesi si le dukɔ bubuawo si ɖe woƒe anyigbamama dzi ŋu eye yemade nu woƒe dukɔmenyawo me o. Aleae egbegbe Europa si nye anyigbagã si me dukɔ nɔɖokuisiwo le wɔ va dzɔ. Nubabla la ɖe vi geɖe na dukɔ siawo dometɔ aɖewo wu bubuwo.

Woɖo France wònye dukɔ si si dziɖuŋusẽ gãtɔ le, eye Netherlands kple Switzerland va zu dukɔ  nɔɖokuisiwo. Gake nubabla la meɖe vi boo aɖeke na Germany ƒe nuto siwo dometɔ geɖe tsrɔ̃ le aʋa la me ya o. Le mɔ aɖe nu la, alesi Germany ava nɔ le etsɔme la atso nyametsotso si dukɔ bubuwo awɔ gbɔ. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka nya ta be: “Viɖe si Germany nutomedziɖulawo akpɔ alo nusi woabu tsoa nyametsotso si wowɔ si nɔa te ɖe nusi aɖe vi na dziɖuŋusẽ gãtɔwo siwo nye France, Sweden, kple Austria dzi.” Le esi teƒe be Germany nutoawo nate aƒo ƒu awɔ ɖeka azu dukɔ ɖeka la, wo me gama abe tsã ene. Gawu la wotsɔ eƒe akpa aɖewo na dutadukɔwo be woaɖu wo dzi, abe alesi wònɔ le Germany tɔsisi gãwo—Rhine, Elbe, kple Oder—ƒe akpa aɖewo gome ene.

Wotsɔ gomekpɔkpɔ ɖeka ma ke na Katolikotɔwo, Luthertɔwo, kple Calvintɔwo. Menye amewo katãe esia dzɔ dzi na o. Papa Innocent X tsi tre ɖe nubabla sia ŋu vevie, hegblɔ be medze o. Ke hã wometrɔ liƒo siwo woɖo na subɔsubɔhawo kuraa o ƒe alafa etɔ̃ sɔŋ. Togbɔ be subɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe mekpɔ su ame ɖekaɖekawo si haɖe o hã la, wonɔ ŋgɔyiyi wɔm le go sia me.

Nubabla la na Ƒe Blaetɔ̃ Ʋa la wu enu, eye ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ geɖeawo hã nu yi. Esia nye subɔsubɔhawo ƒe aʋa gãtɔ mamlɛ si wowɔ le Europa. Aʋawɔwɔ nu metso o ke nusiwo gbɔ wòtsona trɔ tso subɔsubɔhawo dzi yi dunyahehe kple asitsanyawo dzi. Esia mefia be ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ le Europa ƒe ɖeke megatsoa subɔsubɔhawo gbɔ o. Le Xexemeʋa I kple II me la, Germany srafowo bla alidziblanu si ƒe gawo dzi woŋlɔ nya nyanyɛ sia tɔgbe ɖo be: “Mawu Li Kpli Mí.” Le aʋa dziŋɔ mawo me la, Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo gaƒo ƒu ɖekae ɖe akpa ɖeka be woawɔ aʋa kple Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔ siwo le akpa kemɛa.

Edze ƒã be Westphalia Nubabla la mehe ŋutifafa mavɔ vɛ o. Ke hã eteƒe madidi o, ameƒomea me toɖolawo akpɔ ŋutifafa ma. Yehowa Mawu ahe ŋutifafa mavɔ vɛ na ameƒomea to Via, Yesu Kristo ƒe Mesia Fiaɖuƒea dzi. Le dziɖuɖu ma te la, subɔsubɔha vavã ɖeka si anɔ anyi la anye nusi ahe ɖekawɔwɔ vɛ, ke menye mama o. Ame aɖeke mayi aʋa ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ loo alo nu bubu aɖeke ta o. Gbɔɖeme ka gbegbee wòanye ne Fiaɖuƒedziɖuɖua xɔ anyigba katã dzi eye “seɖoƒe manɔe na ŋutifafa . . . o!”—Yesaya 9:5, 6.

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 21]

Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo dome ʋa si wònye dzɔ wonya la va zu aʋa si Protestanttɔwo kpe asi ɖe Katolikotɔwo ŋu wonɔ wɔwɔm ɖe Katolikotɔ bubuwo ŋu

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 22]

Asrafowo yi aʋa nɔ ɣli dom be “Santa Maria” alo “Mawu li kpli mí”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 21]

Papatenɔla Richelieu

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 23]

Ƒe alafa 16 lia me nutata si fia ʋiʋli si yi edzi le Luther, Calvin kple papa dome

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 20]

From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 23]

Subɔsubɔhakplɔalawo le ho ʋlim: From the book Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck