Wessel Gansfort​—“Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋlila Aɖe Si Do Ŋgɔ Na Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋli La”

Ame siwo srɔ̃a nu tso Protestanttɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋli si gɔme wodze le ƒe 1517 me ŋu la nya ame siwo woyɔna be Luther, Tyndale, kple Calvin la nyuie. Gake ame ʋɛ aɖewo koe nya ame si woyɔna be Wessel Gansfort ya. Amewo yɔnɛ be “Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋlila aɖe si do ŋgɔ na Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋli la.” Àdi be yeanya nu geɖe tso ŋutsu sia ŋua?

WODZI Wessel le ƒe 1419 me le Netherlands (Pays-Bas) ƒe du si nye Groningen me. Le ƒe alafa 15 lia me la, ame ʋɛ aɖewo ko sie mɔnukpɔkpɔ su be wode suku, gake mɔnukpɔkpɔ sia su Wessel hã si. Togbɔ be eƒe tagbɔ kɔ ŋutɔ hã la, eva hiã be wòadzudzɔ sukudede esime wòxɔ ƒe asieke, le esi edzilawo da ahe kolikoli ta. Gake dzidzɔtɔe la, esi ahosi kesinɔtɔ aɖe se ale si gbegbe sɔhɛ Wessel ƒe tagbɔ ɖae la, elɔ̃ be yeada megbe nɛ le eƒe sukudede me. Esia wɔe be egbugbɔ yi eƒe nusɔsrɔ̃a dzi. Le ɣeyiɣi aɖewo megbe la, eva zu Agbalẽnyalagã le Aɖaŋudɔŋutinusɔsrɔ̃ me hexɔ yunivɛsitiɖaseɖigbalẽ. Ewɔ abe le ɣeyiɣi aɖewo megbe la, eva zu mawunya ŋuti nunyala bibi aɖe hã ene.

Sidzedze ƒe tsikɔ nɔ Wessel wum vevie ŋutɔ. Gake agbalẽdzraɖoƒe ʋɛ aɖewo koe nɔ anyi le eƒe ŋkekeawo me. Togbɔ be woto agbalẽtata to nuŋlɔgba si wogazãna ake dzi vɛ le eƒe agbenɔɣi hã la, wogakpɔtɔ ŋlɔa agbalẽ geɖe kple asi kokoko, eye woxɔa asi ŋutɔ. Wessel nɔ agbalẽnyala aɖewo siwo nɔa tsatsam tso agbalẽdzraɖoƒe yi agbalẽdzraɖoƒe, kple tso subɔsubɔsaɖagaxɔ aɖe me yi ɖe bubu me henɔa asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo kple agbalẽ siwo mebɔ o dim la ƒe habɔbɔ me. Emegbe wosrɔ̃a nu siwo ŋu woke ɖo la tsoa wo nɔewo gbɔ. Sidzedze geɖe va su esi, eye wòŋlɔ nyatakaka gbogbo siwo ŋu wòke ɖo, kple nya siwo wòɖe tso blema Hela kple Latintɔwo ƒe xexemenunyagbalẽ vovovowo me la ɖe ye ŋutɔ ƒe nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ me. Mawunyaŋununyala bubuwo vɔ̃na na Wessel ŋutɔ, elabena enya nu gbogbo aɖewo siwo woawo menya o. Eya ta wova yɔa Wessel be Magister Contradictionis, (Nu Siwo Tsi Tre Ðe Wo Nɔewo Ŋu Ŋuti Nunyalagã).

‘Nu Ka Ta Màgblɔ Nam Be Matrɔ Ðe Kristo Ŋu O?’

Ƒe 50 aɖewo do ŋgɔ na Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋlia la, Wessel do go Thomas à Kempis (si nɔ anyi le 1379-1471 lɔƒo), ame si dzi ame geɖe lɔ̃ ɖo be eyae ŋlɔ agbalẽ si nye De Imitatione Christi (Kristo Sɔsrɔ̃). Thomas à Kempis nye Agbetsɛnɔlawo ƒe Nɔvisilélehabɔbɔ si tea gbe ɖe mawusosroɖagbenɔnɔ dzi vevie la me tɔ. Wessel ƒe agbemeŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ be Thomas à Kempis de dzi ƒo na Wessel zi  geɖe be wòatrɔ ɖe Maria ŋu hena kpekpeɖeŋu. Wessel ɖo eŋu nɛ be: “Nu ka tae màgblɔ nam be matrɔ ɖe Kristo, ame si kpe ame siwo katã dzi nu te ɖo la dɔmenyotɔe be woate va ye gbɔ la ŋu o?”

Wogblɔ le Wessel ŋu be, egbe be womaɖo ye subɔsubɔnunɔlae o. Esi wobiae be nu ka tae wògbe takokoe ƒomevi tɔxɛ, si dea dzesi ame be enye nunɔlawo dometɔ ɖeka hã la, eɖo eŋu be ne yeƒe tamebubuŋutetewo gakpɔtɔ le ye si ko la, yemele vɔvɔ̃m be woade ka ve na ye yeaku o. Edze abe ale si wònye nyateƒe be womekplɔa nunɔla siwo woɖo la yia ʋɔnui o ye wòwɔnɛ ene, elabena takokoe la kpɔ nunɔla geɖe ta be womede ka ve na wo o. Wessel tsi tre ɖe subɔsubɔnuwɔna aɖewo siwo bɔ ɣemaɣi la hã ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wohe nya ɖe eŋu be mexɔ nukunu siwo ŋu nya woŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ xɔŋkɔ si nye Dialogus Miraculorum, si nɔ anyi le eƒe ŋkekeawo me la me dzi se o. Eɖo eŋu na wo be: “Anyo nam wu be maxlẽ Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo.”

“Zi Ale Si Míebiaa Nyae La, Zi Nenemae Míedzea Nunyae”

Wessel srɔ̃ Hebrigbe kple Helagbe, eye esia kpe ɖe eŋu be Sɔlemeha Fofo gbãtɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo ŋuti sidzedze gbogbo aɖe va su esi. Ale si Wessel lɔ̃ gbegbɔgblɔ gbãtɔ siawo siwo me woŋlɔ Biblia ɖo la ɖe dzesi etɔxɛe, elabena enɔ agbe do ŋgɔ na Erasmus kple Reuchlin. * Do ŋgɔ na Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋlia la, ame geɖe mese Helagbe o. Le Germany la, ame ʋɛ aɖewo koe srɔ̃ Helagbe henyae nyuie, eye agbalẽwo mebɔ ɣemaɣi hena gbea sɔsrɔ̃ o. Esi wotsrɔ̃ du si nye Constantinople ɖa keŋkeŋ le ƒe 1453 me megbe la, edze abe Wessel te ɖe Hela subɔsubɔsaɖagaxɔmenɔla siwo si tso Ɣetoɖoƒe la ŋu, eye wòsrɔ̃ Helagbe ƒe gɔmedzenufiafiawo tso wo gbɔ ene. Ɣemaɣi la, Yudatɔwo koe doa Hebrigbe, eye edze abe Wessel srɔ̃ Hebrigbe ƒe gɔmedzenufiafiawo hã tso Yudatɔ siwo va zu woƒe habɔbɔa me tɔwo la gbɔ ene.

Wessel lɔ̃ Biblia la vevie ŋutɔ. Ebua Biblia be enye agbalẽ si Mawu ƒe gbɔgbɔ ʋã amewo woŋlɔ, eye exɔe se be Biblia me gbalẽwo katã de nu wo nɔewo me le ɖekawɔwɔ blibo me. Wessel xɔe se be ele be woaɖe Biblia me kpukpuiwo me woanɔ ɖekawɔwɔ me kple nya siwo ƒo xlã wo, eye be womate ŋu atro gbo wo me nyawo wòasɔ o. Exɔe se hã be agbagbadzedze be woaɖe wo me bubui nye tsitretsitsi ɖe nyateƒea ŋu. Mawunyakpukpui siwo doa dzi dzɔ nɛ wu la dometɔ ɖekae nye  Mateo 7:7, afi si wogblɔ le be: “Minɔ edidi dzi, eye miakpɔe.” Mawunyakpukpui ma do ŋusẽ Wessel wòxɔe se vevie be eɖea vi be woabia nya, elabena egblɔna be: “Zi ale si míebiaa nyae la, zi nenemae míedzea nunyae.”

Nubiabia Aɖe Si Ðe Dzesi

Le ƒe 1473 me la, Wessel ɖi tsa yi Roma. Le afi ma la, woɖe mɔ nɛ be wòaƒo nu kple Papa Sixtus IV lia, si nye papa ade siwo ƒe agbe gbegblẽ nɔnɔ nuwɔna nyɔŋuwo he Protestanttɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋlia vɛ la, dometɔ gbãtɔ. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Barbara W. Tuchman gblɔ be Sixtus IV lia ƒe ɣeyiɣiawo mee “ame ŋutɔ ƒe viɖedidi vivivo kple dziɖuɖuŋusẽ ŋu dɔ wɔwɔ le mɔ gbegblẽ nu ƒe nuwɔna gaglã ŋumakpemakpetɔe la dze egɔme tso.” Ale si wòdoa eƒe ƒometɔwo ɖe ŋgɔ wòdzena gaglãe la wɔ nuku na amewo ŋutɔ. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe ŋlɔ bena, ɖewohĩ Sixtus anya di be yeatrɔ papawo ƒe ɖoƒea atsɔ awɔ ƒomenui. Ke hã, ame ʋɛ aɖewo ko sie dzideƒo nɔ be woaƒo nu tsi tre ɖe nu gbɔme wɔwɔ ma tɔgbi ŋu.

Gake Wessel Gansfort ya to vovo. Gbe ɖeka Sixtus gblɔ nɛ be: “Vinye, bia nu sia nu si nèdi la, eye míana wò.” Enumake Wessel ɖo eŋu be: “Fofo kɔkɔe, . . . esi wònye be wòe le nunɔla kple alẽkplɔla ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ kekeake le anyigba dzi ta la, mele biabiam be . . . nàtsɔ wò agbanɔamedzi gã la le mɔ aɖe nu si awɔe be ne alẽhaa ƒe Kplɔla Gãtɔ la . . . va la, wòate ŋu agblɔ na wò be: ‘Ehẽ, dɔla nyui kple nuteƒewɔla! yi ɖe wò Aƒetɔ ƒe dzidzɔ la me!’” Sixtus xɔ edzi nɛ be, ema nye yeƒe agbanɔamedzi eye be Wessel nebia nane na eɖokui. Wessel ɖo eŋu be: “Ekema medi be nànam Helagbe kple Hebrigbe me Biblia aɖe tso Vatican ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe la.” Papa la wɔ ɖe eƒe biabiaa dzi nɛ, gake egblɔ be Wessel wɔ bometsinu, eye be ɖe wòle be wòabia be woaɖo ye bisiɔp boŋ hafi!

“Alakpa Kple Vodada”

Esi Sixtus nɔ ga dim vevie be yeatu gbedoxɔ si woyɔna be Sistine Chapel, si va xɔ ŋkɔ fifia ta la, etrɔ ɖe misawɔwɔ hena nu vɔ̃ kɔklɔ ɖa le ame kukuwo ŋu ƒe asitsatsa ŋu. Ame geɖe va kpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe nu vɔ̃ kɔklɔ ɖa le ame ŋu ƒe misa siawo ŋu ŋutɔ. Agbalẽ aɖe si ƒo nu tso subɔsubɔhanunɔlawo ŋuti la gblɔ be: “Ahowo kple ahosiwo kpakple  ƒometɔ siwo lé blanui vevie le woƒe ame kukuwo ta la zãa woƒe kesinɔnuwo katã be yewoadze agbagba ana yewoƒe ƒometɔawo nado go tso ŋutiklɔdzo me.” (Vicars of Christ—The Dark Side of the Papacy) Nu vɔ̃ kɔklɔ ɖa le ame kukuwo ŋu ƒe misa sia do dzidzɔ na ame tsɛ siwo xɔ edzi se bliboe be papa la ate ŋu ana be yewoƒe lɔlɔ̃tɔ siwo ku la nayi dziƒo la ŋutɔ.

Gake Wessel ya xɔe se vevie be gome mele Katolikoha la kple papa la siaa si be woatsɔ nu vɔ̃wo ake o. Wessel yɔ nu vɔ̃ kɔklɔ ɖa le ame ŋu ƒe misa sia be “alakpa kple vodada.” Nenema kee mexɔe se be ele vevie be woaʋu nu vɔ̃ me na nunɔlawo hafi akpɔ tsɔtsɔke o.

Wessel ke ɖi nukpɔsusu si nye be papa la medaa vo gbeɖe o la hegblɔna be ne wodina tsoa amewo si be woaxɔ papawo ƒe nyawo dzi ase ɣesiaɣi la, sɔlemehaa ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo mali ke o, elabena papawo hã daa vo. Wessel ŋlɔ bena: “Ne nunɔlagãwo ɖe asi le Mawu ƒe sededewo ŋu heléa amegbetɔwo ƒe sededewo me ɖe asi la, . . . viɖe aɖeke manɔ nu siwo wowɔna kple se siwo wodena la ŋu o.”

Wessel Dzra Mɔ Dzi Ðo Na Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋli La

Wessel ku le ƒe 1489 me. Togbɔ be etsi tre ɖe sɔlemehaa ƒe nufiafia gbegblẽ aɖewo ŋu hã la, ekpɔtɔ nye Katolikotɔ. Ke hã, sɔlemehaa mebu fɔe kpɔ be enye aglãdzela o. Gake le eƒe ku megbe la, Katoliko subɔsubɔsaɖagaxɔmenɔla zazɛ̃nyahelawo dze agbagba be yewoagblẽ eƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo dome keŋkeŋ, elabena womebu wo nu kɔkɔe o. Kaka Luther ƒe ɣeyiɣia naɖo la, Wessel ƒe ŋkɔ bu keŋkeŋ kloe, eye wometa eƒe nuŋlɔɖiawo dometɔ aɖeke o, eye eƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔawo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo koe gakpɔtɔ nɔ anyi. Mlɔeba la, ƒe 1520 kple 1522 dome hafi wova ta Wessel ƒe nuŋlɔɖiawo zi gbãtɔ. Luther ŋlɔ lɛta aɖe, si me wòkafu Wessel ƒe nuŋlɔɖiawo le la tsɔ kpe ɖe wo ŋuti.

Togbɔ be Wessel menye Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋlila abe Luther ene o hã la, eƒo nu tsi tre ɖe nu gbegblẽ wɔwɔ siwo he Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋlia vɛ la dometɔ aɖewo ŋu. Le nyateƒe me la, woɖɔ Wessel le McClintock kple Strong ƒe numekugbalẽ si nye Cyclopedia me be enye “ame vevitɔ kekeake le ame siwo dzɔ tso Germantɔwo ƒe dzidzimewo me, siwo kpe asi ɖe Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋlia ŋu la dome.”

Luther bu Wessel be enye ame si ƒe susuwo wɔ ɖeka kple ye tɔ. Agbalẽŋlɔla C. Augustijn ŋlɔ bena: “Luther tsɔa eƒe ŋkekea kple nu siwo me wòto la sɔna kple Eliya tɔ. Abe ale si ko nyagblɔɖilaa susu be ye ɖeka koe susɔ awɔ Mawu ƒe aʋawo ene la, nenema kee Luther hã se le eɖokui me be ye ɖeka koe nɔ anyi le yeƒe ɣeyiɣiawo me nɔ nya ʋlim kple sɔlemeha la. Gake esime wòxlẽ Wessel ƒe nuŋlɔɖiawo la, ekpɔe dze sii be Aƒetɔ la ɖe ‘Israel ƒe ame susɔe’ aɖe.” Agbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Luther gblɔ gɔ̃ hã be: ‘Ne ɖe mexlẽ eƒe nuŋlɔɖiawo do ŋgɔ la, anye ne futɔwo susui be Wessel gbɔe Luther xɔ eƒe nukpɔsusuwo katã tsoe, elabena eƒe susuwo sɔ kple tɔnye ale gbegbe.’” *

“Miakpɔe”

Ðɔɖɔɖotaʋiʋli la medzɔ le vome o. Nukpɔsusu siwo he Ðɔɖɔɖɔtaʋiʋlia vɛ la nɔ dodom hena ɣeyiɣi aɖewo do ŋgɔ. Wessel de dzesii be papawo ƒe nu gbegblẽ wɔwɔwo ana amewo nava di be woagbugbɔ nuwo aɖɔ ɖo godoo. Egblɔ na nusrɔvi aɖe kpɔ be: “Nusrɔ̃vi dovevienu, anɔ agbe akpɔ ŋkeke si dzi agbalẽnyala siwo nye Kristotɔ vavãwo agbe mawunyaŋununyala zazɛ̃nyahelawo . . . ƒe nufiafiawo la teƒe.”

Togbɔ be Wessel klo nu le nu gbegblẽ kple nuwɔna gbɔme aɖewo siwo yi edzi le eƒe ŋkekea me ŋu hã la, mete ŋu na Biblia me nyateƒea ƒe kekelia klẽ nyuie o. Ke hã, le eyama gome la, Biblia nye agbalẽ si wòle be woaxlẽ ahasrɔ̃. Le agbalẽ aɖe si ƒo nu tso Kritotɔnyenye ƒe ŋutinya ŋu ƒe nya nu la, Wessel “xɔe se be esi Biblia nye agbalẽ si woto Gbɔgbɔ Kɔkɔea dzi ŋlɔ ta la, Biblia ŋu koe wòle be woatrɔ ɖo le subɔsubɔnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ me.” (A History of Christianity) Le egbeŋkekeawo me la, Kristotɔ vavãwo xɔe se be Mawu ƒe Nya si gbɔgbɔ ʋã woŋlɔ ye Biblia nye. (Timoteo II, 3:16) Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, womegatsyɔ nu Biblia me nyateƒeawo dzi o, eye wo kpɔkpɔ hã mesesẽ o. Eya ta Biblia ƒe gɔmeɖose si nye, “Minɔ edidi dzi, eye miakpɔe” la le eme vam le egbeŋkekeawo me wu ɣeyiɣi siwo va yi.—Mateo 7:7; Lododowo 2:1-6.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 14]

WESSEL KPAKPLE MAWU ƑE ŊKƆ LA

Le Wessel ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo me la, eŋlɔ Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ la zi geɖe be “Johavah.” Gake Wessel zã “Jehovah” le teƒe eve ya teti. Esi agbalẽŋlɔla H. A. Oberman nɔ Wessel ƒe nukpɔsusuwo me dzrom la, eƒo nya ta be, Wessel se le eɖokui me be, ne ɖe Thomas Aquinas kple ame bubuwo se Hebrigbe la, “anye ne woade dzesii be menye gɔmesese si le Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ si woɖe fia Mose ŋu lae nye ‘ame si menye lae menye’ o, ke boŋ be eyae nye ‘ame si mava nye lae mava nye.’” * New World Translation (Traduction du monde nouveau) ɖe egɔme nyuie be “Mava nye ame si mava nye.”—Mose II, 3:13, 14, NW.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]

Wessel tsi tre ɖe nu vɔ̃ kɔklɔ ɖa le ame ŋu ƒe misa si dzi Papa Sixtus IV lia da asi ɖo la ŋu