Cyril ye Methodius—Mme Akabade Bible Oro Ẹkesiode Abisi Ẹdi

“Idụt nnyịn ana baptism edi nnyịn inyeneke andikpep. Nnyịn ifiọkke Greek m̀mê Latin. . . . Nnyịn ifiọkke mme abisi m̀mê se mmọ ẹwọrọde; ke ntre ẹnọ mme andikpep oro ẹkemede ndiyarade mme ikọ N̄wed Abasi ye se mmọ ẹwọrọde ẹsọk nnyịn.” —Rastislav, ọbọn̄ Moravia, 862 E.N.

MFỊN, se iwakde ibe miliọn owo 435 oro ẹsemde mme usem Slav ẹnyene edikabade Bible ke usem emana mmọ. * Ẹda mme abisi Cyril ẹwet miliọn 360 ke otu mmọ. Edi, ke isua 1,200 emi ẹkebede, usem ẹwetde-wet m̀mê mme abisi ikodụhe ke usem mme ete ete mmọ. Iren emi ẹken̄wamde ndinen̄ede idaha emi ẹkekere Cyril ye Methodius, mmọ ẹkedi nditọeka. Mbon oro ẹmade Ikọ Abasi ẹyekụt nte ke uko uko ye mbufa ukeme nditọeka iba emi ẹdi edemede-owo-udọn̄ ikpehe ke mbụk aban̄ade editịm nnịm ye edisuan Bible. Iren emi ẹkedi mmanie, ndien mme n̄kpọ ubiọn̄ọ ewe ke mmọ ẹkesobo?

“Owo Akwaifiọk” ye Andikara

Cyril (827-869 E.N., emi ke akpa ekekerede Constantine) ye Methodius (825-885 E.N.) ẹkemana ẹdụk ufọk ubọn̄ ke Thessalonica, Greece. Ke ini oro Thessalonica ekedi obio oro ẹsemde usem iba; mme andidụn̄ ẹkesem usem Greek ye orụk usem Slav. Ekeme ndidi ata ediwak mbon Slav ndikodụn̄ do ye n̄kpet n̄kpet itie ebuana oro okodude ke ufọt nditọisọn̄ oro ye mme obio Slav oro ẹkedude ẹkpere ẹkenọ Cyril ye Methodius ifet edinyene ntotụn̄ọ ifiọk usem mbon usụk usụk Slav. Ndien ewetmbụk eyouwem Methodius kiet etịn̄ ete ke eka mmọ okoto Slav.

Ke ete esie ama akakpa, Cyril ama ọwọrọ aka Constantinople, ibuot Obio Ukara Byzantine. Do enye ama ọbọ ukpep ke ufọkn̄wed ntaifiọk obio ukara oro onyụn̄ odụk nsan̄a ye mme ọwọrọiso andikpep. Enye ama akabade edi andise mban̄a itie ubonn̄wed Hagia Sophia, kpa ata ọwọrọetop ufọkabasi ke Edem Usiahautịn, ndien ke ukperedem enye ama akabade edi prọfesọ ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk. Ke akpanikọ, ke ntak ifiọkn̄wed esie, ẹma ẹnọ Cyril nditịk enyịn̄ oro, Owo Akwaifiọk.

Kan̄a ke emi, Methodius ekebịne ubọkọkọ ete esie—ndutịm ukaraidem. Enye ama ọdọk esịm itie ayaraiwat (andikara) ke n̄kpet n̄kpet ikpehe Byzantine emi ediwak mbon Slav ẹkedụn̄de. Nte ededi, enye ama ọwọrọ okodụn̄ ke ufọkidụn̄ n̄ka  mọn̄k ke Bithynia, Asia Minor. Cyril ama okodụn̄ ye enye do ke 855 E.N.

Ke 860 E.N., akwa owo Constantinople ama ọdọn̄ nditọeka iba emi utom ke esenidụt. Ẹkedọn̄ mmọ ẹka ẹbịne mbon Khazar, mme owo oro ẹdụn̄de ke ufọt edem edere ye edem usiahautịn Obubịt Inyan̄, oro ẹkesụk ẹmen̄ede ndimek ndidi mbon Islam, Ido Ukpono Mme Jew, m̀mê Ido Ukpono Christ. Ke usụn̄ oro enye akakade do, Cyril ama odu esisịt ini ke Chersonese, ke Crimea. Ndusụk nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹnịm ke akpanikọ ẹte ke edi do ke enye ekekpep usem Hebrew ye Samaritan ye nte ke enye ama akabade Hebrew esịn ke usem mbon Khazar.

Ikot Otode Moravia

Ke 862 E.N., Rostislav, ọbọn̄ Moravia (n̄kan̄ edem usiahautịn Czechia, edem usoputịn Slovakia, ye edem usoputịn Hungary eyomfịn), ama ọnọ eben̄e oro odude ke akpa ikpehe ekikere ibuotikọ emi ẹsọk Akwa Edidem Michael III—ete enye ọnọ mme andikpep N̄wed Abasi ẹdi. Mme isụn̄utom ẹtode Edem Usiahautịn obio ukara Frank (idahaemi edide Germany ye Austria) ẹma ẹtọtọn̄ọ ndikpep nditọisọn̄ Moravia oro ẹkesemde usem Slav mme ukpepn̄kpọ ufọkabasi. Nte ededi, Rostislav ama enyene udọn̄ aban̄a odudu ukaraidem ye ukara ufọkabasi mme ekpụk oro ẹsemde usem Germanic. Enye okodori enyịn nte ke ebuana ido ukpono ye Constantinople ayan̄wam idụt esie ada ke idemesie ke n̄kan̄ ukaraidem ye ke n̄kan̄ ido ukpono.

Akwa edidem oro ama ebiere ndinọ Methodius ye Cyril ẹka Moravia. Ke n̄kan̄ ifiọkn̄wed ye ke edisem usem, nditọeka iba emi ẹma ẹtịm ẹdot ndika utọ utom emi. Ewetmbụk eyouwem eke ọyọhọ isua ikie usụkkiet etịn̄ ọnọ nnyịn ete ke esịnde udọn̄ ọnọ mmọ ndika Moravia, akwa edidem oro ama ọkọk ibuot ete: “Mbufo mbiba ẹdi mme amanaisọn̄ Thessalonica, ndien kpukpru mbon Thessalonica ẹsem ata usem Slav.”

Ẹsion̄o Abisi ye Edikabade Bible Ẹdi

Ke ọfiọn̄ ifan̄ mbemiso mmọ ẹdahade, Cyril ama etịm idem eben̄e utom oro ebe ke ndisio usụn̄ ediwewet usem Slav. Ẹdọhọ ke enye ama etịm akpan̄ utọn̄ ke mme uyoikọ. Ntem, ke adade mme abisi Greek ye Hebrew, enye ama odomo ndisio abisi nnọ uyoikọ kiet kiet ke usem Slavonic. * Ndusụk mme anam-ndụn̄ọde ẹnịm ke akpanikọ ẹte ke enye ama ababiat ediwak isua ke ndidiọn̄ usụn̄ nnọ utọ abisi oro. Ndien eyịghe osụk ododu aban̄a ata orụk abisi oro Cyril okosiode edi.—Se ekebe oro “Cyrillic m̀mê Glagolitic?”

Ke ukem ini oro, Cyril ama ọtọn̄ọ usọp usọp  ndutịm edikabade Bible. Nte mbụk eset ọdọhọde, enye ọkọtọn̄ọ ke ndikabade mme akpa ubak udịmikọ Gospel John eke usem Greek nsịn ke usem Slav, adade mbufa abisi oro enye okosion̄ode edi: “Ikọ okodu ke editọn̄ọ . . . ” Cyril ama aka iso ndikabade Gospel inan̄ oro, mme leta Paul, ye n̄wed Psalm.

Nte enye akanam utom ikpọn̄? Enen̄ede etie nte Methodius ama an̄wam enye ke utom emi. Akan oro, n̄wed oro The Cambridge Medieval History ọdọhọ ete: “Edi mmemmem n̄kpọ ndikere nte ke [Cyril] ama anam mbon efen ẹn̄wam enye, oro anade edi mme akpa ke otu mmọ ẹkedi mme amanaisọn̄ Slav oro ẹkefiọkde usem Greek. Edieke nnyịn idụn̄ọrede ata n̄kani edikabade, . . . nnyịn iyenyene mfọnn̄kan uyarade ata nnennen edikabade usem Slav, emi anade edi mme andikan̄wam enye oro ke idemmọ ẹkedide mbon Slav ẹkewet.” Methodius ekewet mme n̄wed Bible eken okụre ke ukperedem, nte nnyịn idikụtde.

“Nte Mbukpo Ẹfụkde Unen”

Ke 863 E.N., Cyril ye Methodius ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ utom mmọ ke Moravia, ebiet emi ẹketịmde ẹdara mmọ. Utom mmọ ama esịne edikpep mbon n̄kann̄kụk mbufa abisi Slav oro mmọ ẹkesion̄ode ẹdi, ke adianade ye edikabade mme n̄wed Bible ye mme uwetn̄kpọ ido ukpono.

Nte ededi, kpukpru emi ikedịghe mmemmem. Ọkwọrọ ederi owo Frank ke Moravia ama enen̄ede ọbiọn̄ọ edida usem Slav nnam n̄kpo. Mmọ ẹkesọn̄ọ ẹyịre ye ekikere edida usem ita, ẹsọn̄ọde ẹyịre ẹte ke ẹnyịme usem Latin, Greek, ye Hebrew kpọt ke utuakibuot. Ke ẹdoride enyịn ndinyene ibetedem pope ke obufa usem oro ẹwetde-wet emi mmọ ẹsion̄ode ẹdi, nditọeka iba emi ẹma ẹnam isan̄ ẹka Rome ke 867 E.N.

Ke ẹsịmde Venice, Cyril ye Methodius ẹma ẹfiak ẹsobo ye otu mme ọkwọrọ ederi oro ẹsemde usem Latin oro ẹkenyịmede ye edida usem ita kpọt. Ewetmbụk eyouwem Cyril eke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn asian nnyịn ete ke mme bishop n̄kann̄kụk, mme oku, ye mme mọn̄k ẹma ẹbụmerede ẹfụk enye “nte mbukpo ẹfụkde unen.” Nte mbụk ọdọhọde, Cyril ama ọbọrọ ke ndikot nto 1 Corinth 14:8-10: “Koro edieke [obukpon̄] osiorode uyo eke owo mîdiọn̄ọke se ọwọrọde, anie editịm idem eben̄e ekọn̄? Ntre n̄ko, edieke mbufo mîdaha edeme mbufo isem usem eke ememde owo idem ndikop, ẹdisan̄a didie ẹfiọk se mbufo ẹtịn̄de? Koro mbufo ẹn̄wan̄a ikọ mbufo ẹduọk ke ofụm.”

Ke ini nditọeka iba emi ke akpatre ẹkesịmde Rome, Pope Adrian II ama ọnọ ọyọhọ unyịme mmọ ndida usem Slav nnam n̄kpọ. Ke ndusụk ọfiọn̄ ẹma ẹkebe, ndien ke adan̄aemi enye okosụk odude ke Rome, Cyril ama ọdọn̄ọ idiọk idiọk. Ikesịmke ọfiọn̄ iba ke ukperedem, enye ama akpa ke edide isua 42 ke emana.

Pope Adrian II ama esịn udọn̄ ọnọ Methodius ndifiak n̄kanam utom ke Moravia ye n̄kann̄kụk obio Nitra, emi edide Slovakia idahaemi. Ke oyomde ndisọn̄ọ odudu esie ke ofụri n̄kan̄ oro, pope oro ama ọnọ Methodius mme leta oro ẹnọde unyịme ndida usem Slav nnam n̄kpọ onyụn̄ emek enye akwa bishop. Nte ededi, ke 870 E.N., bishop edide owo Frank, Hermanrich, ama omụm Methodius ye un̄wam Ọbọn̄ Svatopluk eke Nitra. Ẹma ẹkọbi enye ke isua iba ye ubak ke ufọkidụn̄ n̄ka mọn̄k ke n̄kan̄ ufọt edem usụk ye edem usiahautịn Germany. Ke akpatre, Pope John VIII, andikada ke itie Adrian II, ama ọnọ uyo ete ẹsana Methodius ẹyak, afiak ada enye esịn ke ufọkabasi esie, onyụn̄ afiak ọsọn̄ọ nte ke pope ọyọnọ ibetedem ke edida usem Slav nnam n̄kpọ ke utuakibuot.

Edi ọkwọrọ ederi owo Frank ama aka iso ndibiọn̄ọ. Methodius ama okụt unen ke ndikan̄ idem mbọhọ edori ikọ isio ukpepn̄kpọ, ndien enye ke akpatre ama ọbọ Pope John VIII n̄wed unen oro ọkọnọde odudu ndida usem Slav nnam n̄kpọ ke ufọkabasi. Nte pope oro okodude adan̄aoro, John Paul II, enyịmede, uwem Methodius ọkọyọhọ ye “isan̄, unana, ndutụhọ, usua, ye ukọbọ, . . . idem ini ibak ibak n̄kpọkọbi.” Ke n̄kpaidem, emi ekedi ke ubọk mme bishop ye mbọn̄ oro ẹkenyenede nti idaha ke Rome.

Ẹkabade Ofụri Bible

Kpa ye uyịre uyịre ubiọn̄ọ oro, Methodius, ye un̄wam nsio nsio ewetn̄wed oro ẹdade idiọn̄ọ ẹwet n̄kpọ, ẹma ẹkụre edikabade ikpehe Bible oro okosụhọde nsịn ke usem Slav. Nte mbụk eset ọdọhọde, enye okokụre akamba utom emi  ke ọfiọn̄ itiaita kpọt. Nte ededi, enye ikakabakede n̄wed mme Maccabee oro mînyeneke nsọn̄ọ.

Mfịn, idịghe mmemmem n̄kpọ ndidụn̄ọde mfiọk nnennen nnennen nte n̄wed oro Cyril ye Methodius ẹkekabarede ekenende. N̄kani uwetn̄kpọ ifan̄ kpọt oro ẹnyenede usenọfiọn̄ ekperede ini oro ẹkenamde akpa edikabade ẹdu. Kpa ye oro, ebede ke ndidụn̄ọde n̄kani ibat ibat uwetn̄kpọ oro, nta usem ẹma ẹkụt nte ke edikabade oro ama enen ẹnyụn̄ ẹwet ke ndammana usụn̄. N̄wed oro Our Slavic Bible ọdọhọ ke nditọeka iba emi “ẹkenyene ndision̄o uwak mbufa ikọ ndi. . . Ndien mmọ ẹkenam kpukpru emi ata nnennen ke usụn̄ oro enyenede ndyọ [ẹnyụn̄] ẹnam usem Slav atara ke usụn̄ oro ananade mbiet.”

Nsinsi N̄kpọ-Akpa

Ke Methodius ama akakpa ke 885 E.N., mbon Frank oro ẹkebiọn̄ọde mme mbet esie ẹma ẹbịn mmọ ẹsion̄o ke Moravia. Mmọ ẹma ẹkedụn̄ ke Bohemia, usụk usụk Poland, ye Bulgaria. Ntem utom Cyril ye Methodius ama aka iso onyụn̄ enen̄ede atara. Usem Slav, oro nditọeka iba emi ẹkenamde edi se ẹwetde-wet onyụn̄ enyene nsinsi uduot, ama atara, ọkọri, onyụn̄ akabade awak orụk ke ukperedem. Mfịn, mbon Slav ẹsem nsio nsio akpan usem 13 ye ediwak n̄kpri usem.

Adianade ye oro, uko uko ukeme edikabade Bible Cyril ye Methodius ama on̄wụm mfri ke nsio nsio edikabade N̄wed Abasi usem Slav oro ẹdude mfịn. Ediwak miliọn mbon oro ẹsemde usem emi ẹbọ ufọn ẹto ndinyene Ikọ Abasi ke usem emana mmọ. Kpa ye ọkpọsọn̄ ubiọn̄ọ, mme ikọ emi ẹdi akpanikọ didie ntem: “Ikọ Abasi nnyịn ayada ke nsinsi”!—Isaiah 40:8.

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

[Ekebe ke page 29]

Cyrillic m̀mê Glagolitic?

Nte mme abisi oro Cyril okosion̄ode edi ẹketiede emedemede ediwak eneni, sia nta usem mîtịmke ifiọk utọ abisi oro mmọ ẹkedide. Mme abisi oro ẹkotde Cyrillic ẹkọn̄ọ ketket ke mme abisi usem Greek, ye n̄kpọ nte mme abisi duopeba efen efen m̀mê akande oro emi ẹkesion̄ode ẹdi ndida nnọ mme uyo ikọ Slavonic oro mîdụhe ke usem Greek. Nte ededi, ndusụk ke otu n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ Slavonic ẹda ata isio isio abisi, oro ẹdiọn̄ọde nte Glagolitic, ndien ediwak nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹnịm ke mme abisi emi ke Cyril okosion̄o edi. Etie nte ẹkeda ibat ibat abisi Glagolitic emi ẹto sịghisịghi ubọkn̄wed abisi usem Greek m̀mê Hebrew. Ekeme ndidi ẹkeda ndusụk ẹto mme abisi ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn, edi ekese ẹdi mme akpasarade ye awak-n̄kukọhọ abisi. Etie nte Glagolitic edi ata isio isio ye akpasarade abisi. Nte ededi, edi mme abisi Cyrillic ẹkabade ẹdi mme abisi Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, ye Macedonian eyomfịn, ke adianade ye usem 22 efen, emi ndusụk mîdịghe usem Slav.

[Mbuwed—Abisi Usem Cyrillic ye Glagolitic]

[Ndise obio/Ndise ke page 31]

(Ama oyom ndikụt nte enye enen̄erede etie, se n̄wed)

Inyan̄ Baltic

(Poland)

Bohemia (Czechia)

Moravia (E. Czechia, W. Slovakia, W. Hungary)

Nitra

OBIO UBỌN̄ EDEM USIAHAUTỊN FRANK (Germany & Austria)

ITALY

Venice

Rome

Inyan̄ Mediterranean

BULGARIA

GREECE

Thessalonica

(Crimea)

Obubịt Inyan̄

Bithynia

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Ndise ke page 31]

Bible usem Slavonic oro ẹwetde ke mme abisi Cyrillic eke 1581

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Bible: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana