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Mbon Waldo—Ẹto Edidi Mme Ekpep Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ Ẹsịm Edidi Mbon Protestant

Mbon Waldo—Ẹto Edidi Mme Ekpep Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ Ẹsịm Edidi Mbon Protestant

Mbon Waldo—Ẹto Edidi Mme Ekpep Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ Ẹsịm Edidi Mbon Protestant

Ekedi ke isua 1545 ke ediye ikpehe Lubéron eke Provence, usụk usụk France. Udịmekọn̄ ẹma ẹsop idem ndin̄wana enyene-ndịk ekọn̄ emi usua ido ukpono ekedemerede. En̄wan uduọkiyịp ama etiene ke urua kiet.

ẸMA ẹwụri mme obio-in̄wan̄ ẹnyụn̄ ẹdọn̄ mme andidụn̄ ke ufọk-n̄kpọkọbi mîdịghe ẹwot mmọ. Ibak ibak mbonekọn̄ ẹma ẹnam enyene-ndịk uwotowo oro akanamde idem enyek Europe. Ẹma ẹwot n̄kpọ nte irenowo 2,700 ẹnyụn̄ ẹnọ owo 600 ẹkenam utom ke nsụn̄ikan̄, owo itịn̄ke-tịn̄ iban̄a ndutụhọ oro iban ye nditọwọn̄ ẹkebọde. Edidem France ye pope ẹma ẹtoro etubom ekọn̄ oro akanamde ubịnikọt uduọkiyịp emi.

Edinam Unam Ukpụhọde oro ama esesịn ubahade ke Germany ke ini owo Catholic oro Edidem Francis I eke France, ke okopde ndịk aban̄a nte Ido Ukpono Protestant akatarade asuana, okodụn̄ọrede oyom inua-okot mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ ke obio ubọn̄ esie. Utu ke ndikụt ibat ibat andikpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ, ukara ke Provence ama okụt ofụri obio mbon ido ukpono oro ẹkenyenede nsio nsio ukpepn̄kpọ. Ẹma ẹsio ibet ẹdi ndisọhi isio ukpepn̄kpọ emi mfep, ekem ẹma ẹda enye ẹsịn ke edinam ke ibak ibak uwotowo eke 1545.

Mmanie ẹkedi mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ emi? Ndien ntak emi mmọ ẹkedide iso en̄wan afai afai usua ido ukpono?

Ẹto ke Edidi Imọ Ẹsịm Edidi Ubuene

Mbon oro ẹkewotde ke ibak ibak uwotowo oro ẹkedi mbon n̄ka ido ukpono oro okodude ebịghi afiak edem ekesịm ọyọhọ isua ikie 12 onyụn̄ atarade esịm akamba ikpehe Europe. Nte enye akatarade asuana onyụn̄ ọbọhọde odu ke ediwak isua ikie anam enye edi n̄wọrọnda ke mbụk n̄ka ido ukpono oro ekpepde isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Ata ediwak mme ewetmbụk eset ẹnyịme ẹte ke n̄ka oro ọkọtọn̄ọ ke n̄kpọ nte isua 1170. Ke obio Lyons ke France, imọ anyamurua kiet ẹkotde Vaudès ama enyene ntotụn̄ọ udọn̄ ndikpep nte enye ekpenemde Abasi esịt. Nte an̄wan̄ade, ke item oro Jesus Christ ọkọnọde owo inyene kiet ete anyam inyene esie onyụn̄ edeme ọnọ mme ubuene otụkde enye, Vaudès ama anam ndutịm okụk ọnọ ubon esie onyụn̄ asana inyene esie ayak man ọkwọrọ Gospel. (Matthew 19:16-22) Ikebịghike enye ama enyene mme anditiene enye oro ẹkedide ẹdidiọn̄ọ ke ukperedem nte Mbon Waldo. *

Unana, ukwọrọikọ, ye Bible ẹkedi akpan n̄kpọ ke uwem Vaudès. Eneni kaban̄a uforo mme ọkwọrọ ederi ikedịghe obufa n̄kpọ. Ke ndusụk ini, ediwak mme ọkwọrọ ederi oro ẹkebaharede ẹda ẹma ẹsua ẹnọ ufọkabasi ke oburobụt edinam mmọ ye edikama odudu ke idiọk usụn̄. Edi Vaudès ekedi usụhọde owo, ntre ke ekedi ye ata ediwak mme anditiene enye. Nte eyịghe mîdụhe, emi anam an̄wan̄a ntak oro enye ekekerede ke oyom ẹnyene Bible ke usem obio emana mmọ, kpa usem mme owo oro. Sia edikabade Bible eke usem Latin oro ufọkabasi ekenyenede okodude ọnọ mme ọkwọrọ ederi kpọt, Vaudès ama ọnọ unyịme ndikabade mme Gospel ye mme n̄wed Bible eken nsịn ke usem French eke Provençal, kpa usem oro mme ọsọ owo ke ufọt ufọt n̄kan̄ edem usiahautịn France ẹkefiọkde. * Ke ẹnamde n̄kpọ ẹtiene ewụhọ Jesus ndikwọrọ ikọ, Mme Ubuene Lyons oro ẹma ẹtan̄a etop mmọ an̄wan̄wa. (Matthew 28:19, 20) Ewetmbụk oro Gabriel Audisio anam an̄wan̄a ete ke mmọ ndisọn̄ọ nyịre ke an̄wan̄wa utom ukwọrọikọ ama akabade edi akpan ntak kaban̄a edu oro ufọkabasi ekenyenede aban̄a Mbon Waldo.

Ẹto Edidi Mbon Catholic Ẹsịm Edidi Mme Ekpep Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ

Ke mme ini oro, mme ọkwọrọ ederi kpọt ẹkesinam utom ukwọrọikọ, ndien ufọkabasi ekesinyene unen ndinọ odudu ẹkwọrọ ikọ. Mme ọkwọrọ ederi ẹkeda Mbon Waldo nte mme ọkọi, edi ke 1179, Vaudès ama oyom unyịme kaban̄a utom ukwọrọikọ esie oto Pope Alexander III. Ẹma ẹnọ enye unyịme—ama akam edi mme oku n̄kann̄kụk ẹyenyịme. Ewetmbụk oro Malcolm Lambert etịn̄ ete ke emi “ama ekpere ndidi ukem nte editre ndinọ unyịme.” Ke akpanikọ, Akwa Bishop Jean Bellesmains eke Lyons ama akpan mme ọkọi ndikwọrọ ikọ. Vaudès ama ọbọrọ ke ndikot Utom 5:29: “Nnyịn inyene ndikop uyo Abasi n̄kan uyo owo.” Sia esịnde ndinyịme ye ukpan oro, ẹma ẹsio Vaudès ẹfep ke ufọkabasi ke 1184.

Okposụkedi ẹkebịnde Mbon Waldo ẹfep ke ufọkabasi Lyons ẹnyụn̄ ẹbịnde mmọ ẹsion̄o ke obio, ke ndusụk udomo, etie nte akpa ubiomikpe oro iken̄enekede isọn̄ ubọk. Ediwak usụhọde owo ẹma ẹma Mbon Waldo ke ntak edinam akpanikọ ye usụn̄ uwem mmọ, ndien idem mme bishop ẹma ẹka iso ndinyene nneme ye mmọ.

Nte ewetmbụk oro Euan Cameron ọdọhọde, etie nte ke Mbon Waldo oro ẹkedide mme ọkwọrọikọ “ikọbiọn̄ọke Ufọkabasi Roman koro ẹkemade ndinam ntre.” Mmọ n̄kukụre “ẹkeyom ndikwọrọ ikọ nnyụn̄ n̄kpep mme owo n̄kpọ.” Mme ewetmbụk ẹdọhọ ẹte ke etie nte ẹkeda udịm udịm ewụhọ oro ẹkefịkde-fịk mmọ ke anyan ini ẹnyịk n̄ka oro ndikpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Ufọkabasi ndibiom mmọ ikpe ama osụn̄ọ ke Esop Lutheran Ọyọhọ Inan̄ ndibịn Mbon Waldo mfep ke 1215. Didie ke emi okotụk ukwọrọikọ mmọ?

Mmọ Ẹkwọrọ Ikọ ke Ndịbe

Vaudès ama akpa ke 1217, ndien ukọbọ ama asuan mme anditiene enye ọdọn̄ ke mme Itịghede Alpine ke France, Germany, edere edere Italy, ye Ufọt Ufọt ye Edem Usiahautịn Europe. Ukọbọ n̄ko ama anam Mbon Waldo ẹnam idụn̄ ke mme obio-in̄wan̄, ndien emi ama osụhọde utom ukwọrọikọ mmọ ke ediwak ebiet.

Ke 1229 Ufọkabasi Catholic ama okụre Ekọn̄ Ido Ukpono oro enye akan̄wanade ye Mbon Cathar, m̀mê Albi, ke edem usụk France. * Ekem enye ada ukem en̄wan oro ebịne Mbon Waldo. Ibịghike Esopikpe Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ ye unana mbọm ọyọwọn̄ọde enyịn ese kpukpru mme andibiọn̄ọ ufọkabasi oro. Ndịk ama anam Mbon Waldo ẹkwọrọ ikọ ke ndịbe. Etisịm 1230 mmọ ikọkwọrọke ikọ aba an̄wan̄wa. Audisio anam an̄wan̄a ete: “Utu ke ndika n̄koyom mbufa erọn̄ . . . , mmọ ẹma ẹsịn idem ke ndise mban̄a mbon oro mmọ ẹkabarede esịt, ẹnamde mmọ ẹmụm ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ ẹkama kpa ye mfịghe ye ukọbọ ẹtode an̄wa.” Enye adian do ete ke “ukwọrọikọ okosụk ededi akpan n̄kpọ, edi nte ẹkenamde enye ama okpụhọde ofụri ofụri.”

Mme Edinịm ke Akpanikọ ye Edinam Mmọ

Utu ke ndinam iban ye iren ẹbuana ke utom ukwọrọikọ, etisịm ọyọhọ isua ikie 14, Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹsịn ubahade ke ufọt mme ọkwọrọikọ ye mme andinịm ke akpanikọ. Irenowo oro ẹnọde ukpep mfọn mfọn kpọt ẹkebuana ke utom ukwọrọikọ ke ini oro. Ẹkedidiọn̄ọ mme asan̄autom oro ẹsan̄ade-san̄a mi ke ukperedem nte mme barbes (uncle).

Mme barbes, emi ẹkesikade ẹkese ubon Mbon Waldo ke mme ufọk mmọ, ẹma ẹnam utom ọkpọsọn̄ ndinam n̄ka oro aka iso odu utu ke ndinam enye atara. Kpukpru mme barbes ẹma ẹkeme ndikot n̄wed nnyụn̄ n̄wet n̄kpọ, ndien ubọ ukpep mmọ, emi akadade n̄kpọ nte isua itiokiet, ọkọkọn̄ọ ke Bible. Edikama Bible usem obio emana mmọ ama an̄wam mmọ ndinam enye an̄wan̄a otuerọn̄ mmọ. Idem mme andibiọn̄ọ ẹma ẹnyịme ẹte ke Mbon Waldo, esịnede nditọ mmọ, ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹmehe ye Bible ẹma ẹnyụn̄ ẹkeme ndikot akamba ikpehe N̄wed Abasi ke ibuot.

Ke adianade ye mme n̄kpọ eken, akpa Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹsịn usu nsu, ukpepn̄kpọ purgatory, edinam Mass nnọ mme akpan̄kpa, ediben̄e Pope ndifen nnọ, ye edituak ibuot nnọ Mary ye “ndisana owo.” Mmọ n̄ko ẹma ẹsinịm Udia Mbubịteyo Ọbọn̄ m̀mê Akpatre Udia Mbubịteyo eke isua ke isua. Nte Lambert ọdọhọde, orụk utuakibuot mmọ “ke nditịm ntịn̄, ekedi ido ukpono ata mme ọkọi.”

“Uwem Esịt Iba”

Ekpụk Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹtịm ẹdiana kiet. Mmọ ẹkesidọ mbon n̄ka oro, ndien ke ediwak isua ikie emi ẹkebede, emi ama osụn̄ọ ke edinyene enyịn̄ ubon Mbon Waldo. Nte ededi, man ẹka iso ẹdu, Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹdomo ndidịp mme ekikere mmọ. Edu edidịp mme edinịm ke akpanikọ ido ukpono ye mme edinam mmọ ama anam edi mmemmem n̄kpọ ọnọ mme andibiọn̄ọ ndidori mmọ ikpọ edori ikọ, ke uwụtn̄kpọ ẹdọhọde ẹte ke mmọ ẹbuana ke utuakibuot Devil. *

Usụn̄ kiet oro Mbon Waldo ẹkebiatde mme utọ nsunsu edori ikọ oro ekedi edikan̄ mbuọtidem ye edinam se ewetmbụk oro Cameron okotde “ukeuke edinam n̄kpọ ekekem” ye utuakibuot Catholic. Ediwak Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹsiyarade idiọkn̄kpọ mmọ ẹnọ mme oku Catholic, ẹdụk Mass, ẹda edisana mmọn̄ ẹnam n̄kpọ, ndien ẹma ẹkam ẹsika isan̄ ido ukpono. Lambert etịn̄ ete: “Mmọ ẹkenam ediwak n̄kpọ nte mme mbọhọidụn̄ mmọ oro ẹdide mbon Catholic ẹkenamde.” Audisio etịn̄ in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ ete ke nte ini akakade, Mbon Waldo “ẹkedu uwem esịt iba.” Enye adian do ete: “Ke n̄kan̄ kiet, mmọ ẹkenam n̄kpọ enyọn̄ enyọn̄ nte mbon Catholic man ẹkpeme ukeuke ifụre mmọ; ke n̄kan̄ eken, mmọ ẹma ẹsitiene ndusụk edinam ye ido ke otu idemmọ oro akanamde n̄ka oro aka iso ndidu.”

Ẹto Edidi Mme Ekpep Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ Ẹsịm Edidi Mbon Protestant

Ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 16, Edinam Unam Ukpụhọde ama okpụhọde idaha ido ukpono ke Europe akamba akamba. Mbon unọmọ unana ediyọ ẹkenyene ndiyom unyịme oro ekemde ye ibet ke idụt mmọ mîdịghe ẹwọrọ idụn̄ ndikoyom mme idaha oro ẹtịmde ẹfọn ẹkan. Ekikere aban̄ade isio ukpepn̄kpọ ama osụhọde ubọk n̄ko, koro ata ediwak owo ẹketọn̄ọde ndinyene eyịghe mban̄a ido ukpono orthodox oro okodude.

Ke ata edem edem ko ke 1523, Martin Luther, anam-ukpụhọde oro ẹketịmde ẹdiọn̄ọ, ama etịn̄ aban̄a Mbon Waldo. Ke 1526 kiet ke otu barbes Mbon Waldo ama ada mbụk aban̄ade n̄kọri ido ukpono ke Europe afiak edi Alps. Se iketienede ekedi ini edinọ nnyụn̄ mbọ ekikere emi n̄ka Protestant akabuanade ye Mbon Waldo. Mbon Protestant ẹma ẹsịn udọn̄ ẹnọ Mbon Waldo ndise mban̄a akpa edikabade Bible nto mme akpasarade usem nsịn ke usem French. Ẹma ẹmịn̄ enye ke 1535, ndien ẹkedidiọn̄ọ enye ke ukperedem nte Bible Olivétan. Nte ededi, ke ndiọkiso ata ediwak Mbon Waldo ikọfiọkke usem French.

Nte ukọbọ otode Ufọkabasi Catholic akakade iso, ediwak Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹnam idụn̄ ke ikpehe Provence oro ekenyenede ifụre ke usụk usụk France, kpa nte mbon Protestant oro ẹkewọrọde idụn̄ ẹkenamde. Ikebịghike ẹma ẹsian ukara ẹban̄a uwọrọidụn̄ emi. Kpa ye ediwak nti etop ẹban̄ade usụn̄ ye ido uwem Mbon Waldo, ndusụk owo ẹma ẹyịk edinam akpanikọ mmọ ẹnyụn̄ ẹdori mmọ ikọ ẹte ke mmọ ẹdi n̄kpọndịk ẹnọ eti ndutịm. Ẹma ẹsio ibet Mérindol ẹdi, osụn̄ọde ke enyene-ndịk uduọkiyịp oro ẹketịn̄de ẹban̄a ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ ibuotikọ emi.

Itie ebuana ke ufọt mbon Catholic ye Mbon Waldo ama aka iso ndibiara. Ke ndinam n̄kpọ mban̄a en̄wan oro ẹkedade ẹtiene mmọ, Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹkam ẹtịm udịmekọn̄ man ẹnyan̄a idemmọ. En̄wan emi ama onụk mmọ ekesịn ke otu mbon Protestant. Ntem Mbon Waldo ẹma ẹdian idem ye ọwọrọetop Ido Ukpono Protestant.

Ke ediwak isua ikie oro ẹbede, ẹmesiak mme ufọkabasi Mbon Waldo ke mme idụt nte Uruguay ye United States oro ẹyomde usụn̄ ẹkpọn̄ France. Nte ededi, ediwak mme ewetmbụk eset ẹnyịme ye Audisio, emi ọdọhọde ete ke “Ido Ukpono Mbon Waldo ekedisịm utịt ke ini Edinam Unam Ukpụhọde,” ke ini enye “akabuahade” ye Ido Ukpono Protestant. Ke nditịm ntịn̄, n̄ka Mbon Waldo ama ọduọk ekese ifiopesịt oro enye ekenyenede ediwak isua ikie ke mbemiso. Oro eketịbe ke ini mme andibuana ke enye ẹkekpọn̄de ukwọrọikọ ye ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹkekọn̄ọde ke Bible ke ntak ndịk.

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

^ ikp. 7 Ẹtịn̄ ẹban̄a Vaudès ke nsio nsio usụn̄ nte Valdès, Valdesius, m̀mê Waldo. Ẹda ikọ emi “Mbon Waldo” ẹto akpatre enyịn̄ emi. Ẹkediọn̄ọ Mbon Waldo n̄ko nte Mme Ubuene Lyons.

^ ikp. 8 Ke ata edem edem ko ke 1199, bishop eke Metz, ke n̄kan̄ ufọt edem edere ye edem usiahautịn France, ama eseme ọnọ Pope Innocent III ete ke mme owo ke ẹkekot ẹnyụn̄ ẹda Bible usem emana mmọ ẹnyene nneme. Enen̄ede etie nte bishop oro eketịn̄ aban̄a Mbon Waldo.

^ ikp. 15 Se “Mbon Cathar—Nte Mmọ Ẹkedi Mme Christian Oro Ẹkekpade N̄kpa Usụn̄ Abasi?” ke Enyọn̄-Ukpeme, September 1, 1995, Page 27-30.

^ ikp. 21 Uyịre uyịre edidori Mbon Waldo ikọ ama ada esịm enyịn̄ emi vauderie (oto ikọ French oro vaudois). Ẹsida enye ẹtịn̄ ẹban̄a mbon oro ẹdade nte mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ m̀mê mme andituak ibuot nnọ Devil.

[Ndise obio/Ndise ke page 23]

(Ama oyom ndikụt nte enye enen̄erede etie, se n̄wed)

Mme Ikpehe oro Mbon Waldo ẹkekarade

FRANCE

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Rome

Berlin

Prague

Vienna

[Ndise]

Mbon Waldo ẹkese ẹban̄a edikabade Bible Olivétan ke 1535

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Bible: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Mme ndise ke page 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Edifọp n̄kaniban iba ẹdide Mbon Waldo

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Page 20 ye 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe