Nte Christendom Akasan̄ade Edi Ubak Ererimbot Emi

NTE ini akade Obio Ukara Rome, emi akpa Ido Ukpono Christ ọkọtọn̄ọde, ama ọduọ. Ediwak mme ewetmbụk ẹdọhọ ẹte ke iduọ oro ekedi n̄ko ini akpatre edikan oro Ido Ukpono Christ akakande ukpono ndem. Ke owụtde isio isio ekikere, E. W. Barnes, bishop Anglican ekewet ete: “Nte ntatenyịn mbon Rome ye Greek eset ọkọduọde, edinịm Jesus kpa Christ ke akpanikọ ama etre ndidi n̄wọrọnda n̄kpọ ke Ido Ukpono Christ: enye ama akabade edi ido ukpono oro anamde n̄kpọ ndimụm ebuana owo ndian kiet ke n̄wụre.”—The Rise of Christianity.

Mbemiso iduọ oro, ke ọyọhọ isua ikie iba, ita, ye inan̄ E.N., mbụk owụt ete ke ediwak usụn̄ mmọ oro ẹkedọhọde nte itienede Jesus ẹma ẹnịm idemmọ san̄asan̄a ẹkpọn̄ ererimbot mbon Rome. Edi enye n̄ko ayarade n̄kọri eke nsọn̄ibuot ke ukpepn̄kpọ, ido uwem, ye esop, kpa nte Jesus ye mme apostle esie ẹkebemde iso ẹtịn̄. (Matthew 13:36-43; Utom 20:29, 30; 2 Thessalonica 2:3-12; 2 Timothy 2:16-18; 2 Peter 2:1-3, 10-22) Ke akpatre ẹma ẹdinyịme ye ererimbot Greek ye Rome, ndien ndusụk owo oro ẹkedọhọde nte idide Christian ẹma ẹtiene ukpono ndem eke ererimbot (utọ nte mme usọrọ esie ye enye ndituak ibuot nnọ eka-abasi ye adiana-ita abasi), akwaifiọk esie (utọ nte edinịm ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi ke akpanikọ), ye ndutịm edikara esie (oro ẹkụtde ke otu mme ọkwọrọ ederi oro ẹwọrọde ẹwụt idem). Ekedi otu Ido Ukpono Christ emi ẹkesabarede mi okodụri udọn̄ ediwak usụhọde owo onyụn̄ akabade edi odudu oro mme andikara Rome ẹkebemde iso ẹdomo ndisio mfep edi ẹdide ẹdinyịme ke ukperedem ẹnyụn̄ ẹdomode ndida nnam n̄kpọ man ẹsịm se ẹyomde.

 Ererimbot Akan

Augustus Neander, ewetmbụk ufọkabasi, ama owụt mme n̄kpọndịk oro ẹbuanade ke obufa itie ebuana emi ke ufọt “Ido Ukpono Christ” ye ererimbot. Edieke mme Christian ẹduọkde edida san̄asan̄a mmọ n̄kpọn̄ ererimbot, “utịp edidi ndutịme eke ufọkabasi ye ererimbot . . . koro ufọkabasi eyetaba edisana idaha esie, ndien, ke adan̄aemi etiede nte akan, ẹyekan enye ke idemesie,” ntre ke enye ekewet.—General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Eboho 2, page 161.

Emi edi se ikotịbede. Ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄, Constantine andikara Rome ama odomo ndida ido ukpono “Christian” eke eyo esie mbọp obio ukara esie oro akabaharede. Ke ntak emi, enye ama ọnọ mbon oro ẹkedọhọde nte idide mme Christian ifụre ido ukpono onyụn̄ akabade ndusụk ifetutom oku ukpono ndem ọnọ otu mme ọkwọrọ ederi mmọ. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ọdọhọ ete: “Constantine ama anam ufọkabasi oro okosiode idemesie efep ke ererimbot onyịme ndibiom mbiomo ebuana otuowo onyụn̄ an̄wam ẹkabade n̄ka ukpono ndem ẹnọ ufọkabasi.”

Ido Ukpono Idụt

Ke Constantine ebede, Andikara Julian (361-363 E.N.) ama odomo ndibiọn̄ọ Ido Ukpono Christ nnyụn̄ mfiak n̄wụk ukpono ndem. Edi enye ama okpu, ndien n̄kpọ nte isua 20 ke ukperedem, Andikara Theodosius I ama akpan ukpono ndem onyụn̄ anam “Ido Ukpono Christ” mme ekpep Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet edi ido ukpono Idụt eke Obio Ukara Rome. Ye nnennen usọ, Henri Marrou, ewetmbụk owo France, ama ewet ete: “Ke utịt ini ukara Theodosius, Ido Ukpono Christ, m̀mê ke nditịn̄ ata nnennen, akani Ido Ukpono Catholic, ama akabade edi ido ukpono oro ukara onyịmede ke ofụri ererimbot ukara Rome.” Akani Ido Ukpono Catholic ama ada itie ata Ido Ukpono Christ ama onyụn̄ akabade edi “eke ererimbot.” Ido ukpono Idụt emi ama okpụhọde ata akamba akamba ọkpọn̄ ido ukpono eke akpa mme anditiene Jesus, ẹmi enye ọkọdọhọde ete: ‘Mbufo idịghe mbon ererimbot.’—John 15:19.

Louis Rougier, ewetmbụk ye owo akwaifiọk France, ekewet ete: “Nte enye akatarade, Ido Ukpono Christ ama odụk isen isen ukpụhọde osịm udomo eke edikabade ndi se owo mîdiọn̄ọke aba. . . . Ufọkabasi mbon ubuene eset, emi okodude oto mfọnido, ama akabade edi ufọkabasi oro akande oro ekedide edidu ke unyịme ye mme odudu ẹmi ẹkedude ke ini enye mîkekemeke ndikara mmọ.”

Ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ ọyọhọ isua ikie ition E.N., “Saint” Augustine owo Roman Catholic ama ewet akpan uwetn̄kpọ esie The City of God. Ke n̄wed oro enye ama etịn̄ aban̄a obio iba, “eke Abasi ye eke ererimbot.” Nte uwetn̄kpọ emi ama ọsọn̄ọ etịn̄ aban̄a ubahade ke ufọt mbon Catholic ye ererimbot? Ikenen̄ekede itịn̄. Prọfesọ Latourette ọdọhọ ete: “Augustine ke akpanikọ ama ọdiọn̄ọ [ete] ke obio iba oro, eke isọn̄ ye eke heaven, ẹbuaha kiet.” Augustine ekekpep ete ke “Obio Ubọn̄ Abasi ama ọtọtọn̄ọ ke ererimbot emi ye editọn̄ọ oro ẹketọn̄ọde ufọkabasi [Catholic].” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, Eboho 4, page 506) Ntem, se ededi oro ekedide akpa uduak Augustine, mme ukpepn̄kpọ esie ẹma ẹnyene utịp edide edibuan Ufọkabasi Catholic otụn̄ọ akan ke mme edinam mbre ukara eke ererimbot emi.

Obio Ukara Oro Abaharede

Ke 395 E.N., ke Theodosius I ama akakpa, Obio Ukara Rome ama abahade iba. Obio Ukara Edem Usiahautịn, m̀mê Byzantine ekenyene ibuot obio esie ke Constantinople (ekedide Byzantium ke akpa, edide Istanbul idahaemi), ndien Obio Ukara Edem Usoputịn ekenyene ibuot obio esie (ke 402 E.N. ama ekebe) ke Ravenna, Italy. Nte utịp, Christendom ama abahade ke n̄kan̄ ukara ye ke n̄kan̄ ido ukpono n̄ko. Ke se iban̄ade itie ebuana oro odude ke ufọt Ufọkabasi ye Idụt, ufọkabasi emi okodude ke Obio Ukara Edem Usiahautịn ama etiene ukpepn̄kpọ Eusebius eke Caesarea (emi emi okodude ke ukem iduọk ini ye Akwa  Constantine). Ke ofụmide edumbet Christian eke edidianade n̄kpọn̄ ererimbot, Eusebius ama ekere ete ke edieke andikara ye obio ukara ẹkabarede ẹdi Christian, Ufọkabasi ye Idụt ẹyekabade ẹdi n̄ka Christian kiet, ye andikara anamde n̄kpọ nte andida ke ibuot Abasi ke isọn̄. Ke ofụri ofụri, mme ufọkabasi Orthodox Edem Usiahautịn ẹma ẹtiene itie ebuana eke Ufọkabasi ye Idụt emi ke ediwak isua ikie. Ke n̄wed esie oro The Orthodox Church, Timothy Ware, bishop Orthodox, ama owụt utịp: “Ufreidụt edi ntak edinam Orthodox ke akpatre isua tọsịn kiet emi.”

Ke Edem Usoputịn otu mbon Germany oro ẹkedade ekọn̄ ẹdụk ẹkesio akpatre andikara Rome ẹfep ke itie ke 476 E.N. Emi okonịm utịt Obio Ukara Edem Usoputịn eke mbon Rome idiọn̄ọ. Kaban̄a edinịm itie ukara ukpọk oro akadade itie, The New Encyclopædia Britannica ọdọhọ ete: “Ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ obufa ukara: Ufọkabasi Roman, ufọkabasi bishop eke Rome. Ufọkabasi emi okonịm ke akpanikọ ete ke imọ idi andida itie Obio Ukara Rome oro ẹkebiatde.” N̄wed-ofụri-orụk-ifiọk emi akaiso ndidọhọ ete: “Mme pope eke Rome . . . ẹma ẹtat edinyịme oro ukara okonyịmede ufọkabasi ẹbe mme adan̄a ufọkabasi idụt ẹnyụn̄ ẹtat inua-okot ukpepn̄kpọ eke ofụt iba, ẹdọhọde ẹte ke Christ ikọnọhọ pope odudu eke spirit ndikara ufọkabasi ikpọn̄ edi n̄ko odudu ukara ndikara mme obio ubọn̄ ererimbot.”

Mme Ufọkabasi Protestant eke Idụt

Ke ofụri Ntọn̄ọ Eyo Ntatenyịn, mme ido ukpono Orthodox ye Roman Catholic ẹma ẹkaiso ndisịn idem ntotụn̄ọ ntotụn̄ọ ke mbre ukara, mme ndịben̄kpọ ererimbot, ye mme ekọn̄. Nte Edinam Ukpụhọde eke mbon Protestant ke ọyọhọ isua ikie-16 ama onịm  mmọ idiọn̄ọ nte ẹfiakde ẹbịne ata Ido Ukpono Christ, ẹdianade ẹkpọn̄ ererimbot?

Baba. Nnyịn ikot ke The New Encyclopædia Britannica ite: “Mme Anam Ukpụhọde ido edinam Protestant eke Lutheran, Calvinist, ye Anglican . . . ẹma ẹsọn̄ọ ẹyịre ye mme ekikere Augustine, emi mmọ ẹkenyenede ata akpan ebuana ke uduot ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi esie. . . . Kiet kiet ke otu akpan ido edinam Protestant ita eke Europe ọyọhọ isua ikie-16 . . . ekenyene nsọn̄ọ oto mme odudu oro ẹkarade ke Saxony [ufọt ufọt Germany], Switzerland, ye England onyụn̄ odu ke ukem idaha emi ke ebuana ye idụt ukem nte ufọkabasi eke ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn ekenyenede.”

Utu ke edida edifiak nnyọn̄ ata Ido Ukpono Christ ndi, Edinam Ukpụhọde emi akada mme otu ufọkabasi idụt m̀mê eke obio ukara oro ẹnyenede uma ye mme idụt ukaraidem ẹnyụn̄ ẹsọn̄ọde ẹda ye mmọ ke mme ekọn̄ mmọ edi. Ke akpanikọ, mme ufọkabasi Catholic ye Protestant ẹsisịn nsọk ẹnọ mme ekọn̄ ido ukpono. Ke n̄wed esie oro An Historian’s Approach to Religion, Arnold Toynbee ama ewet aban̄a mme utọ ekọn̄ ẹmi ete: “Mmọ ẹma ẹwụt mbon Catholic ye mbon Protestant ke France, Netherlands, Germany, ye Ireland, ye mme isio n̄ka ndomoidem Protestant ke England ye Scotland, nte ẹdomode ndifịk kiet eken ke afai afai edinam ebe ke mme odudu ekọn̄.” Mme en̄wan eyomfịn oro ẹbaharede Ireland ye akani Yugoslavia ẹwụt nte ke mme ufọkabasi Roman Catholic, Orthodox, ye Protestant ke ẹsụk ẹbabuana ntotụn̄ọ ntotụn̄ọ ke mme mbubehe ererimbot emi.

Nte kpukpru emi ọwọrọ nte ke ata Ido Ukpono Christ, oro adianarede ọkpọn̄ ererimbot, idụhe aba ke isọn̄? Ibuotikọ oro etienede eyebọrọ mbụme oro.

[Ekebe/Ndise ke page 10, 11]

NTE “IDO UKPONO CHRIST” AKASAN̄ADE EDI IDO UKPONO IDỤT

AKANANAM owo ikaduakke Ido Ukpono Christ ndidi ubak ererimbot emi. (Matthew 24:3, 9; John 17:16) Edi, mme n̄wed mbụk ẹtịn̄ ẹnọ nnyịn nte ke ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄ E.N., “Ido Ukpono Christ” ama akabade edi ido ukpono Idụt oro ẹnọde unyịme ke Obio Ukara Rome. Didie ke emi akasan̄a?

Ọtọn̄ọde ye Nero (54-68 E.N.) tutu osịm ọyọhọ isua ikie ita E.N., kpukpru mme andikara Rome ẹma ẹkọbọ mme Christian ọkpọsọn̄ ọkpọsọn̄ mîdịghe ẹnyịme ẹkọbọ mmọ. Gallienus (253-268 E.N.) ekedi akpa andikara Rome ndinọ mmọ n̄wed unyịme. Idem kpa ye oro, Ido Ukpono Christ ekedi ido ukpono oro ẹkesuade ke ofụri obio ukara emi. Ke Gallienus ebede, ukọbọ oro ama akaiso, ndien ke idak Diocletian (284-305 E.N.) ye mme andida itie esie oro ẹketienede, enye ama akam ototịm ọsọn̄ ubọk.

Ini ukpụhọde ama edisịm ke ntọn̄ọ ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄ ye inua-okot edikabade esịt ndụk Ido Ukpono Christ eke Andikara Constantine I. Kaban̄a “edikabade esịt” emi, n̄wed usem France oro Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique (Théo—New Catholic Encyclopedia) ọdọhọ ete: “Constantine ọkọdọhọ nte idide Christian andikara. Ke ata akpanikọ, ẹkenịm enye baptism n̄kukụre ke nna n̄kpa esie.” Nte ededi, ke 313 E.N., Constantine ye nsan̄a andikara esie, Licinius, ẹma ẹnọ ewụhọ oro ọkọnọde mme Christian ye mme okpono ndem ifụre ido ukpono ukem ukem. New Catholic Encyclopedia ọdọhọ ete: “Editat oro Constantine akatatde ifụre utuakibuot osịm mme Christian, emi okowụtde nte ke ẹma ẹnyịme Ido Ukpono Christ nte religio licita [ido ukpono oro ibet onyịmede] ọkọrọ ye ukpono ndem, ekedi edinam ediwọn̄ọde n̄kpọ.”

Nte ededi, The New Encyclopædia Britannica ọdọhọ ete: “Enye [Constantine] ikanamke Ido Ukpono Christ edi ido ukpono obio ukara.” Ewetmbụk owo France oro Jean-Rémy Palanque, andibuana ke Institute of France, ewet ete: “Idụt Rome . . . nte ededi, okosụk ededi idụt ndem oro ẹnọde unyịme. Ndien Constantine, ke ini eketienede ido ukpono Christ, ikanamke idaha oro etre.” Ke n̄wed oro The Legacy of Rome, Prọfesọ Ernest Barker ọkọdọhọ ete: “[Edikan oro Constantine akakande] ikosụn̄ọke ke usọp usọp edisiak Ido Ukpono Christ nte ido ukpono Idụt. Constantine ama oyụhọ ye ndidiọn̄ọ Ido Ukpono Christ nte kiet ke otu an̄wan̄wa utuakibuot obio ukara emi. Ke isua ata ye duop oro eketienede ẹma ẹsinam akani usọrọ ndem oro ẹnọde unyịme ke Rome.”

Ntre ke ini emi “Ido Ukpono Christ” ekedi ido ukpono oro ibet onyịmede ke Obio Ukara Rome. Ini ewe ke enye akakabade edi ido ukpono Idụt oro ẹnọde unyịme ke ọyọhọ ifiọk ikọ oro? Nnyịn ikot ke New Catholic Encyclopedia ite: “Mme andida itie esie ẹma ẹkaiso ke ido [Constantine] emi ke mîbọhọke Julian [361-363 E.N.], emi edikọbọ oro enye ọkọkọbọde Ido Ukpono Christ okosịmde utịt ke mbuari ke n̄kpa esie. Ke akpatre, ke utịt utịt ọyọhọ isua ikie-4, Akwa Theodosius [379-395 E.N.] ama anam Ido Ukpono Christ akabade edi ido ukpono Obio Ukara oro ẹnọde unyịme onyụn̄ akpan an̄wan̄wa utuakibuot ndem.”

Ke ọsọn̄ọde emi onyụn̄ ayarade ukem ukem se obufa ido ukpono Idụt emi ekedide, eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ye ewetmbụk F. J. Foakes Jackson ekewet ete: “Ke idak Constantine Ido Ukpono Christ ye obio ukara Rome ẹma ẹdiana kiet. Ke idak Theodosius mmọ ẹma ẹdiana kiet. . . . Ọtọn̄ọde ke emi akaiso ẹkenyene ndinịm udorienyịn̄ Catholic nnọ mmọ oro ẹtuakde ibuot ẹnọ Ete, Eyen ye Edisana Spirit ye ukem ukpono. Ẹkeda ofụri ido edinam andikara emi ẹdisịn ke afan̄ emi, ndien ama osụn̄ọ ke Ido Ukpono Catholic ndikabade ndi ido ukpono kiet oro ibet mbon Rome onyịmede.”

Jean-Rémy Palanque ekewet ete: “Theodosius, ke adan̄aemi an̄wanade ye ukpono ndem, ama ọnọ n̄ko Ufọkabasi akani ido [Catholic] unyịme; ewụhọ esie eke 380 E.N. ama ọdọhọ kpukpru mme andidu ke idak ukara esie ẹtiene ido ukpono Pope Damasus ye eke bishop Alexandria [onịm ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet ke akpanikọ] onyụn̄ ọbọ mme andisọn̄ ibuot ifụre utuakibuot. Akwa Esop eke Constantinople (381) n̄ko ama obiom kpukpru mbon oro mînịmke oro ke akpanikọ ikpe, ndien andikara ama okụt ete ke baba bishop kiet idinọhọ mmọ ibetedem. Ido Ukpono Christ eke Nicea [onịm ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet ke akpanikọ] ama akabade mfọn mfọn ye ke akpanikọ edi ido ukpono Idụt . . . Ufọkabasi ama enen̄ede adiana ye Idụt onyụn̄ adara san̄asan̄a ibetedem esie.”

Ntem, ikedịghe Ido Ukpono Christ eke eyo mme apostle oro owo mîkasiakke mmọn̄ akakabade edi ido ukpono Idụt eke Obio Ukara Rome. Enye ekedi Ido Ukpono Catholic Mme Ekpep Ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet eke ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄, oro Andikara Theodosius I okodoride ke odudu Ufọkabasi Roman Catholic okonyụn̄ ekpepde, emi ke akpanikọ ekedide ubak ererimbot emi adan̄aoro onyụn̄ edide kemi.

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Andikara Theodosius I: Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid (Foto Oronoz)

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 8]

Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.