Mme Ete Ufọkabasi—Mme Andida nnọ Akpanikọ Bible?

Edide afo ọdọhọ ke idi Christian m̀mê udọhọke, ekeme ndidi mmọ ẹkara ifiọk oro afo enyenede aban̄a Abasi Bible, Jesus, ye Ido Ukpono Christ. Ẹkekot owo mmọ kiet Inua o-Gold; ẹkot efen, Akwa. Nte otu, ẹtịn̄ ẹban̄a mmọ nte “mme akakan uwụtn̄kpọ uwem Christ.” Mmanie ke mmọ ẹdi? Mmọ ẹdi mme ekere-n̄kpọ, mme ewetn̄wed, mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ, ye mbon akwaifiọk ido ukpono eset oro ẹkarade akamba ubak ekikere “Christian” mfịn—Mme Ete Ufọkabasi.

“IDỊGHE Bible kpọt edi ikọ Abasi. Edisana Spirit emi ayararede ikọ Abasi ikemeke ndidọn̄ọ ke n̄wed kiet,” ntem ke Demetrios J. Constantelos, prọfesọ ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ke ufọkabasi Greek Orthodox, ọdọhọ. Nso ikpedi itie efen emi ẹkemede ndiberi edem kaban̄a ediyarade otode Abasi? Constantelos ọdọhọ ke n̄wed esie oro Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church ete: “Ẹda Edisana Ido Eset ye Edisana Spirit [nte] itie iba emi ediyarade Abasi otode.”

Itiat idakisọn̄ “Edisana Ido Eset” oro esịne mme ukpepn̄kpọ ye uwetn̄kpọ eke Mme Ete Ufọkabasi. Mmọ ẹkedi mme ọwọrọiso ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ẹnyụn̄ ẹdi mbon akwaifiọk “Christian” oro ẹkedude uwem ke n̄kpọ nte ọyọhọ isua ikie iba esịm ọyọhọ isua ikie ition E.N. Adan̄a didie ke mmọ ẹkara ekikere “Christian” eyomfịn? Nte mmọ ẹma ẹsọn̄ọ ẹyịre ke Bible ke ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ? Nso ikpedi itiat idakisọn̄ akpanikọ Christian inọ anditiene Jesus Christ?

Idaha ke Mbụk Eset

Ke ufọt ufọt ọyọhọ isua ikie iba E.N., mbon oro ẹkedọhọde nte idide Christian ke ẹken̄wana ye mme andikọbọ ye mme andikpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdide mbon Rome ẹban̄a mbuọtidem mmọ. Nte ededi, emi ekedi eyo ebeubọk ekikere ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono. Mme eneni ido ukpono ẹban̄ade Jesus ndidi “abasi” ye nte edisana spirit etiede onyụn̄ anamde utom ẹma ẹsịn se ikande sụk ubahade akwaifiọk. N̄kpọsọn̄ eneni ye mme ubahade oro owo mîkemeke nditre ke ukpepn̄kpọ “Christian” ẹma ẹtara ẹbe ẹdụk ikpehe ukara ye ido obio, ndusụk ini ẹdade ntịme, nsọn̄ibuot, en̄wan mbio obio, idem ekọn̄ ẹdi. Ewetmbụk oro Paul Johnson ewet ete: “Ido Ukpono Christ [mbon nsọn̄ibuot] ọkọtọn̄ọ ke ndutịme, eneni ye ubahade ndien enye aka iso ndidi ntre. . . . Ke akpa ye udiana isua ikie AD, ufọt ufọt ye n̄kan̄ edem usiahautịn Mediterranean ọkọyọhọ ye anana-ibat ekikere ido ukpono, oro ẹken̄wanade nditara. . . . Ndien, toto ke ntọn̄ọ, ata  ediwak nsio nsio Ido Ukpono Christ ẹma ẹsidu oro kiet mîdụhe ke n̄kemuyo ye en̄wen.”

Ke ini oro, mme ewetn̄wed ye mme ekere-n̄kpọ owo oro ẹkekerede ke ama oyom ẹda usem ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ẹkpep mme ukpepn̄kpọ “Christian” ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndikọri. Man ẹyụhọ udọn̄ mme ọfiọkn̄wed ẹdide mme okpono ndem oro ẹkekabarede esịt obufa ẹdụk “Ido Ukpono Christ,” mme utọ ewetn̄wed ido ukpono oro ẹkenen̄ede ẹberi edem ke mme akpa n̄wed usem Greek ye mme n̄wed mme Jew. Ọtọn̄ọde ye Justin Martyr (n̄kpọ nte 100-165 E.N.), emi ekewetde n̄wed ke usem Greek, mbon oro ẹdọhọde nte idide Christian ẹma ẹdọdiọn̄ ẹtịmede usụn̄ nte mmọ ẹkekpepde ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk oro mmọ ẹkebọde ẹto mbon Greece.

Ẹma ẹkụt utịp edu emi ke mme uwetn̄kpọ Origen (n̄kpọ nte 185-254 E.N.), ewetn̄wed usem Greek emi okotode Alexandria. N̄wed Origen oro On First Principles ekedi akpa n̄wọrọnda ukeme ndinam mme akpan ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono “Christian” ke ebuana ye ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece ẹn̄wan̄a. Esop Nicaea (325 E.N.), ye ukeme esie ndinam an̄wan̄a nnyụn̄ nsọn̄ọ nte ke Christ edi “abasi,” ekedi akpan n̄kpọntịbe oro ọkọnọde edikabade ukpepn̄kpọ “Christian” obufa odudu. Esop oro ekedi ntọn̄ọ ini emi ofụri esop ufọkabasi ẹkeyomde ndikabade ukpepn̄kpọ ata nnennen nnennen.

Mme Ewetn̄wed ye Nta Etịn̄ikọ

Eusebius owo Caesarea, oro ekewetde n̄wed ke akpa Esop Nicaea, okodụk nsan̄a ye Akwa Edidem Constantine. Ke se ibede isua 100 esisịt ke ẹma ẹkesop Esop Nicaea, mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono, oro ata ediwak ke otu mmọ ẹkewetde n̄wed ke usem Greek, ẹma ẹda anyan ye ọkpọsọn̄ eneni ẹtọn̄ọ se ikenyenede ndidi ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹdidade ẹdiọn̄ọ Christendom, kpa Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet. Mme ọwọrọiso ke otu mmọ ẹkedi Athanasius, okopodudu bishop eke Alexandria, ye adaiso ufọkabasi ita ẹtode Cappadocia, Asia Minor—Akwa Basil, eyeneka esie Gregory eke Nyssa, ye ufan mmọ Gregory eke Nazianzus.

Mme ewetn̄wed ye mme etịn̄ikọ ke ini oro ẹma ẹnyene n̄kokon̄ idaha editịn̄ ikọ udọn udọn. Gregory eke Nazianzus ye John Chrysostom (emi ọwọrọde “Inua o-Gold”) ke usem Greek ọkọrọ ye Ambrose eke Milan ye Augustine eke Hippo ke Latin ẹkedi ata nti mme etịn̄ikọ, kpa nta ke ido utịn̄ikọ oro ẹkekponode ẹkan okonyụn̄ ọwọrọde etop akan ke eyo mmọ. Ewetn̄wed oro ekenyenede odudu akan ke ini oro ekedi Augustine. Mme uwetn̄kpọ esie ẹban̄ade ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ẹmekara ekikere “Christian” mfịn. Jerome, ata n̄wọrọnda ọfiọkn̄wed eke ini oro, ekenen̄ede anam ẹkabade Bible Vulgate usem Latin ẹto mme akpasarade usem.

Nte ededi, mme akpan mbụme ẹdi: Nte Mme Ete Ufọkabasi oro ẹma ẹsọn̄ọ ẹyịre ketket ke Bible? Ke ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ, nte mmọ ẹma ẹsọn̄ọ ẹyịre ke N̄wed Abasi eke odudu spirit? Nte mme uwetn̄kpọ mmọ ẹdi eti ndausụn̄ ke ndinyene nnennen ifiọk Abasi?

Mme Ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi m̀mê Mme Ukpepn̄kpọ Owo?

Ke ndondo emi, Etubom Greek Orthodox oro Methodius eke Pisidia ama ewet n̄wed oro The Hellenic Pedestal of Christianity man owụt nte ke ntatenyịn ye ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece ẹkesịn itiat idakisọn̄ ẹnọ ekikere “Christian” eyomfịn. Ke n̄wed oro, enye  ọsọsọp enyịme ete: “Ekpere ndidi kpukpru ọwọrọiso Ete Ufọkabasi ẹkeda mme ekikere mbon Greece nte se inyenede ufọn ikan, ndien mmọ ẹkebuọt mme ekikere emi ẹto mme ọwọrọetop uwetn̄kpọ Greece eset, ẹdade mmọ nte usụn̄ ndida mfiọk nnyụn̄ n̄kpep akpanikọ Christian nnennen nnennen.”

Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, kere ban̄a ekikere oro nte ke Ete, Eyen, ye edisana spirit ẹnam Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet. Ediwak mme Ete Ufọkabasi ẹma ẹkabade ẹdi mme ifịk ifịk ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet ke ẹma ẹkenyọn̄ọ Esop Nicaea. Mme uwetn̄kpọ ye ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ ẹkedi akpan n̄kpọ ke ndinam Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet edi n̄wọrọnda ukpepn̄kpọ Christendom. Nte ededi, nte ẹkụt Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet ke Bible? Baba. Ntre Mme Ete Ufọkabasi ẹkeda enye ke m̀mọ̀n̄? A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge ọdọhọ ke ediwak owo ẹdọhọ ẹte ke Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet “edi mbiara ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹkebuọtde-buọt ẹto ido ukpono mme okpono ndem, ẹnyụn̄ ẹdade ẹdisịn ke ido ukpono Christian.” Ndien The Paganism in Our Christianity ọdọhọ ete: “[Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet] ke ofụri ofụri ọtọn̄ọ oto ukpono ndem.” *—John 3:16; 14:28.

Mîdịghe kere ban̄a ukpepn̄kpọ ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi, edinịm ke akpanikọ nte ke ndusụk ubak idemowo ẹsika iso ndidu uwem ke ikpọkidem ama akakpa. Ini kiet efen, Mme Ete Ufọkabasi ẹkedi n̄kpọ utom ke ndimen ekikere emi nsịn ke ido ukpono oro mîkenyeneke ukpepn̄kpọ ndomokiet aban̄ade ukpọn̄ ndibọhọ n̄kpa. Bible owụt in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ nte ke ukpọn̄ ekeme ndikpa: “Ukpọn̄ eke anamde idiọk ayakpa n̄kpa.” (Ezekiel 18:4) Nso ikedi isọn̄ inọ edinịm ke akpanikọ eke Mme Ete Ufọkabasi oro nte ke ukpọn̄ ikemeke ndikpa? New Catholic Encyclopedia ọdọhọ ete: “Ekikere  Christian oro nte ke Abasi okobobot ukpọn̄ emen esịn owo ke idem ke ini ọtọn̄ọde ndiboro man anam owo edi ọyọhọ odu-uwem n̄kpọ edi ekikere anyan ini oro ọkọtọn̄ọde oto ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Christian. Origen ke Edem Usiahautịn ye St. Augustine ke Edem Usoputịn kpọt ẹkenyịme ukpọn̄ nte n̄kpọ eke spirit ẹnyụn̄ ẹtọn̄ọ ekikere akwaifiọk ẹban̄a nte enye etiede. . . . [Ukpepn̄kpọ Augustine] . . . (esịnede ndusụk ndudue) ekenen̄ede ọkọn̄ọ ke obufa akwaifiọk Plato.” Ndien magazine oro Presbyterian Life ọdọhọ ete: “Ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi edi ekikere mbon Greece oro ọkọtọn̄ọde ke mme ndedịbe n̄ka eset, oro owo akwaifiọk oro Plato okonyụn̄ anamde atara.” *

Itiat Idakisọn̄ Akpanikọ Christian

Idem ke ima ikanam ibio ibio ndụn̄ọde emi iban̄a mbụk Mme Ete Ufọkabasi, ọkọrọ ye ntọn̄ọ ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ, odot ndibụp, Nte ata Christian ekpenyene ndikọn̄ mme edinịm ke akpanikọ esie ke mme ukpepn̄kpọ Mme Ete Ufọkabasi? Yak Bible ọbọrọ.

N̄kpọ kiet edi-o, Jesus Christ ke idemesie ama akpan edida udorienyịn̄ ido ukpono oro “Ete” ke ini enye ọkọdọhọde ete: “Ẹkûnyụn̄ ẹkot ndomo owo kiet ke isọn̄, ẹte, Ete; koro Kiet edi Ete mbufo, kpa Enye emi odude ke heaven.” (Matthew 23:9) Edikot owo ido ukpono ekededi “Ete” idotke ye Christian inyụn̄ ikemke ye N̄wed Abasi. Ẹkewet Ikọ Abasi ẹkụre ke n̄kpọ nte 98 E.N. ye mme uwetn̄kpọ apostle John. Ntem, iyomke mme ata Christian ẹberi edem ke owo ekededi nte ebiet oro ediyarade eke odudu spirit otode. Mmọ ẹdu ke ukpeme mbak ‘ẹdinam ikọ Abasi akabade edi ikpîkpu’ ke ntak item owo. Ndiyak item owo ada itie Ikọ Abasi edi n̄kpọ oro akamade n̄kpa ke n̄kan̄ eke spirit. Jesus ama ọtọt ete: “Nnan ama ada nnam usụn̄, mmọ mbiba ẹyeduọn̄ọ ke ukpe.”—Matthew 15:6, 14.

Nte Christian oyom ediyarade ekededi ke ebede ikọ Abasi oro esịnede ke Bible? Baba. N̄wed Ediyarade ọnọ item ete ẹkûdian n̄kpọ ekededi ke n̄wetnnịm n̄kpọ eke odudu spirit: “Edieke owo ọkọrọde n̄kpọ kiet ke esịt, Abasi ọyọkọrọ mme ufen eke ẹwetde ke n̄wed emi ọnọ enye.”—Ediyarade 22:18.

Akpanikọ Christian esịne ke Ikọ Abasi oro ẹwetde-wet, kpa Bible. (John 17:17; 2 Timothy 3:16; 2 John 1-4) Nnennen usụn̄ ndifiọk enye ikọn̄ọke ke ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ererimbot. Kaban̄a mbon oro ẹkedomode ndida ifiọk owo nnam ediyarade Abasi an̄wan̄a, odot ndifiak mbụp mme mbụme apostle Paul emi: “Enye owo eti ibuot? Enye andiwet n̄wed? Enye eneni eneni eyo emi? Nte Abasi ikanamke ifiọk mbon ererimbot emi akabade edi ndisịme?”—1 Corinth 1:20.

Akan oro, ata esop Christian edi “adaha ye isọn̄ eke akpanikọ Abasi odorode ke esịt.” (1 Timothy 3:15) Mme esenyịn esie ẹkpeme edisana idaha ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ ke esop, ẹbiọn̄ọde ukpepn̄kpọ ekededi oro ekemede ndisabade ndinyọni ndụk. (2 Timothy 2:15-18, 25) Mmọ ẹsision̄o ‘mme prophet abian̄a, mme abian̄a-abian̄a anditeme, ye mme ekpep esen ukpepn̄kpọ’ ẹfep ke esop. (2 Peter 2:1) Ke mme apostle ẹma ẹkekpan̄a, Mme Ete Ufọkabasi ẹma ẹyak “mme spirit abian̄a ye ukpep-n̄kpọ mme demon” ẹdọn̄ n̄kam ke esop Christian.—1 Timothy 4:1.

Ẹkụt mme utịp nsọn̄ibuot emi ke Christendom mfịn. Mme edinịm ke akpanikọ ye edinam esie ẹdi ata isio ye akpanikọ Bible.

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

 [Ekebe/Ndise ke page 18]

MME ETE CAPPADOCIA

“Ufọkabasi Orthodox . . . owụt san̄asan̄a ukpono ọnọ mme ewetn̄wed ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄, akpan akpan mbon oro enye okotde ‘Ikpọ Adaiso Ido Ukpono ita,’ Gregory eke Nazianzus, Akwa Basil, ye John Chrysostom,” ntem ke ewetn̄wed oro Kallistos, emi edide mọn̄k, ọdọhọ. Nte mme Ete Ufọkabasi emi ẹkekọn̄ mme ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ ke N̄wed Abasi eke odudu spirit? Kaban̄a Akwa Basil, n̄wed oro The Fathers of the Greek Church ọdọhọ ete: “Mme uwetn̄kpọ esie ẹwụt nte ke enye ama enyene n̄kpet n̄kpet ebuana eyouwem ye Plato, Homer, ye mme ewetmbụk ye nta etịn̄ikọ, ndien mmọ ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹkara ido uwetn̄wed esie. . . . Basil ama aka iso ndidi owo ‘Greece.’” Ukem oro ke ekedi ye Gregory eke Nazianzus. “Ke ekikere esie, ẹdinen̄ede ẹwụt edikan ye uforo Ufọkabasi ebe ke enye ndida ido eset nnyene ofụri ofụri.”

Kaban̄a mmọ mbita, Prọfesọ Panagiotis K. Christou ewet ete: “Ke adan̄aemi mmọ ẹsisuade ẹnọ ‘ifiọk owo ye ikpîkpu abian̄a’ ke ini ke ini [Colossae 2:8]—man ẹdu ke n̄kemuyo ye item Obufa Testament—mmọ, ke ukem ini oro, ẹsikpep ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ye mme ukpepn̄kpọ eken emi ẹnyenede ebuana ye akwaifiọk ifịk ifịk ndien ẹsikam ẹtoro ẹnọ mbon efen ẹte ẹkpep mmọ.” Nte an̄wan̄ade, mme utọ andikpep ufọkabasi oro ẹkekere ke Bible ikekemke ndida nsọn̄ọ mme ekikere mmimọ. Nte mmọ ndiyom mme adaha ibetedem efen ekpekeme ndiwọrọ nte ke mme ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ ikenyeneke ebuana ye Bible? Apostle Paul ama odụri mme Christian ẹdide mme Hebrew utọn̄ ete: “Ẹkûyak nsio-nsio esen ukpepn̄kpọ osio mbufo ke itie mbufo.”—Mme Hebrew 13:9.

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto]

© Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS

[Ekebe/Ndise ke page 20]

CYRIL EKE ALEXANDRIA—ETE UFỌKABASI ORO ẸNENIDE ẸBAN̄A

Kiet ke otu Mme Ete Ufọkabasi oro ẹnenide ẹban̄a ẹkan edi Cyril eke Alexandria (n̄kpọ nte 375-444 E.N.). Ewetmbụk ufọkabasi oro Hans von Campenhausen etịn̄ aban̄a enye nte “owo oro etiede uyịre uyịre, afai afai, ye n̄kari n̄kari, ke ntak idaha ye uku itieutom esie,” onyụn̄ adian do ete ke “akananam enye ikekereke ke n̄kpọ ekededi enen ibọhọke n̄kpọ oro enyene ufọn ọnọ enye ke ndinam odudu esie ọkọri . . . Akananam ibak ibak ye oburobụt usụn̄ unam n̄kpọ esie ikanamke enye okop mfụhọ.” Ke adan̄aemi enye ekedide bishop eke Alexandria, Cyril ama ada ubọkedem, ebiari, ye edidọk man odorode bishop eke Constantinople. Ẹdọhọ ke enye ekedi ntak ibak ibak n̄kpa ọwọrọetop owo akwaifiọk oro ekekerede Hypatia ke 415 E.N. Kaban̄a mme uwetn̄kpọ ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono Cyril, Campenhausen ọdọhọ ete: “Enye ọkọtọn̄ọ edinam editre ndida Bible kpọt mbọrọ mme mbụme ẹban̄ade mme edinịm ke akpanikọ edi ẹdade mme uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹdotde ye mme otu uwetn̄kpọ ẹdade ẹto mme n̄wed oro ẹnyịmede.”

[Ndise ke page 19]

Jerome

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Garo Nalbandian