John Milton Ƒe Agbalẽ Si Bu La

ƑÃA hafi agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe naɖe dzesi le eŋɔlimetɔwo dome, abe ale si wònɔ le John Milton, ame si ŋlɔ Eŋlisigbe me hakpanya wɔdɔɖeamedzi si ƒe tanyae nye Paradise Lost (Paradiso Si Bu) gomee ene. Le agbemeŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe ƒe nya nu la, “ame geɖewo lɔ̃ [Milton], ame aɖewo lé fui, gake ame ʋɛ aɖewo koe mese nu tso eŋu kpɔ o.” Va se ɖe egbea la, Eŋlisiawo wɔa agbalẽ siwo Milton ŋlɔ la ŋu dɔ ŋutɔ le woƒe agbalẽwo kple dekɔnuwo me.

Aleke John Milton wɔ va xɔ ŋkɔ nenema gbegbe? Nu kae na be nyahehe va nɔ eƒe agbalẽ mamlɛtɔ—si ƒe tanyae nye On Christian Doctrine (Ku Ðe Kristotɔwo Ƒe Nufiafiawo Ŋu)—ŋu ale gbegbe be womete ŋu ɖee ɖe go o hena ƒe 150 sɔŋ?

Eƒe Ðevimenɔɣi

Wodzi John Milton le London le ƒe 1608 me le ƒome aɖe si si alɔme nɔ ŋutɔ la me. Milton gblɔ be: “Fofonye kpe ɖe ŋunye tso keke nye ɖevime ke be masrɔ̃ nu tso agbalẽwo ŋu, eye esia wɔwɔ va vivia nunye ale gbegbe be tso esime mexɔ ƒe 12 la, ƒãa hafi metsona le nye nusɔsrɔ̃ gbɔ ɖamlɔa anyi do ŋgɔ na zã ga 12.” Ekpɔ dzidzedze le agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ me ale gbegbe, eye wòxɔ Cambridge yunivɛsiti ƒe ɖaseɖigbalẽ evelia le ƒe 1632 me. Le esia megbe la, eyi edzi srɔ̃ nu tso ŋutinyawo kpakple Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo ƒe blemagbalẽwo ŋu.

Milton di be yeazu hakpanyaŋlɔla, gake England nɔ tɔtrɔ kpata ƒe ɣeyiɣi sesẽ aɖe me tom ɣemaɣi. Sewɔtakpekpe, si Oliver Cromwell koŋ nɔ ŋgɔ na la, de se be woadrɔ̃ ʋɔnu Fiagã Charles I, eye ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea na wowui le ƒe 1649 me. Milton ŋlɔ nya wɔdɔɖeamedziwo tsɔ de fia la wuwu dzii, eye wòva zu Cromwell dziɖuɖua ƒe nyanuɖela. Le nyateƒe me la, hafi John Milton nava zu hakpanyaŋlɔla xɔŋkɔ la, wonyae nyuie le eƒe trakt siwo wònɔ ŋɔŋlɔm ku ɖe dunyahehe kple agbe nyui nɔnɔ ŋu la ta.

Esi wogbugbɔ fiaƒome la ɖo anyi ake eye woɖo Charles II zi dzi le ƒe 1660 me megbe la, Milton ƒe agbe ɖo afɔku me le esi wòde Cromwell dziɖuɖua dzi va yi ta. Milton si yi ɖabe, eye exɔlɔ̃ aɖewo siwo nye ame ŋkutawoe xɔe ɖe agbe. Le nɔnɔme siawo katã me la, eyi edzi tsɔ ɖe le mawusubɔsubɔ me vevie.

“Biblia Ƒe Dzidzenu La”

Esime Milton nɔ nu ƒom tso eƒe ɖetsɔtsɔ le mawusubɔsubɔ me ŋu la, eŋlɔ bena: “Esime menye ɖevi la, mete nusɔsrɔ̃ tso Nubabla Xoxo kple Nubabla Yeye siwo woŋlɔ ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ gbãtɔwo me la ŋu veviedodotɔe.” Milton va bu Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo be wonye agbenɔnɔ kple mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti mɔfianu ɖeka kolia si ŋu kakaɖedzi le. Gake esi wòsrɔ̃ nu tso mawunyagbalẽ siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi ŋu la, dzi ɖe le eƒo ŋutɔ. Eŋlɔ emegbe be: “Mekpɔe be nyemate ŋu atu nye dzixɔsewo alo nye xɔxɔmɔkpɔkpɔ ɖe mawunyagbalẽ mawo dzi o.” Esi Milton ɖoe kplikpaa be yeazã “Biblia ƒe dzidzenuwo” ɖeɖe ko atsɔ ado yeƒe dzixɔsewo kpɔe ta la, eŋlɔ mawunyakpukpui veviwo ɖe tanya gãwo te eye wòyɔa mawunyakpukpuiwo tso tanya siawo te.

Egbea la, woɖoa ŋku John Milton dzi vevietɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Paradise Lost la ta, agbalẽ sia nye hakpanya si me wògbugbɔ gblɔ Biblia me nudzɔdzɔ si ku ɖe ale si amegbetɔ wɔ bu blibodede la ŋu le. (Mose ƒe Agbalẽ Gbãtɔ, ta 3) Milton ƒe agbalẽ gbãtɔ sia si woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 1667 me koŋ ye na be  wòva zu agbalẽŋlɔla xɔŋkɔ, vevietɔ le du siwo me wodoa Eŋlisigbe le me. Eva ɖe agbalẽ bubu si ƒe tanyae nye Paradise Regained (Paradiso Si Wogakpɔ), si nye agbalẽ gbãtɔa me nyawo dzi yiyi, la ɖe go. Hakpanya siawo ƒo nu tso tame si Mawu ɖo ɖe amegbetɔwo ŋu le gɔmedzedzea me—si nye be woanɔ agbe deblibo le paradiso me le anyigba dzi—la ŋu, eye wòhe susu yi ale si Mawu agbugbɔ Paradiso la aɖo anyi le anyigba dzi to Kristo dzi la dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, egblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Paradise Lost me be, mawudɔlagã Mixael gblɔ nya ɖi ku ɖe ɣeyiɣi aɖe si me Kristo “aɖo eteƒe na esubɔla wɔnuteƒewo, eye wòana dzidzɔ mavɔ wo, le dziƒo loo alo le anyigba dzi, ɣemaɣi la, anyigba bliboa azu paradiso, teƒe si dzidzɔ anɔ sãsãsã wu esi nɔ Eden, eye wòanye dzidzɔŋkeke gã aɖe.”

Agbalẽ Si Nye On Christian Doctrine

Milton dze agbagba ƒe geɖe be yeaŋlɔ agbalẽ aɖe si adzro Kristotɔwo ƒe nufiafiawo me tsitotsito. Togbɔ be eƒe ŋkuwo va tsi keŋkeŋ le ƒe 1652 me hã la, eƒe agbalẽŋlɔlawo kpe ɖe eŋu wòyi dɔ sia wɔwɔ dzi kutrikukutɔe va se ɖe esime wòku le ƒe 1674 me. Milton na ŋkɔ agbalẽ mamlɛtɔ sia be, A Treatise on Christian Doctrine Compiled From the Holy Scriptures Alone. Egblɔ le agbalẽa ƒe ŋgɔdonya me be: ‘Axadzinuŋɔŋlɔ, siwo me woyɔ ta kple kpukpui ʋɛ aɖewo ko le, me koe ame akpa gãtɔ siwo ŋlɔ nu tso nyati sia ŋu la ŋlɔa mawunyakpukpui siwo koŋ dzi wotu woƒe nufiafiawo ɖo la ɖo. Gake nye ya la, medze agbagba ŋlɔ mawunyakpukpui gbogbo aɖewo siwo meyɔ tso Biblia ƒe akpa vovovoawo me ɖe dɔa ŋutɔ me.’ Abe ale si tututu Milton gblɔe ene la, eyɔ mawunyakpukpui siwo wu 9,000 alo ƒo nu tso wo ŋu le eƒe agbalẽ si nye On Christian Doctrine me.

Togbɔ be Milton mevɔ̃na na eƒe nukpɔsusuwo ɖeɖe gblɔ do ŋgɔ na agbalẽ sia ŋɔŋlɔ o hã la, melɔ̃ be yeaɖee ɖe go o. Nu ka tae? Susu ɖekae nye be enyae be ale si yeɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo me ɖe yeƒe agbalẽa me to vovo kura na sɔlehehawo ƒe nufiafia siwo dzi woda asi ɖo. Gawu la, esime wogagbugbɔ Eŋlisiawo ƒe fiaƒomea ɖo anyi la, eƒe nu megava dzea dziɖuɖua ŋu o. Eya ta ɖewohĩ anya nɔ ɣeyiɣi si me ʋunyaʋunya si nɔ edzi yim ɣemaɣi la dzi aɖe kpɔtɔ la lalam. Eɖanye susu ka ke tae o, le Milton ƒe ku megbe la, eƒe agbalẽŋlɔlaa tsɔ eƒe agbalẽ si le Latingbe me la na agbalẽtala aɖe be wòata, gake amea gbe. England dua ƒe agbalẽŋlɔlaa xɔ agbalẽa sesẽe hetsɔe ɣla. Ƒe alafa ɖeka kple afã aɖewo va yi hafi wova ke ɖe Milton ƒe agbalẽa ŋuti.

Le ƒe 1823 me la, nuŋlɔɖiwo dzikpɔla aɖe va ke ɖe hakpanyaŋlɔla xɔŋkɔ la ƒe agbalẽ si ŋuti wobla nu ɖo la ŋu. Fia George IV si nɔ England dzi ɖum ɣemaɣi de se be woaɖe agbalẽ si le Latingbe me la gɔme ɖe Eŋlisigbe me ahaɖee ɖe go. Le ƒe eve megbe esime wova ɖe agbalẽ sia ɖe go le Eŋlisigbe me la, ehe nyaʋiʋli geɖe de mawunya ŋuti nunyalawo kple agbalẽŋlɔlawo siaa dome. Bisiɔp aɖe gblɔ enumake be, menye Milton ye ŋlɔ agbalẽ sia o,  eye mexɔe se be Milton—si wobuna be enye Eŋlisiawo ƒe hakpanyaŋlɔla gãtɔ kekeake si ŋlɔa nu tso mawusubɔsubɔ ŋu la—te ŋu ŋlɔ nu tsi tsitre ɖe sɔlemeha ƒe nufiafia veviwo ŋu kã nenema o. Esi gbegɔmeɖelaa kpɔ ale si amewo awɔ nu ɖe agbalẽ sia ŋui do ŋgɔ, eye wòdi be yeaɖo kpe edzi be Milton ye ŋlɔe ta la, etsɔ etenuŋɔŋlɔwo de eƒe tataa me, eye nu siwo le etenuŋɔŋlɔ siawo mee nye nya 500 siwo dze le On Christian Doctrine me gadze le Paradise Lost hã me. *

Milton Ƒe Dzixɔsewo

Le Milton ƒe ŋkekeawo me la, England ɖe asi le Roma Katolikoha ƒe nufiafiawo ŋu hexɔ Protestanttɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa de eme. Protestanttɔwo xɔe se be Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo me koe wòle be woakpɔ xɔse kple agbenɔnɔ ŋuti dzidzenuwo le, ke menye tso papa la gbɔ o. Gake le agbalẽ si nye On Christian Doctrine me la, Milton ɖee fia be Protestanttɔwo ƒe nufiafia kple nuwɔna geɖe hã mewɔ ɖeka kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo o. Enɔ te ɖe Biblia dzi ƒo nu tsɔ de tiatiawɔblɔɖe ƒe nufiafia dzi, eye wòtsi tsitre ɖe Kalvin ha la ƒe nufiafia si ku ɖe dzɔgbese ŋu la ŋuti. Edo Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ, Yehowa, zazã bubutɔe ɖe ŋgɔ to ezazã enuenu le eƒe agbalẽwo me dzi.

Milton nɔ te ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo dzi gblɔ be, amegbetɔ ƒe luʋɔ ate ŋu aku. Esi wònɔ Mose I, 2:7 me ɖem la, egblɔ be: “Esi wowɔ ame alea ta la, Ŋɔŋlɔawo gblɔ mlɔeba be: ale ame la zu luʋɔ gbagbe. . . . Menye nu eve ƒokpli alo nu siwo me woate ŋu ama ɖa tso wo nɔewo ŋue ame nye o: menye luʋɔ kple ŋutilã siwo nye nu vovovo eve ye wotsɔ ƒo ƒu wɔe abe ale si ame geɖe susunɛ ene o. Ke boŋ ame blibo lae nye luʋɔ la, eye luʋɔ lae nye amea.” Emegbe Milton bia be: “Ame bliboae kuna loo alo ŋutilã la ɖeɖe koe kuna?” Esi wòyɔ mawunyakpukpui geɖe tsɔ ɖo kpe edzi be ame bliboae kuna vɔ megbe la, egblɔ kpee be: “Numeɖeɖe si ŋu kakaɖedzi le si mate ŋu ana be luʋɔ kuna la tso nya si Mawu ŋutɔ gblɔ le Xezekiel 18:20 me be: Ame [luʋɔ] si wɔa nu vɔ̃ la, eyae aku.” Milton yɔ nya tso Luka 20:37 kple Yohanes 11:25 me hã tsɔ ɖo kpe edzi be ameƒomea me tɔ siwo ku la ƒe mɔkpɔkpɔe nye be woafɔ tso ku ƒe alɔ̃dɔdɔ me le etsɔme.

Nu kae he nyaʋiʋli sesẽtɔ si ku ɖe agbalẽ si nye On Christian Doctrine la ŋu vae? Eyae nye Biblia me kpeɖodzi si le bɔbɔe heɖe kpe si Milton zã tsɔ ɖo kpe edzi be Kristo, Mawu ƒe Vi la, le Mawu, Fofo la te. Esi Milton yɔ nya tso Yohanes 17:3 kple Yohanes 20:17 me vɔ la, ebia be: “Ne Fofo la nye Kristo ƒe Mawu kple mía Mawu, eye Mawu ɖeka koe li la, ke ame kae ate ŋu anye Mawu ne menye Fofo la ko o mahã?”

Gawu la, Milton gblɔ be: “Vi la ŋutɔ kple eƒe apostoloawo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi le nya siwo katã wogblɔna kple nu siwo katã woŋlɔna me be Fofo la lolo wu Vi la le nuwo katã me.” (Yohanes 14:28) “Le nyateƒe me la, Kristo ŋutɔ gblɔ le Mateo 26:39 be: Fofonye, ne àte ŋui la, na be, kplu sia nato ŋutinye ayi; gake la menye ale si nye ŋutɔ medi o, negbe ale si wòa nèdi ko. . . . Nu ka tae Fofo la ɖeɖe koe wòdoa gbe ɖa na, ke menye na eya ŋutɔ ɖokui o, nenye be eya ŋutɔe nye Mawua? Ne eya ŋutɔe nye amegbetɔ heganye Mawu gã la, ke nu ka ta kurae wòanɔ gbe dom ɖa anɔ nane si eya ŋutɔ ate awɔ na eɖokui hafi la biam? . . . Abe ale si Vi la dea ta agu na Fofoa ɖeɖe ko hedea bubu eŋu le afi sia afi ene la, nenema kee wòfia míawo hã be míawɔe.”

Milton Ƒe Vodadawo

John Milton di nyateƒe la. Gake amegbetɔwo ƒe blibomademade kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe eya hã dzi, eye nu wɔnublanui siwo dzɔ ɖe edzi le agbe me ye kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe eƒe nukpɔsusu aɖewo dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le woƒe srɔ̃ɖeɖe megbe teti la, srɔ̃a si nye Dufia ƒe vinyɔnu, dzo le egbɔ hetrɔ yi ɖatsi eƒe ƒometɔwo gbɔ anɔ abe ƒe etɔ̃ sɔŋ ene. Le ɣeyiɣi mawo me la, Milton ŋlɔ traktwo tsɔ da asi ɖe srɔ̃gbegbe dzi, menye le nuteƒemawɔmawɔ na ame srɔ̃—si nye nu si ko dzi Yesu gblɔ be woate ŋu anɔ te ɖo agbe srɔ̃—ɖeɖe ko ta o, ke boŋ le srɔ̃tɔwo ƒe masɔmasɔ na wo nɔewo hã ta. (Mateo 19:9) Milton do nukpɔsusu sia ke ɖe ŋgɔ le agbalẽ si nye On Christian Doctrine hã me.

Togbɔ be Milton wɔ vodadawo hã la, eƒe agbalẽ si nye On Christian Doctrine gblɔ Biblia ƒe nukpɔsusu ku ɖe nufiafia vevi gbogbo aɖewo ŋu eme kɔ nyuie. Va se ɖe egbea la, eƒe agbalẽa ƒonɛ ɖe exlẽlawo nu be woatsɔ Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔea ƒe dzidzenu siwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le la ado woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo kpɔ.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

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Milton nye Biblia srɔ̃la veviedonula aɖe

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Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Hakpanya si nye “Paradise Lost” na Milton xɔ ŋkɔ

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Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Milton ƒe agbalẽ mamlɛtɔa bu hena ƒe 150 sɔŋ

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Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina

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Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina